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Table of Contents
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. VERBS
2.1 Type of verbs
2.1.1 Lexical verbs
2.1.2 Auxiliary verbs
2.1.3 Primary auxiliaries
3. MODAL AUXILIARIES IN ENGLISH
3.1 Grammatical features of modal auxiliaries
3.2 Meanings of modal auxiliaries
3.3 Marginal modal auxiliaries
3.4 The uses of modal auxiliaries The Use of Can\Could
3.5 The use of May and Might
3.6 The use of Shall and Should
3.7 The use of Will and Would
3.8 The modal auxiliary Must
3.9 The modal auxiliary ought to
3.10 The modal auxiliary Need
3.11 The use of Used to
4. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
5. MODAL AUXILIARIES IN ALBANIAN
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCE
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abstract
This is a topic about modal auxiliary verbs in English. The aim of this study is to identify the
characteristics of modal auxiliaries in English and Albanian, the differences and similarities
between these two languages. I have chosen to write about modal verbs because modal
auxiliaries are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. This study was conducted in
Tetova(Macedonia). I have made some research about modal verbs on the internet, I have found
some books from the other Universities in both languages: English and Albanian. Therefore, the
data for this research were collected from the internet and from Grammar Books mainly based on
morphological study books. This paper gives you knowledge about the division of verbs in
general and then the equivalences with Albanian verbs and is divided into two parts. The first
part explains the characteristics and uses for each modal verb in English with selected examples.
The second part is a short summary and a comparison of modal verbs with illustrated examples
in order to show the difference between English and Albanian. After reading it you will be able
to know what is a verb especially modal verb, how they are divided, explaining the meaning,
grammatical features and the use of particular modal verbs. The method I have used here are:
Comparative method and Data collection method. On the basic of the results of this research
paper, it is to be concluded that Albanian language as an Indo-European language differs from
English language and according to this study there are many grammatical things that English
language does not have.
Key words: English, Albanian, language, verbs, can, could, shall, should, will.
1. INTRODUCTION
Historically, English modal came from a special class of verbs in Germanic, the ancestor
of English and the other Germanic languages. Modals have always differed from ordinary
verbs, to the point where they now belong to a special category of their own. English
verbs appear in a number of distinct forms, whereas modals have a single invariant form.
In the English language, a modal auxiliary verb is an auxiliary verb(or helping verb) that
can modify the grammatical mood(or mode) of a verb. The key way to identify a modal
auxiliary is by its defectiveness; the modal auxiliaries do not have participles or
infinitives. Most modal verbs cannot be used in past/future tenses. When used in third
person present tense modal do not have s ending and we use not to make modals
negative.
Most linguist agree that there are 10 cores or central modals in English: can, could, may,
might, must, ought, shall, should, will and would. Other verbs including need, had better
and invariant be-may also function as modals or semi modals. They are used before
ordinary verbs and express meanings such as permission, possibility, certainty and
necessity. Need and dare can sometimes be used like modal verbs.
2.VERBS
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax
conveys an action(bring, read, walk, run), an occurrence(happen become), or state of
being(be, exist, stand)1. Verbs are inflected (modified) in form to encode tense, aspect,
mood and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender of number of some of its
1 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/verb
arguments, such as its subject or object. In many languages, verbs have a Present Tense,
to indicate that an action is being carried out; a Past Tense, to indicate that an action has
been done; and future Tense, to indicate that an action will be done.
General understanding of verb:
a) Meaning
We use the term situation for whatever is expressed in a clause, and the verb is
the chief determinant of what kind of situation it is: an action(I opened the door.),
some other event(The building collapsed), a state(They know the rules) and so
on2
b) Inflection
The most distinctive grammatical property of verbs is their inflection. In
particular they have an inflectional contrast of tense between past and present. A
past tense is marked by inflection is called a preterit3
c) Function
Verbs characteristically occur as head of VPs that themselves function as
Predicate in a clause. As head of the VPs, the verb largely determines that other
elements are permitted in the VP4 .Thus English allows: She left the airport. But
not *She arrived the airport.
