Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
3.1
INTRODUCTION
The study of the utility operations, data collection, observations, field trials and
analysis for various areas at ICICI Bank, Videocon Tower, Delhi was
undertaken keeping in view the energy scene, focus areas elaborated in the
previous chapters and with a view to identify energy conservation
opportunities in the same. The basis for this is the orientation visit,
discussions with the engineering personnel and the agreed plan for data
collection & field trials. All these trials were undertaken at normal operating
conditions. Also the data was so generated that erratic or absurd values are
deleted and only data for normal operating conditions were taken for analysis.
Saving potential is calculated on present electricity rates.
3.2
Coin appropriate slogans and display the same at important places and near
strategic equipments.
Conduct regular weekly meetings and brief the operating staff about the loss or
gain on account of the energy uses in that period.
Open a scheme for obtaining suggestions for conserving energy.
Display regularly the usage of energy.
3.3
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
3.3.1
The Videocon tower occupied by ICICI is owned and leased by M/s Videocon
Ind. Ltd. M/s Videocon maintains the air conditioning and AHU systems and
Load management basically aims at improving the system load factor and or
optimising maximum demand. The average actual load factor for ICICI
Mahalaxmi was 42%. Load factor is a measure of utilisation of available
contract demand. The load factor is expectedly low since the office hours are
around 12 16 hours in a day only with few fixed loads running throughout
the day.
Thus,
Load factor =
kwh per month
24hrs x 30 days x M . D. ( recorded ) or contract demand x P. F .
The peak demand is measured by taking half hour averages. In a month (720
hrs), there would be 1440 measurements. The highest measurement will be
chosen as the peak demand. The total energy consumption determines the
average load.
The present maximum demand varies from 1000 to 1450 KVA & an average
of last 4 months at 1200 KVA. Demand for the month of June 2007 has
steadily risen to 1787 KVA.
The average registered demand of 1450 KVA is close to the minimum billing
demand 1500 KVA. Thus, presently there is no incentive to reduce/rationalise
the peak demand. However, with DC Annex fully operationalised this area will
need to be reviewed. This can be done by following operating practises. The
operating staff should stagger the switching ON of air conditioning units at 15
min/half hourly for each floor, if possible.
The peak demand occurs during peak occupancy when all terminals are
occupied and with higher ambient temperature leading to operation of all AC
plants.
Approximate cost of installing a demand control meter is Rs. 0.75 lakh. With a
registered demand of 1787 KVA for June 2007 and the units consumed as
9,70,000 the average power consumption is 1347 kwh (75% of demand). This
indicates that there is some potential for optimising maximum demand and
saving of demand charges. For a continuous operation a load factor of 85% is
achievable.
3.3.3
The existing air conditioning plant consists of 206 TR rated capacity package
units consisting of 3 nos. compressors. There are 3 units each of 206 TR with
two nos. operating and one standby. Also, one unit is fully loaded and second
unit only acts as a buffer for meeting peak demands. Rated connected load of
one unit is 275 Kw (104 kw x 2 compr., + 67 kw x 1 compr.). Power
measurement on the compressors gave average consumption of 222 kw for
both circuits. The chilling load measured from condenser heat load duty is
about 180 TR. The specific power consumption for package unit is about 1.22
kwh/TR based compressor loading.
The chilling plant comprises of three compressors having separate circuits with a
total of 10 air cooled condenser fans. Each circuit has a compressor of 80, 80
& 46 TR each & a condenser coil. The air cooled condensers are regularly
cleaned every month.
b)
c)
d)
The chilled water temperature maintained at supply end is 9C with return from
various AHUs at 11 12C. The share of main AC plant to overall electricity
consumption is about 45% (625 kwh). Normally one 206 TR chilling plant is
continuously operated with second operated as per demand. The third unit is
stand by. Chilled water at 9C is generated and supplied to various AHUs for
air conditioning.
The grill temperature at various floors varies from 15 16C with return air
temperature at 23 24C. Temperature of room is maintained at 22 23 C
for human comfort.
Installing VFD for AHU blowers
The AHU blowers are continuously operating and blowing in air at fixed cfm.
