CHAmR4

Flow of incompressible fluids in

pipelines

hf

hm i nw h i c hh m

I n i t i a l l y s e t hm = 0 ;

2J2

log

9.81

1 0V 2 / 2 g

i.e. h

H = 100.0 m

0.4 X 100/20000

OS3
3.7
400

2.51 X 1.13 X 10-6

0.4419.62

0.4

= 1.366 m l s

... hm

10

1 . 3 6 6 21 1 9 . 6 2

A b e t t e r estimate o fh f

whence V = 1.36 m l s

= 0.95

i s t h e r e f o r e 99.05 m
(equation ( i ) )

Afteronefurthercorrection(thedifferencebetween

successive V v a l u e s b e c o m i n g n e g l i g i b l e )

V = 1.36 m / s

a n d Q = AV = 170.9 1 1 s .

32

100/20000

(b)

When Q = 160 l/s, V = 1.273 m / s ,

of h f .

t h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gv a l u e

T h i s c a n n o tb e

t h e r e f o r e i n p u tt h r e e( s a y )

a c h i e v e de x p l i c i t l y ;
v a l u e so fh f( e . g .

s o l v e ( i )t o f i n d

80, 8 5 ) a n ds o l v eb yg r a p h i c a l

75,

interpolation.
S o l u t i o n :h f

79.0 m , whence h v + 10-V2

2g

21.0 m

where hv = h e a d l o s s a t v a l v e
i.e.

hv + 10

1.272g2/19.62

hv + 0.8258

..
1.

21.0

h v = 20.174 m

A l t e r n a t i v es o l u t i o nu s i n g

Moody d i a g r a m
(ii)

& -- -0.3
D

400

0.00075

Assume V = 2.0 m/s;

VD =
Re = V
1 . 1 3 O~e140 - =~ 7.27

From Moody c h a r t (Fig. 4.2

From e q u a t i o n ( i i ) V

i nt e x t )

2gH
/F + 10

h = 0.019

44.3
/0.019~20000

0.4

= 1.43 m / s

Revised R e =

OS4

1.13
whence V

(b)

V = 1.273 m / s

h = 0.0193;

1 0 5 ; h = 0.0192

5.2

179 l / s

10-6

1.422 m / sa n d

5
10

Re

hf

- 0.0193 X 20000 X 1.2732

19.62 X 0.4
=

1.273 X 0.4
1.13 X 10-6

79.7 m

33

= 4.5

1o

5
10

.'.

hv

beobtained

t h e same a c c u r a c yc a n n o t

(Note:

19.5 m.

when u s i n g t h e

Moody d i a g r a m . )

4.2

24

Q =

Sf

h f / La n d

7000
= 0.081 m 3 I s ;
X 3600

hf

20.0 m

2 J2gD Sf l o g

(=

l k +

0.842 m l s

m a n o m e t r i c pump h e a d )

2.51~

3 *7D

DJ2gD S],

a f e wv a l u e s

T h i s may b e s o l v e d b y i n p u t t i n g
u s i n gg r a p h i c a li n t e r p o l a t i o n .
Solution:

Sf = 2.3

-hf- - 2.3
L
where

10

-3

10-3,

L =

2.3

20

L = 8695 m

Alternativesolutionusing

Barr's equation

- XLV2

hf - 2 g D ;

1=

- 210g

-.
k

3.7D
whence X

...

hf

IO-~

whence L

20
=

5.12861
89

0.02217
=

0.02217 X L X 0.8422
19.62 X 0.35

8738 m
34

of Sf a n d

Moody chart gives X = 0.0222 whence L = 8750 m

consumptionP = g'

Power

Hm watts

rl

H,

20.0 m;

... P

0.86

9.81 X 0.081
0.6

= 22.78 kW

20.0

Q,

k/D =

5
= 6 x 1 0

160 11s; V2 = 2.263; Re

0 06
L = 0.0002
300

Using Barr's equaticn

l&

210g

/X

5.1286
0.89
Re
-

whence X = 0.01531
-

..

..