There are various criteria which are used in classification of verbs into types. The first
distinction should be made between open class of lexical verbs(Alb. Foljet me kuptim t plot
2 Huddleston R . ,Pullum G., A students introduction to English grammar
3 Ibid,pg,17
4 Ibid,pg,18
leksikor) and the closed system set of auxiliary verbs(Alb. Foljet ndihmse), which are further
classified into Primary Auxiliaries and Modal Auxiliaries.5
Lexical: walk, talk, play, run, write, read, speak
Auxiliary: a) primary: be, do, have.
b)modal: Can, may , shall, will, could, might, should, would, must, ought to, used to, need,
dare.
Auxiliaries are a group whose function is to assist the lexical(main) verb in a clause to
express several verbal distinctions relating to tense, aspect mood and voice. An important
property of the auxiliaries is their capacity to function as operators.7
Operators have a role in certain operations that result in various non-basic clause
constructions, such as negative contraction(Jane cant sleep), inversion(Can Jane sleep?),
emphatic polarity(Jane can swim) and ellipsis(Jane cannot swim but John can).
Primary auxiliary is a verb used in forming the tenses, moods and voices of other verbs.
The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, do and have8. Auxiliary verbs in general
are considered helping verbs for they helping forming complex tenses, such as present and past
progressive, present and past perfect, etc. However it is important to remember that they can also
be used as lexical verb9. E.g.
I am going home.(Auxiliary verb)
She did her homework. (Lexical verb)
She did not come yesterday.(Auxiliary verb)
She did her homework. (Lexical verb)
I have done my homework.(Auxiliary verb)
I have two sisters and two brothers. (Lexical verb)
There is a very important distinction between a small class of auxiliary verbs and lexical
verbs.The auxiliary verbs have a number of special properties. One is that they can sometimes
precede the subject. This occurs in interrogatives:
Aux. V. a)Can you speak French?
Lex.V. b)*Speak you French?
Although <b> is ungrammatical, there is a way of forming an interrogative corresponding
to the clause. You speak French: the auxiliary verb do is added, so the interrogative clause has an
extra word: Do you speak French?
Auxiliaries are usually followed(perhaps not immediately) by another verb10, as can
and do in the foredoing wxamples are followed by speak.
8 www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/auxiliary-verb
10 www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/auxiliary-verb
Modal verbs, unlike other verbs, do not denote actions or states, but only show the
speakers attitude toward the action expressed by the main verb. Thus a modal verb is never used
alone, but is always combined with other verbs whose meaning they modify in some way. The
full verb expresses the main idea of the complex verbal phrase, while the modal verb only
indicates that the action denoted by the word is possible, probable, obligatory, prohibited,
necessary certain, uncertain etc11. For instance, modals can express that the speaker feels
something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible or probable and in addition, they can
convey the strength of these attitudes.
In order to understand the degree of certainty or uncertainty expressed by modal
auxiliary, it is useful to study the diagram below which shows the arrangement of modal
according to percentage of certainty or uncertainty. Let us take some examples that show the
degree of certainty expressed by particular modal auxiliary in context.
UncertainThat might be George
That may be George
That could be George
That can be George
That should be George
That ought be George
That would be George
That will be George
Certain
Auxiliary verbs are also called defective verbs because most of them have either
one or two forms12, e.g. Can(present) could(past), would(past) and these very
forms are used for all persons. On the other, the modal verb must has only this
form. Therefore in order to be able to express the idea of ability, possibility, or
necessity in all tenses, similar expressions are used. Thus, can is equalized with
be able to , will with be going to, must with have to, whereas the opposite of
must is expressed by a marginal member of modal auxiliary need not.
The central Modal Auxiliaries are:
Can/Could
Will/Would
May/Might
Must
Shall/Should
Ought to
Need, dare and used to, on the other hand, are marginal members of the class,
because in some way they can function both as modals and as full verbs without
changing in meaning.
Modal Auxiliaries are divided into two categories pure modals and semi-modals,
although in most cases the distinction is merely formal and their meanings are not
affected by the division13 .
Pure modals are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would.
Semi-modals are: ought to, has, have (got) to, need, dare.
The forms of semi-modals
This type of modal is made up of two or more separate words, the last one
invariably being to. They are all modal in meaning but not in form as they behave
differently in a sentence from the pure modals.