Based on a motor load survey conducted on each AHU blower motor it can
be noted that almost all motors are underloaded to an extent of 20 30 %.
The motor size is normally selected based on initial starting torque. The air
conditioning load varies with season and occupancy levels. Chiller load
management is based on fixed return air temperature with respective AHUs
being switched off whenever lower room temperature are reached. However,
the nos. of such cooler days are less in Mumbai. The potential savings with
installing VFD for AHU blowers is not much as these would be beneficial only
during lower ambient temp. or for lower occupancy levels both of which are
less frequent.
Replacing undersized AHU blower motors
Alternatively, the blower motor sizes can be reduced at the next opportunity when
they fail. The motors can be replaced with half the existing size motor. Also,
new motors can be energy efficient class I or class II to further optimise
consumption. The present larger sized motors are imparting higher demand
on the system and also having lower PF. The cost of motor replacements can
be about Rs. 3 lakhs for 6 nos. AHUs. Saving potential in terms of reduced
MD is estimated at 60 KVA equivalent to Rs. 2.5 lakhs p.a. in demand
charges. Table below gives the difference in power consumption and motor
sizes.
Sr
no
AHU location
Present Actual
Motor
Revised
capacity consumption loading motor
size
proposed
HP
KW
%
HP
1.
2.
3.
30
30
15
7.3
6.4
5.2
29
26
31
15
15
7.5
4.
5.
6.
e)
15
15
15
2.3
6
4.7
Total
120
32
14
36
28
7.5
7.5
7.5
60
ii.
Also, the second chiller unit is not on full load. Thus, the
chilled water circulation pump can be installed with a variable speed
drive (VFD) to regulate Ch. W. flow through the system (maintaining
minimum flow to evaporator). Cost of installing a VFD & pressure
transducer (PT) switch is about Rs. 2 lakhs. The PT will give feedback
to the third pump to automatically start and stop based on system line
pressure. The third pump can also be interlocked to the operation of the
second chiller unit.
iii.
A significant portion of the air conditioning load is due to the heat transmitted
through the walls and heat stored in the walls. This results in the room inner
wall surface being at temperatures higher than that of the human body. This
results in discomfort as the human body is unable to radiate heat to the walls;
hence heat transfer (body cooling) is possible only by convection (air
movement) & perspiration. Cooling of the building structure (walls & roofs)
itself can lead to dramatic reduction in wall temperature.
This concept was first attempted in a pent house at Ahmedabad. In May, with
Ahmedabad ambient temperature at 41.6C, the terrace floor temperature
was 61.9C, but the structure cooling system ensured that the room
temperature was only 27C. In fact, observations reveal that the room
temperature remained almost constant through out the day and night.
With structure cooling the cooled part of the building becomes a heat sink for the
entire structure. A cooler structure helps more efficient heat transfer from the
human body to the structure and increase the comfort level. This concept has
also been implemented by a leading pharmaceutical company (IPCA lab) in
Madya Pradesh for ware house cooling. This can help eliminate or reduce the
need for air conditioning.
The working fluid filled under vacuum will evaporate at a very low ambient
temperature and prevent solar heat from passing through to the building wall.
The evaporated fluid will need to be condensed in a small water bath with a
cooling fan and return the fluid back to the pipe. The system has no
equipment and moving parts apart from a small cooling fan. The working fluid
evaporates and rises to the top of the cooling bath and returns back by
gravity. The pipe grid acts as barrier reef to the solar heat load and minimise
heat gain by the building structure. This system can very effectively eliminate
or significantly reduce energy consumption requirements of air conditioning
plants.
PUMPLESS MOVEMENT
BY THERMAL FORCES ONLY
AIR
AIR
RADIANT HEAT EMISSION
TO MINUS 40C SKY
DAY & NIGHT
SURFACE TEMP.
ABOUT PLUS 45C.
SMALL PUMP.
MAKE-UP FROM
RE-CYCLED BATHROOM
WASTE WATER
SOLAR HEAT
FINISH COAT
CONTAINING BARITES
SEALED HEAT
TRANSFER FLUID
WATER PROOFING
ROOF SLAB
TEMPERATURE
LESS THAN 30C
ROOM BELOW
COOLING TOWER
PUMPED COOLING
TOWER WATER
However, since the building is on lease any encon measure requiring additions &
modifications in building will need to be put up with appropriate authorities.
