Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Medium Voltage
MV design guide
Design Guide
Goal
This guide is a catalogue
of technical know-how
intended for medium voltage
equipment designers.
How?
# By proposing simple and clear calculation outlines to
guide the designer step by step.
# By showing actual calculation examples.
# By providing information on units of measure and
international standards.
# By comparing international standards.
In summary
This guide helps you to carry out the calculations required to
define and determine equipment dimensions and provides
useful information enabling you to design your MV
switchboard.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_001_01
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
General contents
MV design guide
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Switchgear functions
Different types of enclosures
6
8
9
9
10
Design rules
11
Short-circuit power
Short-circuit currents
Transformer
Synchronous generator
Asynchronous motor
11
12
13
14
14
Reminder
Three phase calculation example
15
17
Busbar calculation
Thermal withstand
Electrodynamic withstand
Intransic resonant frequency
21
24
27
29
31
Dielectric withstand
Dielectric strength of the medium
Shape of parts
Distance between parts
Protection index
IP code
IK code
38
38
39
39
41
41
41
Switchgear definition
45
45
54
61
64
Units of measure
67
Basic units
Common magnitudes and units
Correspondence between Imperial units
and international system units (SI)
67
67
Standards
71
Quoted standards
IEC-ANSI comparison
71
72
References
81
81
Index
83
Gamme
69
AMTED300014EN_001_01
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
0
Introduction
To start with,
here is some key
information on MV switchboards!
reference is made to the International
Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC).
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Short-circuit power.
The voltage, the rated current and the rated frequency are often known or
can easily be defined, but how can we calculate the short-circuit power or
current at a given point in an installation?
Knowing the short-circuit power of the network allows us to choose the
various parts of a switchboard which must withstand significant
temperature rises and electrodynamic constraints. Knowing the voltage
(kV) will allow us to define the dielectric withstand of the components.
E.g.: circuit breakers, insulators, CT.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_001_01
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
0
Voltage
Operating voltage U (kV)
This is applied across the equipment terminals.
N.B.: IEC 694, article 4 sets the various voltage values together with, in article 6,
the dielectric testing conditions.
Example:
# Operating voltage: 20 kV
# Rated voltage: 24 kV
# Power frequency withstand voltage
50 Hz 1 mn: 50 kV rms.
# Impulse withstand voltage
1.2/50 s: 125 kV peak.
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
0
Standards
Apart from special cases, MERLIN GERIN equipment is in conformity with
list 2 of the series 1 table in IEC 60 071 and 60 298.
Rated
voltage
kV rms.
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand voltage
1.2/50 s 50 Hz
kV peak
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
list 1
40
60
75
95
145
list 2
60
75
95
125
170
Rated
power-frequency
withstand voltage
Normal
operating
voltage
1 minute kV rms.
kV rms.
20
28
38
50
70
3.3 to 6.6
10 to 11
13.8 to 15
20 to 22
25.8 to 36
Rated impulse
withstand voltage
1.2/50 s kV peak
Distance/earth
in air cm
60
75
95
125
170
10
12
16
22
32
U
Um
0,5 Um
t
tension assigne
tenue dilectrique
50 Hz 1 mm
tenue dilectrique
onde de choc
20 7,2
12
28
38
50
70
Ur
Ud
Schneider Electric
17,5
24
36
Gamme
60
75
95
125
170
Up
AMTED300014EN_001_01
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
0
Current
Rated normal current: Ir (A)
This is the rms. value of current that equipment can withstand when
closed, without exceeding the temperature rise allowed in standards.
The table below gives the temperature rises authorised by the IEC
according to the type of contacts.
Rated normal current:
Type of mechanism
of material
Max. values
Max. temperature
of conductor (C)
= t. max. - 40 C
contacts in air
bare copper or copper alloy
75
silver or nickel plated
105
tin-plated
90
bolted connections or equivalent devices
bare copper, bare copper alloy
or aluminium alloy
90
silver or nickel plated
115
tin-plated
105
35
65
50
50
75
65
Examples:
# For a switchboard with a 630 kW motor
feeder and a 1 250 kVA transformer feeder
at 5.5 kV operating voltage.
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
0
Frequency fr (Hz)
# Two frequencies are usually used throughout the world:
5 50 Hz in Europe
5 60 Hz in America.
Several countries use both frequencies indiscriminately.
Switchgear functions
Designation
and symbol
function
Current switching
operating
fault
Disconnecter
isolates
Earthing disconnecter
isolates
Switch
switches,
does not isolate
(short-circuit closing
capacity)
Disconnecter switch
switches
isolates
Fixed circuit breaker
switches
protects
does not isolate
switches
protects
isolates if withdrawn
Fixed contactor
switches
does not isolate
switches
isolates if withdrawn
Withdrawable contactor
Fuse
protects
does not isolate
(once)
= YES
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_001_01
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Presentation
Metal-clad
Compartment
Block-type
3
indifferent
metal
or not
2
indifferent
metal
or not
Cubicles
External walls
Number of MV
compartments
Internal partitions
3
metal and
always
earthed
Presence of bushings
possible
Ease of operations
when live
difficult, but
always possible
= YES
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit power
Introduction
Example 1:
25 kA at an operating voltage of 11 kV
R
Zcc L
Icc
U
B
S sc = U I sc
Zs
:
:
Example 2:
# Feedback via LV Isc5 is only
possible if the transformer (T4)
is powered by another source.