0.0153 X 600 X 2.2632

19.62 X 0.3

-v22
-

- 0.261
2g
0. 5V12

2g

..

hfl
0. 5V12

7.99 m

+ 7.99 + 0.261

= 11.75 m

35

= 20.0

20

v1 - -

2J2gD h

/L1 l o g
fl

k
3.7D

2.51~

D1J2gD
h

/L1
fl

S e t t i n g hf = 1 1 . 7 5 a n d m a k i n g s u c c e s s i v e a d j u s t m e n t s f o r
O . 5 V l 2 / 2 gy i e l d s
whence Q

4.4

V1 = 2 . 5 5 m / s

= 318 11s

10000 m;

a n d Qout

1 5 8 11s

k = 0.03 m
m
; Q = 200 11s

H = 100.0 m

Also Q = - 2A J 2 g D h f / L l o g

[A

2.51~
DJ2gDhf /L]

Set hf = 100.0 m i n i t i a l l y a n d t r y d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s
of

mm>

D(350

Q( 11s)

300

250

215.0
143.3
88.6

mm p i p e

W it3thh5e0

V2

Minor l o s s = 1 . 5 - = 0.25hf
2g
a n dr e v i s e d

.*.

= 2.234

m/s

= 99.75

Q = 214.7 1 1 s

350 mm p i p e O.K.

With a v a l v e i n p o s i t i o n
V = 2078 m l s : R e =

- -- 0.031350
D

t o r e g u l a t e f l o w t o 200 l / s
6 . 4 4 X 1 05

0.00008571

From Moody c h a r t A = 0.0139

- 0.0139

X 10000 X 2.0782 = 8 7 . 3 4 m
1 9 . 6 2 X 0.35
1 5v2
1 2 . 6 6 m is lost i n -+ h v ,w h e r eh v
is t h e
2g

- ALV2

hf -2gD-

..

36

head loss at the valve

...

12.66

whence

head loss to be provided by valve = 12.44 m

L = 2000 m;

4.5

h
a)

0.22 + hv

200 mm;

k = 0.06 mm

(=H)=30m
m

New pipe

condition

[h Dd2gDhf
2.51~
/L

Q = - 2A d2gDhf /L log

= 58.77 l / s

b)

Rearranging

the above equation:

2.51~
DJ2gDhfIL

+k

3.7D

loge(lO)

2AJ2gDhf/L

Q = 52.89 l/s
whence k = 0.28 mm

4.6
a)

Method of solution as Problem 4.1

L = 15000 m;
Minor loss

= 400

mm;

0.1 mm;

= 90.0

13.5 V a / 2 g

l&
l-

- 2 J2gDhf/L log

Initially set hf

2.51~
DJ2gDhf /L-

H and successively adjustfor

minor loss.
Solution V = 1.715 m / s ;

215.5 11s

+ hml + h f 2 + hm2
1
Also t h e h e a d losses a l o n g p i p e s

H = hf

2 and 3 are

i d e n t i c a l ,t h e r e f o r e

Also L2 = L 3 ; D2 = D3

A l s o Q1 = Q,

(iii)

Q3

E q u a t i o n s ( i ) , ( i i ) a n d ( i i i ) e n a b l e t h e l e n g t h L2
tobedetermined.
F i r s t estimate a v a l u e f o r L2 s i n c e t h i s c a n n o t b e
o b t a i n e dd i r e c t l yd u e

t o t h em i n o r

l o s s terms.

S e c o n d l y estimate Q2 whence Q3 f o l l o w s from

c o n t i n u i t y( e q u a t i o n
N e x tu s ee q u a t i o n

( i i i ) ) ; o b t a i n X 2 and X 3 .

(ii)t o o b t a i n

a b e t t e r estimate

o f V2, i . e .

V2

= Q1/B

where
B = A

I n t h i s case Km

= 12 . O a n d K

= 1. O

m3

2
38

( i ) t o o b t a i n t h e t o t a l h e a d drop

Next u s e e q u a t i o n

r e s u l t i n g from t h e estimated v a l u e of L a .
othervalues

Repeat f o r two

of L2 a n d f i n d b y g r a p h i c a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n

v a l u e of L2 w h i c h r e s u l t s i n a t o t a l h e a d

necessarythe

m.

d r o po f9 0 . 0

Examples : Q1
T r y L2

0.3 n 3 / s

9450 m

Q3

T r y Q2 = 0 . 1 5 0m 3 / sw h e n c e

Hence h l

0.0154;

X2

0 . 1 5 0m 3 / s

Xg

0.0161;

0.0145

( s o l v i n gC o l e b r o o k - W h i t ee q u a t i o n )
R e v i s e dv a l u e s

X2

0.0161;

of Q2

0 . 1 4 5 m31.5;

X3

X 3 = 0.0162;

( i . e . l i t t l e c h a n g ei n

Q,

= 0.155m3/s

0.0145

X values)

From e q u a t i o n ( i ) H = 8 8 . 9 3 m ( f a i r l y c l o s e )
TryL2

= 9300 m whence H = 90.17 m

T r y L2

9350 m whence H = 89.76 m

A duplicatedlength

of 9350 m s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e

be

suitable.