In some air conditioning systems, lower temperatures are set to distribute air
over a larger area and or satisfy individual lower cooling comfort levels. At
few places the supply air grill temperature was measured at 15C. At ICICI,
the supply and return air grills for AHUs are placed at ceiling height. Also,
changes in ducting systems are not possible thus leading to permanently
paying higher energy bills. In such air conditioned spaces, use of circulation
fans can provide apparent comfort and help raise/maintain the room
temperature settings to about 24 C instead of 22 C. Quiet fans can be
concealed behind suspended grill or placed on floor to ensure that the dcor
and silence is not affected. The reduction in energy consumption in the
refrigeration machine will be significantly more than that consumed by the
circulation fans.
At the time of building design, fountains and water flow can be used to provide
evaporative cooling and act as heat sinks. Trees may be grown around
buildings to reduce the heat ingress through windows and also reduce glare.
At ICICI the building has used glass facades and / or large window areas (at
some places > 50% of the wall area) resulting in large solar heat gain and
heat transmission. The ICICI building also has a large portion of the front
wall and sidewalls as glass walls, although, care has been taken to provide
curtains to minimise heat ingress.
This architecture is suitable for cold countries, while here it increases the air
conditioning load for about eight to ten months in a year.
The benchmark for air conditioning power consumption is about 1 kwh/ 100 ft
and the same for ICICI Mahalaxmi building is also close to the benchmark.
3.3.3.6 Use Glass with Low Heat Gain Co-efficient and Thermal Conductivity
The below table shows the SHGC, thermal conductivity and daylight
transmittance for different types of glass panes. Use of glass with low SHGC
and thermal conductivity is recommended. Daylight transmittance is
important, if electric lighting (another heat load) has to be minimised. To a
great extent care has been taken at ICICI buildings to install tinted glasses as
well as provide curtains to minimise heat gain.
Thermal
Conductivity
3.16
3.24
3.27
Daylight
Transmittance
79
65
24
0.18
3.08
15
0.56
0.23
2.33
1.77
61
4.1
Consider the use of plastic window frames in place of steel and aluminium
frames. This will reduce the heat ingress by conduction.
A seven storied modern, air conditioned office building in Mumbai with about
70,000 ft2 has a heat load of 185 TR in summer. The window to wall ratio is
about 30%. A simulation revealed that blocking 50% of the windows with
laminated rigid insulation boards can reduce the air conditioning load by
13%. Providing gypsum board panels along the walls with a one inch air gap
can reduce the air conditioning load by an additional 4%.
COP
Cooling effect in KW
Power input to compr in KW
Therefore , COP
7,39,410
860 x 222 kw
3.87
=
=
222 / 181
1.22 kW/TR
0.8 kW/TR
=
=
(222 144) kW
78 kW
20 Kw
3.3.3.11
At ICICI, Zenith house the fresh air ducts are located behind various AHUs.
Stale air is designed to be exhausted through door openings. It is possible to
improve the ventilation system and instil freshness in the air conditioned
floors by installing small air conditioned supply grills directly in front of sitting
personnel. This will reduce the actual amount of air-conditioned air to be
supplied throughout the floor. Point wise supply on top of cubicles will give
localised air-conditioned supply and comfort to the personnel. Below picture
gives an actual installation in a Mumbai office. Although, it will be difficult to
replace existing ceiling grills and ducting systems this localised air distribution
system can be incorporated in new building designs.
3.4
Illumination Load
3.5
Personal Computers
Also, after logging off and during weekly offs the terminals are left
running (in sleep mode) thus adding to the dead load of cooling the building.
It is recommended to advise all operating stations to switch off their PCs
whenever they have logged off and no programme testing is under process.
Terminals with long hours of computation work should be tagged as don not
disturb so as to avoid being switched off by service staff.