# Three sources are flowing in the
switchboard (T1-A-T2)
Icc2
Icc3
D1
D2
D3
10 kV
D6
MT
T2
D4
T3
D5
Icc5
D7
Icc4
BT
T4
BT
MT
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_001_01
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
(example: 25 kA rms)
Ith
Icc
cble MT
figure 1
Courant
Composante continue
I crte = Idyn
N.B.:
# A specification may give one value in kA rms and one value in MVA as below:
Isc = 19 kA rms or 350 MVA at 10 kV
5 if we calculate the equivalent current at 350 MVA we find:
350
I sc = ------------------ = 20.2 kA rms
3 / 10
The difference lies in the way in which we round up the value and in local habits.
The value 19 kA rms is probably the most realistic.
5 another explanation is possible: in medium and high voltage, IEC 909 applies
a coefficient of 1.1 when calculating maximal Isc.
U
E
I s c = 1 ,1 / ---------------------- = -------3 / Zcc Z cc
(Cf: example 1, p 12 Introduction).
This coefficient of 1.1 takes account of a voltage drop of 10 % across the faulty installation
(cables, etc).
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Transformer
In order to determine the short-circuit current across the terminals
of a transformer, we need to know the short-circuit voltage (Usc %).
# Usc % is defined in the following way:
U : O Ucc
potentiomtre
primaire
secondaire
I : O Ir
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_001_01
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Synchronous generators
(alternators and motors)
Calculating the short-circuit current across the terminals of a
synchronous generator is very complicated because the internal
impedance of the latter varies according to time.
# When the power gradually increases, the current reduces passing
through three characteristic periods:
5 sub-transient (enabling determination of the closing capacity of circuit
breakers and electrodynamic contraints), average duration, 10 ms
5 transient (sets the equipments thermal contraints),
average duration 250 ms
5 permanent (this is the value of the short-circuit current in steady state).
# The short-circuit current is calculated in the same way as for
transformers but the different states must be taken account of.
courant
Example:
Calculation method for an alternator
or a synchronous motor
# Alternator 15 MVA
# Voltage U = 10 kV
# Xd = 20 %
Sr
15
Ir = ----------------- = ----------------------------- = 870 A
/ U / 10 000
Ir
Icc
apparition
du dfaut
temps
Ir
870
Isc = -----------------------= ---------------- = 4 350 A = 4.35 kA
Xcc trans. 20/100
rgime rgime
substransitoire
sain
rgime
permanent
rgime
transitoire
court-circuit
X sc
Sub-transient Xd
Transient Xd
Permanent Xd
Xsc
10 - 20 %
15 - 25 %
200 - 350 %
Asynchronous motor
# For asynchronous motors
5 the short-circuit current across the terminals equals the start-up current
Isc
5 at 8 Ir
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
# Three-phase short-circuit
U2
S sc = 1.1 U I sc / 3 = --------Z sc
1.1 U
I sc = --------------------3 Z sc
with
R2 + X2
Z sc =
# Upstream network
U2
Z = --------S sc
R
---- =
X
0.3 at 6 kV
0.2 at 20 kV
0.1 at 150 kV
# Overhead lines
X = 0.4 /km
X = 0.3 /km
= 1.8.10-6 cm
= 2.8.10-6 cm
= 3.3.10-6 cm
L
R = ---S
HV
MV/LV
copper
aluminium
almlec
# Synchronous generators
U X sc (%)
Z () = X () = ------ ----------------S r 100
2
Xsc
turbo
exposed poles
sub-transient
10 to 20 %
15 to 25 %
transient
15 to 25 %
25 to 35 %
permanent
200 to 350 %
70 to 120 %
# Transformers
(order of magnitude: for real values, refer to data given by manufacturer)
E.g.:
# Cables
100 to 3150
4 to 7.5
MV/LV
5000 to 5000
8 to 12
HV/MV
# Busbars
X = 0.15 /km
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_001_01
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
# Asynchronous motors
transient
25 %
50 %
40 %
permanent
80 %
100 %
160 %
only sub-transient
Isc
Ir U
Z() = ----- ------Id Sr
Isc
7
7
Xsc
high speed motors
low speed motors
compensators
5 to 8 Ir
3 Ir ,
# Fault arcing
I sc
I d = -------------------1.3 to 2
# Equivalent impedance of a component through a transformer
5 for example, for a low voltage fault, the contribution
of an HV cable upstream of an HV/LV transformer will be:
R2 = R1 (U2)
U1
et X2 = X1 (U2)
U1
ainsi
2
Z2 = Z1 (U2)
U1
A
HT
cble R1, X1
Source d'alimentation
Ra, Xa
BT
cble R2, X2
transformateur RT, XT
(impdance au primaire)
X1 Xa
X = X 2 + XT
------- + ------2 + ------2
2
n
n: transformation ratio
# Triangle of impedances
2
Z = (R + X )
Z
X
TED300014EN_001_016.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Impedance method
All the components of a network (supply network, transformer, alternator,
motors, cables, bars, etc) are characterised by an impedance (Z)
comprising a resistive component (R) and an inductive component (X) or
so-called reactance. X, R and Z are expressed in ohms.
# The relation between these different values is given by:
( R2 + X2 )
Z=
(cf.example 1 opposite)
U
3 Z sc
Isc = ---------------------
Tr2
Equivalent layouts
Zr
Zt1
Zt2
Isc
U
:
:
Zsc
Za
Za
Zcc = Z//Za
Zcc = Z Za
Z + Za
Example 2:
# Zsc = 0.72 ohm
# U = 10 kV
10
Isc = ------------------ = 21.38 kA
3 0, 27
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Design rules
Here is a problem
to solve!
Short-circuit currents
Exercice data
Supply at 63 kV
Short-circuit power of the source: 2 000 MVA
# Network configuration:
Two parallel mounted transformers and an alternator.