They generally have no-s form, and occur only with the bare infinitive.
They are followed (except for ought to and used to) by a bare infinitive , that is by the
infinitive without article to.
From the above mentioned characteristics we understand that modals have no non-finite forms
and modals have no inflected forms in the present tense.
The fact that modals have no non-finite form limits the possibility to combine them with other
auxiliaries. For example , they do not occur as the second verb in the perfect, in contrast with
other auxiliaries, like be:
Bill has never could drive a car.
Bill has never been kissed.
In cases where a modal auxiliary is impossible due to the lack of appropriate forms, English uses
alternative expressions, as in the following examples:
Be able instead of can:
We hope to be able to solve this problem in the future.
Be allowed to instead of can/may(expressing permission):
Mary has never been allowed to listen to jazz music.
The facts that modals have no inflected forms in the present tense make them useful for nonnative speakers who often experience difficulties with Subject-Verb agreement
I can speak German. I could speak German when I was six years old.
You should see this film. You should have seen this film.
Indonesia must be hot. Indonesia must have been hot.
To express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do
something):
American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there is a profit in it.
The modal auxiliary could is used to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances,
to express past or future permission, to express present possibility and to express an ability in the
past.
To express permission ( be allowed to), in this sense may is more formal than can. Instead
of may not or rare maynt is often used in the negative express prohibition.
The road may be blocked (It is possible that the road is blocked; less probably)
In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and
future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:
reported that without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified. Since
the body was in fact identified, might is clearly called for.
In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are differences.
Notice that the contracted form ll is very frequently used for will, mainly 1st person.
Will can be used to express willingness, intention and prediction.
And prediction:
Habitual prediction: The River will overflow its banks every spring.
Would can be used to express willingness, insistence, an activity in the past, a hypothetical
meaning and would can express a sense of probability.
To express willingness:
Its your own fault; you would take the baby with you.
Now youve ruined everything. You would act that way.
My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants.
As the above examples show, must expressing obligation or compulsion refers to the present
or the future.
A usual implication of must, as of may (permission) is that the speaker is the person in
authority, he is the one who gives the orders. In the following examples, however,
compulsion and obligation may come from different sources:
This is a hospital. You must be quiet. (Regulations require it)
I must help my parents because they are cold. (Its a more obligation).
I must solve this problem even if it takes a month. (personal matter).
Must or Have to?
Must is generally felt as stronger than have to. Must is used when obligation is inside the
speaker and have to when necessity is outside the speaker, when in comes from the situation:
You must finish today (Im telling you)
You must be quiet. (Im telling you)
You have to finish this today. (The boss says so)
You have to be quiet. (Thats the rule)
As must is limited to the present time, instead of it a form of have to is often used, especially
for the past time and future time, or for other patterns:
There are different ways of making must negative: dont have to, dont need to, neednt (GB),
havent got to, not be obliged to in a place of each other to mean it is not important/necessary to
do something:
Must I go? No, you neednt, if you dont want to.
2. Necessity or Probability
Must is not used in sentences with negative or interrogative meanings, can being is used
instead.
There must be a mistake. But: There cannot be a mistake.
Must can occur in superficially interrogative but answer assuming sentences.
Mustnt there be another reason for this behavior.
Ought to expresses:
Logical necessity
It is useful to note that the auxiliary verb need and the main verb needs to scarcely differ in
meaning on many occasions:
Need you wake him up?
Do you need to wake him up?
In questions need is used when there is a strong element of negation or doubt or when the
speaker accepts a negative answer:
Need she go there? (Hoping for negative answer)
In negative statements need followed by perfect infinitive (have + past participle) indicates that
the action expressed by the infinitive was performed but not necessary:
I neednt have done it.
You neednt have asked her.
With the same meaning need may be used as a main verb in the past tense followed by to
infinitive:
You did not need to ask him.
He did not need to awaken us so early.
Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:
I like these old sneakers: Im used to them.
Used to is the best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.
indicates that the action denoted by the head word is probable or possible, obligatory or
necessary.