3.6
3.7
Replacing hot water geysers in canteen kitchen for dish washing, food
warming and in senior manager floor for washing hands
The building has installed two nos. 3 kw hot water geysers in kitchen area for
washing dishes and tiffins. The same are switched ON between 12.30 to
2.15 pm. Similarly, the canteen has about 12 nos. 3 kw immersion type
electric heaters for maintaining food warm in immersed tubs. A hot water
geyser is also installed on the senior management floor for hand wash usage.
All this hot water generation from electric heater means can be replaced with
hot water heat recovery system from air conditioning package units. The
refrigerant from the compressor is at a much higher temperature (90 95C)
due to heat of compression. This is cooled in the air cooled condenser. A
waste heat exchanger installed in the path recovers this heat and imparts it to
water in an indirect contact type shell & tube heat exchanger. The hot water
temperature achievable is about 60 70 C which is sufficient for all above
purposes.
From measurements conducted for above electric heaters the power
consumption is about 45 units every day. This can be entirely saved by
installing a heat recovery unit and a water tank on top of the terrace near the
chiller package and generating hot water from waste heat recovery. The hot
water can then be separately distributed to all the use points. A small
circulation pump (1 kw) will be required for maintaining flow through the heatexchanger. Alternatively, a thermo siphon natural water circulation system
can also be designed since the water demand is not very high.
Saving potential is about Rs. 1 lakh p.a. with cost of heat exchanger at Rs.
2.0 lakhs giving a simple payback period of 2 years.
Appendix gives the schematic diagram of an air conditioning plant waste
heat recovery potential for hot water generation.
3.8
4.
Compare the COP with that expected for similar end-use temperatures.
Lower generator temperatures indicate operation at reduced capacity.
In the case of absorption machines, the COP will generally be close to
expected valves. However, the ability of the machine to deliver rated
capacity will be compromised if there are any system deficiencies. Reduced
capacity may lead to increase in number of operating machines and also
wasted auxiliary energy consumption in pumps, cooling towers, etc.
Inadequate cooling in cooling towers leads to reduced capacity of absorption
chilling packages.
Compressors
Ensure correct charging of refrigerant and check seals regularly for leaks
Avoid throttling of suction / discharge valves
Use Evaporators and Condensers with Higher Heat Transfer Efficacy
Use Heat Exchangers with Larger Surface Aea
Install desuperheaters with heat recovery for applications requiring hot water.
Use Plate Heat Exchangers for Process and Refrigeration Machine Condenser
Cooling
Avoid the Use of Air Cooled Condensers
Sub-cooling of liquid refrigerant is desirable by over-sizing of condenser.
Energy Saving Opportunities in Normal Operation
Use Building Thermal Inertia
Put HVAC Window Air Conditioners and Split Units on Timer or Occupancy
Sensing Control
Interlock Fan Coil Units in Hotels with Door Lock or Master Switch
Improve Utilisation of Outside Air.
Maintain Correct anti-freeze Concentration
Install a Control System to Co-Ordinate Multiple Chillers
Permit Lower Condenser Pressures during Favourable Ambient Conditions
Optimise Water / Brine / Air Flow Rates
Defrosting
Match the Refrigeration System Capacity to the Actual Requirement
Monitor Performance of Refrigeration Machines
Maintenance to Ensure Energy Efficiency Operation
Clean Fouled Heat Exchangers
Specify Appropriate Fouling Factors for Condensers
Purging the Condenser of Air
Do Not Overcharge Oil
Use two-speed or variable speed drives for cooling tower fan control if the fans
are few. Stage the cooling tower fans with on-off control if there are many.
Turn off unnecessary cooling tower fans when loads are reduced.
Cover hot water basins (to minimise algae growth that contributes to fouling)
Balance flow to cooling tower hot water basins
Periodically clean plugged cooling tower distribution nozzles
Install new nozzles to obtain a more uniform water pattern
Replace splash bars with self-extinguishing PVC cellular film fill.
On old counter-flow cooling towers, replace old spray type nozzles with new
square spray ABS practically non-clogging nozzles
Replace slat type drift eliminators with low pressure drop, self extinguishing, PVC
cellular units. Follow manufacturers recommended clearances around cooling
towers and relocate or modify structures that interfere with the air intake or
exhaust.