# Equipment characteristics:
5 transformers:
- voltage 63 kV / 10 kV
- apparent power: 1 to 15 MVA, 1 to 20 MVA
- short-circuit voltage: Usc = 10 %
5 Alternator :
- voltage: 10 kV
- apparent power: 15 MVA
- Xd transient: 20 %
- X"d sub-transient: 15 %
# Question:
5 determine the value of short-circuit current at the busbars,
5 the breaking and closing capacities of the circuit breakers D1 to D7.
63 kV
T1
G1
D3
Transformer
15 MVA
Usc = 10 %
T2
D1
D2
10 kV
D4
TED300014EN_017_029.
Gamme
Transformer
20 MVA
Usc = 10 %
D5
Busbars
D6
D7
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Zr = network impedance
Z15 = transformer
impedance
15 MVA
Z20 = transformer
impedance
20 MVA
busbars
( R2 + X 2)
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Short-circuit currents
Design rules
Component
Calculation
Z = X (ohms)
Network
Ssc = 2 000 MVA
U op. = 10 kV
U
10
Zr = --------- = --------------S sc
2 000
15 MVA transformer
(Usc = 10 %)
U op. = 10 kV
0.05
2
10
10
U
Z15 = ----- U s c = ------ ------15 100
Sr
20 MVA transformer
(Usc = 10 %)
U op. = 10 kV
U
10
10
Z20 = ----- U s c = ------ ------20 100
Sr
15 MVA alternator
U op. = 10 kV
2
Za = U
------ X s c
Sr
2
20
10
Zat = --------- ------15 100
Transient state
(Xsc = 20 %)
Busbars
Parallel-mounted with
the transformers
0.5
Zat = 1.33
Sub-transient state
(Xsc = 15 %)
0.67
15
10
Zas = --------- ------15 100
Zas = 1
0.67 0.5
Z15 Z20
Z15|| Z20 = --------------------------- = -------------------------Z15 + Z20
0.67 + 0.5
Zet = 0.29
Zer = 0.34
Zer Zat
0.34 1.33
Zer|| Zat = -------------------------- = ----------------------------Zer + Zat
0.34 + 1.33
0.27
Sub-transient state
Zer Zat
0.34 1
Zer || Zat = -------------------------- = --------------------Zer + Zat
0.34 + 1
0.25
Circuit breaker
Equivalent circuit
Breaking capacity
Closing capacity
Z (ohm)
in kA rms.
10
1
U2
I c c = ---------------------- = ------- --------3 Zsc
3 Zsc
D4 to D7
transient state
Z = 0.27
Zr
Za
Z15
Z20
21.40
17
17 2.5 = 42.5
17.9
sub-transient state
Z = 0.25
Zt = [Zr + (Z15//Z20)]//Za
D3 alternator
Zr
Z = 0.34
Z15
Z20
Zt = Zr + (Z15//Z20)
D1 15 MVA transformer
Zr
Za
Z20
transient state
Z = 0.39
sub-transient state
Z = 0.35
Zt = (Zr + Z20)//Za
D2 20 MVA transformer
12.4
Zr
Za
Z15
12.4 2.5 = 31
transient state
Z = 0.47
sub-transient state
Z = 0.42
Zt = (Zr + Z15)//Za
TED300014EN_017_029.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Introduction
# The dimensions of busbars are determined taking account of normal
operating conditions.
The voltage (kV) that the installation operates at determines the phase to
phase and phase to earth distance and also determines the height and
shape of the supports.
The rated current flowing through the busbars is used to determine the
cross-section and type of conductors.
# We then ensure that the supports (insulators) resist the mechanical
effects and that the bars resist the mechanical and thermal effects due
to short-circuit currents.
We also have to check that the period of vibration intrinsic to the bars
themselves is not resonant with the current period.
# To carry out a busbar calculation, we have to use the following physical
and electrical characteristics assumptions:
Busbar electrical characteristics
Ssc
MVA
Ur
rated voltage
kV
operating voltage
kV
Ir
rated current
* N.B.: It is is generally provided by the customer in this form or we can calculate it having the
Isc U; see chapter on "Shortshort-circuit current lsc and the operating voltage U: (Ssc =
circuit currents").
cm
cm
cm
( - n )
profile
:
material
:
arrangement :
flat
copper
flat-mounted
aluminium
edge-mounted
In summary:
bar(s) of
Schneider Electric
Gamme
cm per phase
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Temperature rise
Taken from table V of standard IEC 60 694
Temperature
(C)
( - n)
with n = 40 C
90
105
100
50
65
60
115
115
100
75
75
60
105
105
100
65
65
60
TED300014EN_017_029.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Temperature rise
Extract from table V of standard IEC 60 694
Temperature
(C)
( - n)
with n = 40 C
75
90
80
35
50
40
105
105
90
65
65
50
90
90
90
50
50
50
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Thermal withstand...
