• Chapter 5
○ Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 All Elements are composed of
tiny indivisible particles called
atoms.
 Atoms of the same element are
identical. The atoms of any one
element are different from those
of any other element.
 Atoms of different elements can
physically mix together or can
chemically combine with one
another in simple whole-number
ratios to form compounds.
 Chemical reactions occur when
atoms are separated, joined, or
rearranged. Atoms of one
element, however, are never
changed into atoms of another
element as a result of a chemical
reaction.
○ Atom-Smallest particle of an element
that retains the properties of that
element.
○ Electrons-Negatively charged
subatomic particles.
○ Cathode Ray-A glowing beam
formed between an +Anode and a –
cathode. Travelled from the cathode
to the anode.
○ Protons-Positively charged
subatomic particle.
○ Neutrons-Subatomic particle with no
charge but w/ a mass nearly equal to
that of a proton. (mass# - atomic#)
○ Nucleus-Central core of an atom and
composed of protons and neutrons.
○ Atomic Number-Number of protons
in the nucleus of an atom of that
element.
○ Mass Number-Total number of
protons and neutrons.
○ Isotopes-Atoms with the same number
of protons but different number of
neutrons.
○ Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)-1/12th the
mass of a carbon-12 atom.
○ Atomic Mass-Weighted average mass of
the atoms in a naturally occurring
sample of the element.
○ Periodic Table-An arrangement of the
elements according to similarities in
their properties.
○ Periods-Horizontal rows of the periodic
table.
○ Periodic Law-When the elements are
arranged in order of increasing atomic
number, there is a periodic repetition of
their physical and chemical properties.
○ Group-Vertical column of elements in
the periodic table.
○ Representative Elements-Group A
elements. Exhibit a wide range of both
physical and chemical properties.
○ Metals-High electrical conductivity and
a high malleability.
○ Alkali Metals-Group 1A elements.
○ Alkaline Earth Metals-Group 2A
elements.
○ Transition Metals-Group B elements
along w/ inner transition metals.
○ Inner Transition Metals-Group B
elements.
○ Non Metals-Generally nonlustrous and
that are generally poor conductors of
electricity. Some are gases at room
temperature.
○ Halogens-Group 7A Nonmetals,
Chlorine and Bromine included.
○ Noble Gases-Group 0 non-metals,
sometimes called the inert gases because
they undergo few chemical reactions.
○ Metalloids-Elements with properties that are
intermediate between those of metals and
nonmetals.
• Chapter 6
○ Molecule-Smallest electrically
neutral unit of a substance that still
has the properties of the substance.
○ Molecular Compounds-Compounds
composed of molecules.
○ Ions-Forms when atoms or group of
atoms loses or gains electrons.
○ Cation-Any atom or group of atoms
that has a positive charge.
○ Anion-Atoms or groups of atoms
that have a negative charge.
○ Ionic Compounds-Compounds
composed of cations and anions.
○ Monatomic Ions-ions consisting of
only one atom.
○ Polyatomic Ions-Ions consisting of
more than one atom.
○ Binary Compounds-Compounds of
two elements.
○ Ternary Compounds-Compound
consisting of three or more elements.
○ Chemical Formula-Shows the kinds
and numbers of atoms in the smallest
representative unit of the substance.
○ Formula Unit-The lowest whole
number ratio of ions in the
compound.
○ Law of Definite Proportions-The
masses of the elements are always in
the same proportions.
○ Law of Multiple Proportions-
Whenever two elements form more
than one compound, the different
masses of one element that combine
with the same mass of the other
element are in the ratio of small
whole number.
○ Molecular Formula- Shows kinds
and numbers of atoms present in a
molecule of a compound.
• Chapter 7
○ Mole (mol)-Represents
representative particles of that
substance.
○ Avogadro’s Number-Experimentally
determined number 6.02*1023, in
honor of Amedeo Avogadro di
Quaregna.
○ Representative Particle-Species
present in a substance: usually
atoms, molecules, or formula units
(ions).
○ Gram Atomic Mass (GAM)-Atomic
mass of an element expressed in
grams.
○ Gram Molecular Mass (GMM)-Any
molecular compound is the mass of 1
mol of that compound.
○ Gram Formula Mass (GFM)-Equals
the formula mass expressed in
grams.
○ Molar Mass-The mass (in grams) of
one mole of the substance.
○ Standard temperature & Pressure
(STP)-Standard temperature is 0
degrees Celsius. Standard pressure is
101.3 kPa, or 1 atmosphere (atm). At
STP, 1 mol of any gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 L
○ Percent Composition- Percent by
mass of each element in a
compound.
○ Empirical Formula-Gives the lowest
whole-number ratio of the atoms of
the elements in a compound.
• Chapter 8
○ Chemical Equation-
○ Skeleton equation-Chemical
equation that does not indicate the
 relative amounts of the reactants and
products involved in the reaction.
○ Catalyst-Substance that speeds up
the rate of a reaction but that is not
used up in the reaction.
○ Combination Reaction-2 or more
substances combine to form a single
substance.
○ Decomposition reaction- A single
compound is broken down into two
or more products.
○ Single-Replacement Reaction-One
element replaces a second element in
a compound.
○ Activity Series of Metals-Lists
metals in order of decreasing
reactivity.
○ Double-Replacement Reactions-
involve an exchange of positive ions
between two reacting compounds.
○ Combustion Reaction-An element or
a compound reacts with oxygen,
often producing energy as heat and
light.
○ Complete Ionic Equation- Equation
that shows dissolved ionic
compounds as their free ions.
○ Spectator ions- Ions that are not
directly involved in a reaction.
○ Precipitate-Insoluble salt.