Optimise cooling tower fan blade angle on a seasonal and / or load basis.
Correct excessive and / or uneven fan blade tip clearance and poor fan balance
Use a velocity pressure recovery fan ring
Consider on-line water treatment
Restrict flows through large loads to design values
Shut off loads that are not in service
Take blow down water from return water header
Optimise blowdown flow rate
Send blowdown water to other uses or to the cheapest sewer to reduce effluent
treatment load
Install interlocks to prevent fan operation when there is no water flow.
Thermal Storage
Consider Thermal Storage (eg. ice banks) for energy cost saving, where electric
supply utilities are having Time of Use tariff with high peak time rates and low off
peak rates
3.9
WATER
3.9.1
1.
2.
In the Bathroom
a.
Showers
In the bathroom, a flow rate of two litres per minute should significantly
reduce water consumption but also let you enjoy your shower.
b.
Toilets
Installing a water-saver flush kit in the toilets will save water. One can also
replace large-volume toilets with units that use only six litres per flush you'll
reduce water usage by 70 percent or more.
For the existing toilets, install a water-saving device inside the tank at the
back of the toilet. The most common water retention device available is the
toilet dam. When installed properly, it will save about five litres per flush.
A plastic bag or bottle filled with water and suspended inside the toilet
tank is an excellent water displacement device that's easy to find and install.
Replacing an 18-litre-per-flush toilet with an ultra-low-volume (ULV) sixlitre flush model represents a 66 percent savings in water flushed and will cut
indoor water use by about 30 percent. The ULV toilet not only uses less
water, it produces less wastewater and reduces load n the sewage treatment
plant.
3.
In the Kitchen
Rinsing dishes under the tap also wastes a lot of water. Rinse the dishes
in a large bowl of water, or partially fill one side of a double sink. Here's
another approach: slowly pour a bowl of water over dishes after putting them
in the drainer.
If you wash your dishes by hand, you use more water and energy than if
you use an automatic dishwasher.
Fix leaking faucets as soon as possible. A hot water faucet that leaks one
drip per second will waste 9000 litres per year. That's enough water for 160
full cycles on an automatic dishwasher.
4.
More than 50 percent of the water applied to lawns and gardens is lost
due to evaporation or to run-off because of over watering. As a general rule,
most lawns and gardens require little more than 2 to 3 cm (1 in.) of water per
week.
To reduce losses due to evaporation, water early in the morning (after the
dew has dried) and or in the late evenings.
Ideally, sprinklers should be suited to the size and shape of the lawn. That
way, you avoid watering driveways and sidewalks. Sprinklers that lay water
down in a flat pattern are better than oscillating sprinklers, which lose as
much as 50 percent of what they disperse through evaporation.
When washing a car, fill a bucket with water and use a sponge. This can
save about 300 litres of water.
5.
Examine all the water heaters at the various guest rooms and residential
facilities if its surface is hot or even warm, some of the energy used to heat
the water is being wasted.
Shopping for a new water heater? Look for a high-efficiency unit. Some new
models heat water only when you need it rather than storing hot water in a
tank.
When the management is planning to buy a new water heater for the guest
rooms, here's a tip that could save them up to Rs. 5000 per year: Bigger isn't
necessarily better.
When installing a new hot water tank or designing new guest rooms, make
sure that you place the unit as close as possible to the use point. Heat is lost
in long pipe runs. For instance, reducing a hot-water pipe from 10 to 3 metres
will save enough energy in one month to heat water for 10 showers. Similarly,
thin pipes are more energy efficient than thicker pipes; larger amounts of hot
water are trapped in thicker pipes, and more heat is lost.
To help reduce heat loss, always insulate hot water pipes, especially where
they run through unheated areas such as basements and crawl spaces.
Insulate the first three metres on cold water pipes and the first two metres on
hot water pipes running to and from tanks. This can save about 2 percent on
the heating bill and can reduce pipe-sweating problems in the summer. Do
not place any pipe-wrap insulation within 15 cm of exhaust vents at the top of
water heaters, and never insulate plastic pipes.