For the rated current (Ir)
The MELSON & BOTH equation published in the "Copper
Development Association" review allows us to define the
permissible current in a conductor:
with:
I
( - n)
cm2
busbar perimeter
cm
perimeter of a bar
(opposite diagram)
20
:
:
:
1.83 cm
2.90 cm
conditions coefficient
product of 6 coefficients (k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6),
described below
*(see table V of standard IEC 60 694 in the previous pages)
0.05
0.06
no. of bars per phase
2
1.63
1.73
3
2.40
2.45
0.08
1.76
2.50
e/a
0.10
0.12
k1
1.80
1.83
2.55
2.60
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1.85
2.63
1.87
2.65
1.89
2.68
1.91
2.70
In our case:
e/a =
the number of bars per phase =
giving k1 =
TED300014EN_017_029.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
In our case:
n=
2
1
3
0.98
giving k6 =
In fact we have:
k=
I=
1
1
0.5
0.39
24 . 9 (
) 0.61
[1+ 0.004 (
- 20)]
24.9 ( - n) 0.61
S 0.5 p 0.39
I = K
20 [1+ ( - 20)]
I=
bar(s)
cm per phase
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Design rules
Busbar calculation
00.24
, 24 2020 IItht h22 tkk
cc = -----------------------------------------------2
(n / S) c
with:
short-circuit temperature rise
Ith
(Ith2)2 t = constant
(26.16 103)2 2 = 137 107
# In summary :
A rms
8.9 g/cm3
2.7 g/cm3
1.83 cm
2.90 cm
20
( - n)
10
--------------------- )
( 137
1
cm2
0.091 kcal/daNC
0.23 kcal/daN C
in s
tan t
-------------------- )
( cons
t
tk
Example :
How can we find the value of Ith
for a different duration?
Knowing: (Ith)2 t = constant
so Ith1 =
sc
sc =
t
=C
sc =
5 at 26.16 kA rms. 2 s,
it corresponds to 37 kA rms. 1 s
0.24
(
10-6 (
)2
)2
5 at 37 kA rms. 1 s,
it corresponds to 26.16 kA rms. 2 s
( t = n + ( n ) + sc )
t =
Check:
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Electrodynamic withstand
We have to check if the bars
chosen withstand the
electrodynamic forces.
l
8
F 1 = 2 --- l dyn 2 10
d
with
F1
Idyn
:
:
F1
Idyn
F1
Idyn
Ssc
Ith
U
l
d
:
:
:
:
:
short-circuit power
short-time withstand current
kVA
operating voltage
kV
cm
cm
2.5 for 50 Hz ; 2.6 for 60 Hz for IEC and 2.7 according to ANSI
A rms
Giving : Idyn =
A and F1 =
daN
H+h
F = F 1 -------------H
d
with
F
H
h
h = e/2
:
:
:
force expressed
insulator height
distance from insulator head
to busbar centre of gravity
daN
cm
cm
F1
F
H
support
=N
kn
0.5
1.25
1.10
1.14
daN
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Design rules
Busbar calculation
F1 v
= ------------ --12
l
with
F1
daN
cm
cm3
I/v
phase 1
phase 2
12
I
b h2
--- = --------------v
6
h
x'
b h3
2
= 2 ( -------------- +
S d )
12
phase 2
x
3
)
bh
2
2 --------------- + S d
12
I
------- = ---------------------------------------------1.5 h
v
b
d
h
S
x'
xx : perpendicular to the plane of vibration
Check:
TED300014EN_017_029.
< Bars Cu or Al
Gamme
(in daN/cm2)
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Arrangement*
S
cm2
m
Cu
daN/cm A5/L
100 x 10
10
0.089
0.027
80 x 10
8
0.071
0.022
80 x 6
4.8
0.043
0.013
80 x 5
4
0.036
0.011
80 x 3
2.4
0.021
0.006
50 x 10
5
0.044
0.014
50 x 8
4
0.036
0.011
50 x 6
3
0.027
0.008
50 x 5
2.5
0.022
0.007
cm4
0.83
0.66
0.144
0.083
0.018
0.416
0.213
0.09
0.05
I/v
cm3
1.66
1.33
0.48
0.33
0.12
0.83
0.53
0.3
0.2
cm4
83.33
42.66
25.6
21.33
12.8
10.41
8.33
6.25
5.2
I/v
cm3
16.66
10.66
6.4
5.33
3.2
4.16
3.33
2.5
2.08
cm4
21.66
17.33
3.74
2.16
0.47
10.83
5.54
2.34
1.35
I/v
cm3
14.45
11.55
4.16
2.88
1.04
7.22
4.62
2.6
1.8
cm4
166.66
85.33
51.2
42.66
25.6
20.83
16.66
12.5
10.41
I/v
cm3
33.33
21.33
12.8
10.66
6.4
8.33
6.66
4.16
cm4
82.5
66
14.25
8.25
1.78
41.25
21.12
8.91
5.16
I/v
cm3
33
26.4
9.5
6.6
2.38
16.5
10.56
5.94
4.13
cm4
250
128
76.8
64
38.4
31.25
25
18.75
15.62
I/v
cm3
50
32
19.2
16
9.6
12.5
10
7.5
6.25
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Check that
the chosen busbars
will not resonate.
resonant frequency in Hz
modulus of elasticity:
for copper = 1.3 106 daN/cm2
for aluminium A5/L = 0.67 106 daN/cm2
daN/cm
cm
cm4
(see formula previously explained or choose the value in the table above)
giving
f=
Hz
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_017_02
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Exercise data
# Consider a switchboard comprised of at least 5 MV cubicles.
Each cubicle has 3 insulators(1 per phase).
Busbars comprising 2 bars per phase, inter-connect the cubicles
electrically.
10
cm2
18
cm
70
cm
ambient temprature
40
( - n)
50
(90-40=50)
Cellule 1
Cellule 2
Cellule 3
Cellule 4
profile
flat
material
Cellule 5
arrangement:
edge-mounted
d
d
# Rated frequency fr = 50 Hz
1 cm
1 cm
10 cm
5 cm
# Other characteristics:
5 parts in contact with the busbars can withstand a maximum
temperature of max = 100C
5 the supports used have a bending resistance of F = 1 000 daN
12 cm
TED300014EN_030_037.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Lets check
the thermal withstand
of the busbars!