4.7

where V
h

v eilno c i t y

pipe

R,n

= head l o s s i n nozzle = (
7
- 1)

L = 500 m ;

D = 0.3 m ;

k
39

A
2g

0.03 m
m
; CV = 0.98

if

H = 15m:

0.0001:

- =

Number of p i p e s

= 1:

C
L
J

= 1.0

Number o f j e t s ( N ) = 1

Refer t o Example 4 . 1 1

Solution:

S i n c e t h e d i s c h a r g e is i n i t i a l l y unknownan
of V must be made i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e

Estimate V = 2 m / s .
Write E = O S 5

Re

= 1.32

X.
5

X 10 ;

estimate

= 0.0143

4870

A2

F = 0.0

G =

o.98r
1
=

2 J 2 =

C = E + F

4870

1.041

g,

whence area of j e t ( a m =

equationvii)

= 0.010338
= 0.1147

and jet diameter

=/-

From ( v i )

(C +

-1

= 0.142

(4870

V = 2.008 m/s i.e.

Power =

4.8

L = 500 m:
hf = 15.0 m:

0.0103382

a s estimate

D = 100 m
m
:
V

0 . 0 6 mm

= 0.07/925

= 0.00007568

Assume t u r b u l e n t flow:
V = -2

J 2 g Dh f / Ll o g

= 1.018

[A

m/s

R e = VD/v = 1 3 4 5 .

.*.

m3/s

1 3 . 3 7 kW

2 a2

2.51~

DJ2gD hf /L

Hence f l o w is p r o b a b l yl a m i n a r .

Assume l a m i n a r f l o w a n du s i n g

40

the Hagen-Poiseuille

equation :

or

h p 2
V = 32VL

1.215 mls

and

AV

= 9.5 11s

For D = 150 mm, assume V = 1.5 mls

Re =

= 2973;

k/D = 0.0004

7.568 X 10-5
Assume turbulent flow

2 /2gDhf/L log

= 1.4 m l s ;

4.9

a(i)

km

20.0 m:

2.51~
DJ2gDhf /L]

Q = 24.77 l/s

L = 10000 m:
=

[A

mm: k

= 300
=

0.0

i.e. hf

0.0:

Using Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook-White formulae

in combination :
V = 2J2gDhf/L log

i.e.

[h+ D/2gDhf
2.51~
/L

m/s and Q = 62.25 l/s

X = 0.3164
2
5

= 0.88

a(ii) Blasius:

From Darcy-Weisbach

Q
b(i)

=&

0.9 17 m / s

64.82 11s

300 m
m
: k = 0.06 mm

Karman-Prandtl rough law:

.*.X

3.7D)
2 log (7

JX
=

0.0234

From Darcy-Weisbach V = 0.709 mls

Q = 50.1 11s
41

b ( i i )U s i n ge q u a t i o n
V

( i )above

0.695 m / s

Q = 49.12 11s

1 m wide

4 . 1 0R e c t a n g u l a rc u l v e r t
Q = 2.5 m 3 / s

V =

2
A

k = 0 . 0 6 mm

2
.5 =
0.6

R = -A =
P

4.167 m/s

1 X 0.6/3.2

whence D e

4 '

= 0.1875 m

of f u l l c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n :

E q u i v a l e n td i a m e t e r

R = -De

0.6 m d e e p

R = 0.75 m

= 4 X

E q u i v a l e n tp i p eR e y n o l d sn u m b e r :

V De

4.167 X 0 . 7 5
1 . 1 3 X 10-6

2.76 X 10

E q u i v a l e n tp i p e
= 0.06/750

relative roughness:
=

10-5

From Moody c h a r t ( F i g . 4 . 2 i n t e x t )
From hf

2gD

hf / L

- 2 l o g

= 0.0122

0.0144

A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,e q u a t i o n4 . 1 5

-l -

[14:8R

'

21

c a n be s o l v e d t o y i e l d X t o g i v e t h e

42

same r e s u l t .