Turn down your water-heater thermostat to a minimum setting when you plan
to be away for extended periods of time.
1.
Water the lawn only when it needs it. Step on the grass. If it springs back,
when you lift your foot, it doesn't need water. So set your sprinklers for more
days in between watering. Saves 3000 - 5000 lts. per month. Better yet,
especially in times of drought, water with a hose.
2.
Fix leaky faucets and plumbing joints. Saves 75 lts. per day for every leak
stopped.
3.
Don't run the hose while washing the cars. Use a bucket of water and a quick
hose rinse at the end. Saves 550 lts each time.
4.
Install water-saving shower heads or flow restrictors. Saves 1900 to 3000 lts
per month.
5.
Run only full loads in the washing machine and dishwasher. Saves 1100 to
3000 lts per month.
6.
Shorten your showers. Even a one or two minute reduction can save up to
2500 lts per month.
7.
Use a broom instead of a hose to clean driveways and sidewalks. Saves 550
lts or more each time.
8.
Don't use your toilet as an ashtray or wastebasket. Saves 1500 lts per month.
9.
Capture tap water. While you wait for hot water to come down the pipes,
catch the flow in a watering can to use later on house plants or the gardens.
Saves 750 to 1100 lts per month.
10.
Don't water the sidewalks, driveway or gutter. Adjust your sprinklers so that
water lands on the lawn or garden where it belongs -- and only there. Saves
2000 lts per month.
Engineering Department
An analysis of such establishments show that approximately 50% of
the energy consumed in a property is in the equipment and machinery rooms,
air conditioning systems, water treatment pump areas and sewage plants.
Engineering Department is responsible for running and maintenance of these
equipments.
They are also concerned with entire building and complex.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
As far as possible keep leaving chilled water temperature on the higher side.
Reduce entering condenser water temperature
Maintain proper refrigerant charge.
Eliminate refrigerant and charge.
Maintain proper flow rate of condenser water
Operate chillers in proper sequence.
Operate condenser and cooler pumps in proper sequence.
4.
5.
Lower hot water temperature for heating when outside temperature rises.
When chiller is not operating, make certain that chilled and condenser water
pumps are shut down.
Use proper water treatment to prevent fouling or sealing of condensers,
cooling towers and piping.
Repair all hot, chilled and condenser water lines, valves and pumps. A
considerable quantity of water is lost through leaky pump glands which can
be saved easily.
Repair or replace damaged hot or chilled water line insulation.
Check cooling water tower bleed off periodically.
Check efficiency of chiller against manufacturers specifications by checking
water temperature and pressure drop in and out of chillers and condensers
and motor amperage on compressor.
Condenser tubes should be kept clean.
Stop all refrigerant leaks.
Check daily purge operation on chiller for signs of air leaks
Remove algae growth from cooling towers.
Check all belt drives. Replace worn out or frayed belts.
Clean AHU coils and fans periodically, check chilled water sample to know
the internal condition of coil. Do periodic cleaning of coil.
AHU filter must be cleaned periodically.
Check all thermostat for correct functioning.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Heating
1.
Check and back wash water filtration plant for higher efficiency and reduction
in water system scaling.
Check water analysis periodically.
Repair at once all leaks, dripping faucets and shower heads.
Check toiler flush valves for any water leaks.
Lower hot water temperature to 1200 F.
6. Check and adjust swimming pool make up water (not to exceed 10%).
Shut down pool filtration plant when pool is not in use.
Reduce lawn and shrubbery watering to absolute minimum.
Check water regulating valves on water coolers, refrigerant units and ice
machines.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
9
1.
Seal all exterior windows, doors cracks and openings to reduce outdoor air
leaks.
Reduce gap under the doors of air conditioned spaces to minimum.
Check grounds for leaking pipes underground.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Keep all light shades clean. Use shades that allow more light to pass or
reflect.
Do not switch on lights unless necessary.
Arrange schedules for turning or reducing lights in guest corridors, lobby
area, function spaces, restaurants, bars, shops, kitchens etc.
Make a house inspection of all departments to see that energy conservation
is being observed.
10.
11.
12.