Busbar calculation
0
24.9 ( n )
S p
I = K ------------------------------------------------------------------20 [ 1 + ( 20 )]
with:
ambient temperature
40
( - n)
50
busbar cross-section
10
cm2
busbar perimeter
22
cm
p20
copper:
1.83 cm
temperature coefficient
for the resistivity:
0.004
condition coefficient
product of 6 coefficients (k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6),
described below
e /a
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.10
number of bars per phase
2 1.63
1.73
1.76
1.80
3 2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
0.12
0.14
k1
1.83
1.85
2.60
2.63
0.16
0.18
0.20
1.87
2.65
1.89
2.68
1.91
2.70
In our case:
Schneider Electric
e/a =
number of bars per phase =
giving k1 =
1.80
Gamme
0.1
AMTED300014EN_030_03
Design rules
Busbar calculation
1
1
In our case:
n= 2
In fact, we have:
k = 1.80 1
2
1
3
0.98
giving k6 = 1
0.8
= 1.44
0 . 61
0.5
0 . 39
10
22
24 . 9 ( 90 40 )
I = 1. 44 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 . 83 [ 1 + 0 . 004 ( 90 20 ) ]
0 . 61
0.5
0 . 39
24 . 9 ( n )
S p
I = K ------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 [ 1 + ( 20 ) ]
I=
2 689
Ir < I
TED300014EN_030_037.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
0.24 20 I th 2 t k
cc = ----------------------------------------------------------2
(n S) c
with:
c
10
Ith
tk
31 500
A rms.
in secs
20
cm2
( - n) :
8.9 g/cm3
1.83 cm
C
50
1.83 10
31 500 )
0.24 1.83
( 31500
cc = ----------------------------------------------------------------2
( 22 /10
10 ) 0.091
0.091 .98.9
Calculation of t must be
looked at in more detail because the
required busbars have to withstand
Ir = 2 500 A at most
and not 2 689 A.
cc =
t = n + ( n ) + cc
=
for I =
Schneider Electric
2 689
40
50
94
C
(see calculation in the previous pages)
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_030_03
Design rules
Busbar calculation
( )
2 689
=
2 500
50 =
( ( ) )
50
0.61
0.61
689
( 22 500
)
1
0.61
50 = 1.126
= 44.3 C
5 temperature t of the conductor after short-circuit,
for a rated current Ir = 2 500 A is:
t = n + + cc
=
40
+ 44.3
88.3
C for Ir = 2 500 A
TED300014EN_030_037.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Lets check
the electrodynamic
withstand of the busbars.
Busbar calculation
F1 = 2 l
d
ldyn2 / 10-8
70
cm
18
cm
Idyn :
2.5
F = F1 / H + h
H
with
F
H
:
:
12
cm
cm
giving F = 683
2
0.5
3
1.25
4
1.10
778
5
1,14
daN
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_030_03
Design rules
Busbar calculation
12
with
I/v
70
cm
14.45 cm3
70
1
= 482.3
----------------- ---------12
14.45
S
m
daN/cm
cm2
Cu
A5/L
10
0.089
0.027
cm4
0,83
I/v
cm3
1.66
cm4
83.33
I/v
cm3
16.66
cm4
21.66
I/v
cm3
14.45
cm4
166.66
I/v
cm3
33.33
cm4
82.5
I/v
cm3
33
cm4
250
I/v
cm3
50
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
TED300014EN_030_037.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Let us check
that the chosen busbars
do not resonate.
Busbar calculation
frequency of resonance in Hz
modulus of elasticity
for copper =
0.089
daN/cm
70
cm
21.66
cm4
6 21.66
f = 112 1.3
-----------10
------------------- 0.089 70 4
f = 406 Hz
The solution is OK
In conclusion
bars of 10 1 cm
per phase, are suitable for an Ir = 2 500 A and
2
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_030_03
Design rules
Dielectric withstand
Pollution level
Pollution may originate: from the external gaseous medium (dust), initial
lack of cleanliness, possibly the breaking down of an internal surface,
pollution combined with humidity causes electrochemical conduction
which will worsen discharge phenomena.
Its scope can be a constraint of the external medium (exposure to
external elements).
TED300014EN_038_044.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Dielectric withstand
Ozone production
O
d
Rated lightning
impulse withstand
voltage
Up (kV)
40
60
75
95
125
Minimum distance
in air phase
to earth and phase
to phase
d (mm)
60
90
120
160
220
The values for distances in air given in the table above are minimum
values determined by considering dielectric properties, they do not
include any increase which could be required to take account of design
tolerances, short circuit effects, wind effects, operator safety, etc.
*These indications are relative to a distance through a single air gap, without taking account of
the breakdown voltage by tracking across the surfaces, related to pollution problems.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_038_04
Design rules
Lf
Dielectric withstand
Lf : tracking path
Pollution
level
I-low
Example of characteristic
environments
5 industry free zone with very low density of housing equipped with heating
installations
5 zones with low density of industry or housing but frequently subjected to wind and/or rain
5 agricultural regions 1
5 mountain regions
5 all these zones can be located at distances of at least 10 km from the sea
and must not be exposed to wind blowing in from the sea
II-medium
5 zones exposed to a sea wind, but not too close to the coast
(at a distance of at least several kilometres)
III-high
5 zones with a high density of industries and suburbs of major cities with a
high density of polluting heating installations
5 zones situated near to the sea, or at least exposed to quite high winds coming
in from the sea 2
IIII-very high
5 generally fairly small areas, very close to the coast and exposed to mist
or to very high winds and to pollutants coming from the sea 2
5 desert zones characterise by long periods without rain, exposed to high winds
carrying sand and salt and subjected to regular condensation.
