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ELEC4612 Power System Analysis

Lecture 1b: Three Phase Systems

Dr Jayashri Ravishankar
School of Electrical Engineering & telecommunications

Properties of 3-phase Systems

Three-phase systems have either three or four

conductors.
There are three-phase conductors identified as
A, B, and C.
There is sometimes a fourth conductor, which
is the neutral.
The three phases are 120 degrees out of
phase with each other (360 divided by 3).

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Balanced 3-phase systems

1. All 3 sources are represented by a set of
balanced 3-phase variables
2. All loads are 3-phase with equal impedances
3. Line impedances are equal in all 3 phases
Using phase a as a reference, the voltage in
three phases can be described as follows:
0
120
240
120

Advantages of 3-phase
The rating of 3-phase machines are 150%
greater than 1-phase machines of similar frame
size.
The power delivered by a 1-phase system
pulsates and falls to zero. The 3-phase power
never falls to zero and approximately remains
the same at any instant.
A 3-phase system needs three conductors;
however, each conductor is only 75% the size
of the equivalent kVA rated 1-phase conductors.

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1-phase Vs 3-phase Power

Wye/Star Connection (Y)

Line current
Line voltage

Phase voltage
Phase current

Reference

Vab Van Vbn

| V ph | 0 | V ph | 120

| V ph | 1 (cos120 j sin 120)

1
3

| V ph | | V ph | j
2
2
3 | V ph | 30

Vbc 3 | V ph | 90
Vca 3 | V ph | 210

VL 3V ph & I L I ph

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Delta - Connection ()
Line current

Phase current
Line voltage
Phase voltage

I L 3 | I ph | 30

VL V ph
I L 3I ph

Line & Phase Values

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-Y Transformation

3-phase Power
balanced
3
source

ia

ib

ic

+
vab
_
+
bc
_

balanced
3
load

Total instantaneous power absorbed into load =

instantaneous power in each phase

p3 t van t ia t vbn t ib t vcn t ic t

Under balanced conditions the average power,

Total average power,

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Example 1.1
Assume a -connected load is supplied from a 3
13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 10020
Calculate the power consumed.

Method 1
Vab 13.80 kV
Vbc 13.8 0 kV
Vca 13.80 kV

2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

I ab

13.80 kV
138 20 amps

I bc 138 140 amps

I ca 1380 amps

I a I ab I ca 138 20 1380
239 50 amps
I b 239 170 amps I c 2390 amps
*
S 3 Vab I ab
3 13.80kV 138 amps

5.7 MVA
5.37 j1.95 MVA
pf cos 20 lagging
2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

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Method 2
13.8
13.80
10020
138
3

138

20x 3

20
239

3 x13800 x 239

20
5.71 MW

OR
3

3 x13800 x 138

5.71 MW

Example 1.2
480
60
8
60 x 3 104

240
3
138.57
6

138.57
23

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Example 1.3
?

6 x 6
2
18
4||2 1.333

4 x 4
12
4
12||6 4
4

440
3
254.03
1.333
440 ;
110 x 3

254.03
.
440
4
.

110

Example 1.4
A 3-phase line has an impedance of 2+j4 as shown in the figure. The line
feeds two balanced loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is Yconnected and has an impedance of 30+j40 per phase. The second load is
-connected and has an impedance of 60-j45 . The line is energised at the
sending end from a 3-phase balanced supply of line voltage 207.85 V. Taking
phase voltage Va as reference, determine:
(a) The current, real power and reactive power drawn from the supply.
(b) The line voltage at the combined loads.
(c) The current per phase in each load.
(d) The total real and reactive powers in each load and the line.

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Summary
The voltages of a three-phase system are 120
out of phase with each other.
The two types of three-phase connections are
wye and delta.
In a wye connection, the phase voltage is less
than the line voltage by a factor of 1.732. The
phase current and the line current are the
same.
In a delta connection, the phase voltage is the
same as the line voltage. The phase current is
less than the line current by a factor of 1.732.

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Exercise 1.1
1. A single-phase voltage source with V = 100130 volts
delivers a current I = 1010 A, which leaves the positive
terminal of the source. Calculate the source real and
reactive power, and state whether the source delivers or
absorbs each of these. What is the type of the source?
Ans: - 500 W, + 866 VAR
2. An industrial plant consisting primarily of induction motor
loads absorbs 500 kW at 0.6 pf lag. (a) Compute the
required kVA rating of a shunt capacitor to improve the
power factor to 0.9 lag. (b) Calculate the resulting pf if a
synchronous motor rated 500 HP with 90% efficiency
operating at rated load and at upf is added to the plant
instead of the capacitor. Assume constant voltage. 1 HP =
0.746 kW. Ans: (a) 424.5kVA (b) 0.808 lag

Exercise 1.1
3. Three loads are connected in parallel across a singlephase source voltage of 240 V (RMS). Load 1 absorbs
12 kW and 6.667 kVAR; Load 2 absorbs 4 kVA at 0.96
pf lead; Load 3 absorbs 15 kW at upf. Calculate the
values of R and X, for the three parallel loads, for two
cases: (a) Series combination of R and X, and (b)
parallel combination of R and X.
Ans: (a) R = 1.809 , X = 0.325
(b) R = 1.868 , X = 10.384

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Exercise 1.2
1. Find the current from the alternator.
?

Ans: 61.45 A
2. Two balanced Y-connected loads, one drawing 10 kW at 0.8
pf lag and the other 15 kW at 0.9 pf leading, are connected
in parallel and supplied by a balanced three-phase Yconnected, 480-V source. (a) Determine the source current.
(b) If the load neutrals are connected to the source neutral
by a zero-ohm neutral wire through an ammeter, what will
the ammeter read? Ans: (a) 30.07 A (b) 0

Exercise 1.2
3. A three-phase line with an impedance of (0.2+j0.1) /ph
feeds three balanced three-phase loads connected in
parallel. Load 1: Absorbs a total of 150 kW and 120
kVAR; Load 2: Delta connected with an impedance of
(150-j48) /ph; Load 3: 120 kVA at 0.6 pf leading. If the
line-to-neutral voltage at the load end of the line is
2000V (RMS), determine the magnitude of the line-toline voltage at the source end of the line.
Ans: 3478.62V

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