Modal verbs in Albanian are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The modal verbs duhet must and mund can and the present subjunctive
English modal verbs like will , can, must, and so on, are typically followed by the root
infinitive of a verb(I.e.the infinitive without the particle to), so we say I will eat, I can go,
she must go, and so on. Standard Albanian doesnt have infinities; therefore, it also lacks
root infinitives. Thus, a subjunctive fulfills the function of the root infinitive, as you can see in
the following examples:
Duhet t blej dhe 200 gram hudhra,
Just like in English, these modal verbs are not conjugated; that is, they keep the same form in all
different persons. Notice that in Albanian, the subjunctive verb, which obligatory follows the
modal, agree with the main subject:
Un duhet t zgjedh.
I must choose.
Ti duhet t zgjedhsh.
Ne mund t zgjedhim.
We can choose.
Ju mund t zgjidhni.
To negate the sentences with a modal verb, simple add the word nuk(not) in front of the modal:
Un nuk mund t shkoj atje.
I cannot go there.
You must give up smoking because its bad for your health.
Ti duhet ta lsh duhanin sepse t dmton shndetin.
2. Necessity or obligation
This meaning is rendered in Albanian by ka t ngjare, mundet andduhet:
You must have seen them.
Ju duhet (mund) tI keni pare ata.
She must be over sixty.
Ajo mund (duhet) ti ket mbi gjashtdhjet vjet.
The modal verb need corresponds to the Albanian jam I detyruar, duhet
You neednt do it now.
Nuk je I detyruar ta bsh kt tani.
Need a come again?
A duhet t vi prsri?
CONCLUSION
This is a brief analysis conducted about modal auxiliaries verbs in English and Albanian.
It shows the meaning and how the modal verbs are used in both languages. Characteristics of
modal auxiliaries are shown and illustrated by examples en English an Albanian language.
Some of the examples are taken from peoples quotes and also from some novels in order to
show the differences and similarities between English and Albanian.
I ensure that I wrote this thesis without the help of others and without the use of other sources
than mentioned. This thesis has never been submitted in the same or substantially similar version
to any other examinations office. All explanations that have been adopted literally or analogously
are marked as such.
REFERENCE
Huddleston R., Pullum G.,A students Introduction to English Grammar, Cambridge
University Press, 2005
Grmizaj,Sh. A Comprehensive Handbook of English Grammar, Prishtin,2004
Stefanovksi,L..,English Lexicology, University of Cyril and Methodious, 2006
Mniku L.,Campos H. Discovering Albaninan I; 2011
Agalliu f.,Angoni E.,Demiraj Sh., Dhrimo A.,Hysa E.,Lafe e.,Likaj E.,Gramatika e Gjuhes
shqipe-Morfologjia-Vllimi I, Tiran, 2002
Qurik and Greenbaum, A University Grammar of English,1973
www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/auxiliary-verb
www.tesol-direct.com/guide-to-english-grammar/modal-auxiliary-verbs
www.wn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_verb
www.grammer.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/auxiliary.htm
www.awelu.srv.lu.se/grammar-and-wirds/selective-mini-grammar/verb-phrases/meanings-ofmodal-auxiliaries/
www.welu.srv.lu.se/grammar=and-words/selective-mini-grammar/verb-phrases/modal-auxiliaryverbs/
www.mylanguages.org/albanian_verbs.php
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Huddleston R,.Pullum G.,A Students Introduction to English Grammar, Cambridge
University Press,2005
Grmizaj, Sh., A Comprehensive Handbook of English Grammar, Prishtin, 2004
Stefanovski,L., English Lexicology,University of Cyril and Methodius,2006
Mniku L., Campoos H.,Discovering Albanian I; 2011
Agalliu F.,Angoni E.,Demiraj Sh.,Dhrimo A.,Hysa E.,Lafe E.,Likaj E.,Gramatika e Gjuhs
Shqipe-Morfologjia-Vllimi I,Tiran, 2002
Qurik and Greenbaum,A University Grammar of English, 1973
Ibrahimi,S.,Iseni,A.,Modern English Grammar-First edition,Tetov,2008
Kabashi,J.,English Grammar Morphology-Prishtin,2000
Abazi,H.,Hyrje n shkrimin akademik,Prishtin, 2008