*IEC 60 815 guides you in choosing insulators for polluted environments
1 The use of sprayed fertilisers or the burning of harvested land can lead to a higher level of
pollution due to dispersion by the winds
2 The distances to the waters edge depends on the topography of the coast region and the
extreme conditions of wind.
TED300014EN_038_044.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Temperature
derating must be
considered.
Protection index
The IP code
Introduction
Protection of people against direct contact and protection of equipment
against certain external influences is required by international standards
for electrical installations and products (IEC 60 529).
Knowing the protection index is essential for the specification, installation,
operation and quality control of equipment.
Definitions
The protection index is the level of protection provided by an enclosure
against access to hazardous parts, the penetration of solid foreign bodies
and of water. The IP code is a coding system to indicate the protection
index.
Applicational scope
It applies to enclosures for electrical equipment with a rated voltage of
less than or equal to 72.5 kV. It does not concern the circuit breaker on its
own but the front panel must be adapted when the latter is installed within
a cubicle (e.g. finer ventilation grills).
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_038_04
Design rules
Item
Code letter
first characteristic
figure
Figures
or letters
of people
Representation
0
1
against penetration
of solid foreign bodies
(not protected)
diameter 50 mm
against access to
hazardous parts with
(not protected)
back of the hand
diameter 12,5 mm
finger
diameter 2,5 mm
tool
diameter 1 mm
wire
wire
wire
0
1
rain
water projection
spray projection
temporary immersion
prolonged immersion
IP
second characteristic
figure
TED300014EN_038_044.
Protection index
15
60
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Protection Index
IK code
Introduction
# Certain countries felt the need also to code the protection provided by
enclosures against mechanical impact.
To do this they added a third characteristic figure to the IP code (the case
in Belgium, Spain, France and Portugal). But since the adoption of
IEC 60 529 as the European standard, no European country can have
a different IP code.
# Since the IEC has up to now refused to add this third figure to the
IP code, the only solution to maintain a classification in this field was to
create a different code. This is a subject of a draft European standard
EN 50102: code IK.
# Since the third figure in various countries could have different
meanings and we had to introduce additional levels to cover the main
requirements of product standards, the IK indices have a different
meaning to those of the previous third figures (cf. table below).
Previous 3rd figures of the
IP code in NF C 20-010 (1986)
IK code
IP XX1
IP XX3
IP XX5
IP XX7
IP XX9
IK 02
IK 04
IK 07
IK 08
IK 10
NB: to limit confusion, each new index is given by a two figure number.
Definitions
# The protection indices correspond to impact energy levels expressed
in joules
5 hammer blow applied directly to the equipment
5 impact transmitted by the supports, expressed in terms of vibrations
therefore in terms of frequency and acceleration
# The protection indices against mechanical impact can be checked by
different types of hammer: pendulum hammer, spring-loaded hammer or
vertical free-fall hammer (diagram below).
striker
relief cone
latching mechanism
pedulum pivot
arming button
support
hall height
attaching
support
Schneider Electric
specimen
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_038_04
Design rules
Protection index
IK 01
IK 02
IK 03
IK 04
IK 05
IK 06
IK 07
IK 08
IK 09
IK 10
energies in joules
radius mm 1
material 1
steel = A 2
polyamide = P 3
hammer
pendulum
spring loaded 4
vertical
0.15
10
P
0.2
10
P
0.35
10
P
0.5
10
P
0.7
10
P
1
10
P
2
25
A
5
25
A
10
50
A
20
50
A
= yes
N.B.:
1
TED300014EN_038_044.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Introduction
IEC 60 056 and ANSI C37-06
define on one hand the operating conditions,
the rated characteristics, the design and
the manufacture; and on the other hand
the testing, the selection of controls
and installation.
# The circuit breaker is a device that ensures the control and protection
on a network. It is capable of making, withstanding and interrupting
operating currents as well as short-circuit currents.
# The main circuit must be able to withstand without damage:
5 the thermal current = short-circuit current during 1 or 3 s
5 the electrodynamic current:
2.5 Isc for 50 Hz (IEC)
2.6 Isc for 60 Hz (IEC)
2.7 Isc (ANSI), for a particular time constant (IEC)
5 the constant load current.
# Since a circuit breaker is mostly in the "closed" position, the load
current must pass through it without the temperature running away
throughout the equipment's life.
Characteristics
Compulsory rated characteristics
# Rated voltage
# Rated insulation level
# Rated normal current
# Rated short-time withstand current
# Rated peak withstand current
# Rated short-circuit duration
# Rated supply voltage for opening and closing devices
and auxiliary circuits
# Rated frequency
# Rated short-circuit breaking current
# Rated transient recovery voltage
# Rated short-circuit making current
# Rated operating sequence
# Rated time quantities.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_045_05
Switchgear
definition
Upeak (%)
100
90
50
10
standardised wave
(Ur in kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Impulse withstand
voltage
Power frequency
withstand voltage
(Up in kV)
60
75
95
125
170
(Ud in kV)
20
28
38
50
70
Isc
:
:
:
short-circuit power
operating voltage
short-circuit current
(in MVA)
(in kV)
(in kA)
TED300014EN_045_053.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
0%
35 %
70 %
100 %
t'
Isc
Ir
time
O
O
CO
:
:
# Opening/closing cycle
Assumption: O order as soon as the circuit breaker is closed.
displacement of
contacts
open
position
current flows
time
opening-closing duration
making-breaking duration
contacts are touching in all
poles and order O
energising of
closing circuit
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_045_05
Switchgear
definition
closed position
displacement of
contacts
open position
current flows
current flows
temps
making-breaking duration
opening-closing duration
remaking duration
reclosing duration
final extinction in all poles
energisiong of
opening release unit
Example 1 :
( 45 + 10 )
--------------------------45
= 29 5%
Example 2 :
# Supposing that % DC of a MV
circuit breaker is equal to 65% and that
the symmetric short-circuit current that is
calculated (Isym) is equal to 27 kA..
What does Iasym equal?
( % DC ) 2
I as ym = Isy m 1 + 2 ----------------100
= 27kA 1 + 2 ( 0 . 65 )
[A]
= 36.7 kA
36 .7kA
------------------- = 33 . 8kA
1. ( 086 )
TED300014EN_045_053.
% DC
00
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
t : circuit breaker opening duration (Top), increased by half a period at the power frequency (r).
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
% DC = 100
+ Tr)
--------------------------------e 1, ... ,4
I (A)
Squence
IAC
IMC
t (s)
IDC
% Isym.
1
2
3
4
5*
% aperiodic
component %DC
20
20
20
20
according to equation
10
20
60
100
100
IMC
IAC
Idc
%DC
:
:
:
:
making current
periodic component peak value (Isc peak)
aperiodic component value
% asymmetry or aperiodic component:
I DC
( Top + Tr )
------------------------------- ( 1 ,... ,4 )
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_045_05
Switchgear
definition
U (kV)
Uc
(Ur in kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
TRV
value
Time
Delay
Increase
rate
(Uc in kV)
12.3
20.6
30
41
62
(t3 in s)
52
60
72
88
108
(td in s)
8
9
11
13
16
(Uc/td in kV/s)
0.24
0.34
0.42
0.47
0.57
2
U c = 1. 4 1. 5 ------- U r = 1. 715U r
3
0
td
t3
t d = 0. 15t3
X1
U1
UA - UB = U1 - (-U2) = U1 + U2
si U1 = U2 so UA - UB = 2U
tme delay
time defined to reach Uc
peak TRV voltage in kV
Uc/t3 in kV/s
X2
When a circuit breaker is open and the conductors are not synchronous,
the voltage across the terminals can increase up the sum of voltages in
the conductors (phase opposition).
U2
Rated
voltage
(Ur in kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
TED300014EN_045_053.
TRV
value
Time
Rate of
increase
(Uc in kV)
18.4
30.6
45
61
92
(t3 in s)
104
120
144
176
216
(Uc/td in kV/s)
0.18
0.26
0.31
0.35
0.43
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
B
Ic
(A)
400
630
1250
2500
3150
(A)
280
440
875
1750
2200
By definition
2
pu = U r ------3
# The normal value of over-voltage obtained is equal to 2.5 pu, this being:
2
2.5 Ur ------3
X1
Schneider Electric
C2
C3
2n
2
---------------- pu with pu = U r ------2n + 1
3
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_045_05
Switchgear
definition
Up
Ud
Um
Uc
Uf
Uc
Um
Uif
Up
Ud
:
:
:
:
:
:
Uf
Uif
Test at 50 (60) Hz
Impulse test
rms. value
Between turns
Relative
to earth
(4 Ur + 5) kV
4.9 pu + 5 = 31 kV at 6.6 kV
(50% on the sample)
increase time 0.5 s
(4 Ur + 5) kV
4.9 pu + 5 = 31 kV at 6.6 kV
increase time 1.2 s
(2 Ur + 5) kV
2Ur + 1 2(2Ur + 1) 0
14 kV
28 kV 0
1 kV/s
0
1 mn
TED300014EN_045_053.
0C
Installation
Instantaneous ambient
minimal
maximal
average daily maximum value
Indoor
-5C
+40C
35C
Gamme
Outdoor
-25C
+40C
35C
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
# Humidity
Average relative humidity
Indoor equipment
for a period
24 hours
1 month
95 %
90 %
# Altitude
The altitude must not exceed 1 000 metres.
Electrical endurance
The electrical endurance requested by the recommendation is three
breaking operations at Isc.
Merlin Gerin circuit breakers are capable of breaking Isc at least 15 times.
Mechanical endurance
The mechanical endurance requested by the recommendation is 2 000
switching operations.
Merlin Gerin circuit breakers guarantee 10 000 switching operations.
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Schneider Electric
Rated short-circuit
breaking current
Isc (kV)
10
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
50
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
Ir (A)
400
630
400
400
400
400
630
630
630
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
630
630
630
Gamme
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
2500
3150
3150
1600
2500
3150
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
AMTED300014EN_045_05
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
Please note!
Never leave a CT in
an open circuit.
3.3
Upr
5.5
6.6
10
11
13.8
15
20
22
30
33
7.2 kV
12 kV
Core balance
CT
17.5 kV
insulator
air
24 kV
insulator
t
cable or busduc
36 kV
# Special case:
(sheathed or not sheathed busduct)
TED300014EN_054_065.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
:
:
:
:
:
# We will have:
5 incomer cubicle
5 generator set incomer
5 transformer feeder
S
I ps = ----------------3U
S
I ps = ----------------3U
S
I ps = ----------------3U
5 motor feeder
P
I ps = -------------------------------------------------3 U cos
motor efficiency
Example:
A thermal protection device for a motor
has a setting range of between 0.6 and
1.2 IrTC. In order to protect this motor,
the required setting must correspond to
the motor's rated current.
# If we suppose that Ir
for the motor = 45 A,
the required setting is therefore 45 A;
5 if we use a 100/5 CT, the relay will
never see 45 A because:
100 0.6 = 60 > 45 A.
5 if on the other hand, we choose a
CT 75/5, we will have:
5 capacitor feeder
1.3 is a derating coefficient of 30% to take account of temperature rise
due to capacitor harmonics.
1.3 Q
I ps = -----------------3U
5 bus sectioning
The current Ips of the CT is the greatest value of current that can flow in
the bus sectioning on a permanent basis.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_054_06
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
Example :
Ssc
I th = ----------------U 3
250 10
S s c 10
I th 1 s = ------------------------ = ----------------------- = 9 600A
U 3
15 3
Manufacture
standard
sometimes difficult for certain
secondary characteristics
difficult
limited to certain secondary characteristics
very often impossible
TED300014EN_054_065.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
2.5 mm2
# Cable length
(feed/return) :
5.8 m
# Consumed power
by the cabling:
1 VA
if Isr = 5 A
if Isr = 1 A
length in metres of link conductors
(feed/return)
cabling section in mm2
Rated output
Take the standardised value immediately above
the real power that the CT must provide.
# The standardised values of rated output are:
2.5 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 30 VA.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_054_06
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
:
:
# For a relay with two setting thresholds, we will use the highest
threshold,
5 For a transformer feeder, we will generally have an instantaneous high
threshold set at 14 Ir max., giving the real ALF required > 28
5 for a motor feeder, we will generally have a high threshold set to 8 Ir
max., giving a real ALF required > 16.
# Special cases:
5 if the maximum short-circuit current is greater than or equal to 10 Ire:
ALF
Ire
real
l re
> 20 ------
I sr
Ir2
TED300014EN_054_065.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
Differential protection
Many manufacturers of differential protection relays recommend
class X CTs.
:
:
:
:
:
If
Isc
Kn
:
:
relay
CT
7 l r gen
I f = --------------------Kn
CT
relay
7 Ir
I f = ------------Kn
CT
Schneider Electric
rated current
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_054_06
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
CT
relay
CT
I f = 20 I sr ( CT )
# For busbar differential
5 the Isc to take is the switchboard Ith
Ith
I f = ------Kn
TED300014EN_054_065.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
We can leave a
voltage transformer in an
open circuit without any danger
but it must never be
short-circuited .
Voltage transformer
Characteristics
The rated voltage factor (KT)
The rated voltage factor is the factor by which the rated primary voltage
has to be multiplied in order to determine the maximum voltage for which
the transformer must comply with the specified temperature rise and
accuracy recommendations. According to the networks earthing
arrangement, the voltage transformer must be able to withstand this
maximum voltage for the time that is required to eliminate the fault.
Normal values of the rated voltage factor
Rated voltage
factor
1.2
Rated
duration
continuous
1.2
continuous
1.5
1.2
30 s
continuous
1.9
1.2
30 s
continuous
1.9
8h
N.B.: lower rated durations are possible when agreed to by the manufacturer and the user.
5 or phase to phase
Schneider Electric
3000V
100V
----------------- -------------3
3
U
U pr = ------3
3000 V 100 V
Upr = U
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_054_06
Switchgear
definition
Voltage transformer
Rated output
Expressed in VA, this is the apparent power that a voltage transformer
can provide the secondary circuit when connected at its rated primary
voltage and connected to the nominal load.
It must not introduce any error exceeding the values guaranteed by the
accuracy class. (S = UI in three-phase circuits)
Accuracy class
This defines the limits of errors guaranteed in terms of transformation
ratio and phase under the specified conditions of both power and voltage.
Accuracy class
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
3
Voltage error as %
3P
6P
between 5% Upr
and kT Upr
3
6
between 5% Upr
and kT Upr
120
24
between 2%
and 5% Upr
6
12
between 2%
and 5 % Upr
240
480
TED300014EN_054_065.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Voltage transformer
Kn = transformation ratio
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_054_06
Switchgear
definition
Derating
Introduction
The various standards or recommendations impose validity limits on
device characteristics.
Normal conditions of use are described in the "Medium voltage circuit
breaker" chapter.
Beyond these limits, it is necessary to reduce certain values, in other
words to derate the device.
# Derating must be considered:
5 in terms of the insulation level, for altitudes of over 1 000 metres
5 in terms of the rated current, when the ambient temperature exceeds
40C and for a protection index of over IP3X,
(see chapter on "Protection indices").
These different types of derating can be accumulated if necessary.
N.B.: there are no standards specifically dealing with derating.
However, table V 442 of IEC 60 694 deals with temperature rises and gives limit temperature
values not to be exceeded according to the type of device, the materials and the dielectric
used.
N.B. :
if you do not want to supply 36 kV equipment,
we must have the appropriate test certificates
proving that our equipment complies with the
request.
Correctilon coefficient k
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
TED300014EN_054_065.
altitude in m
1000
2000
Gamme
3000
4000
5000
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Derating
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_054_06
Units
of measure
Basic units
Magnitude
Basic units
length
mass
time
electrical current
thermodynamic temperature2
quantity of material
light intensity
Additional units
angle (plane angle)
solid angle
Unit
Dimension
l, (L)
m
t
I
T
n
I, (Iv)
metre
kilogramme
second
ampere
kelvin
mole
candela
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
L
M
T
I
N
J
, ,
, ( )
radian
steradian
rad
sr
N/A
N/A
Symbol
Dimension
SI Unit: name
Comments
(symbol)
metre (m)
area
A, (S)
L2
volume
plane angle
V
, ,
L3
N/A
solid angle
time
, ( )
t
N/A
T
steradian (sr)
second (s)
speed
rad/s
acceleration
L T-1
minute (mn)
hour (h)
day (d)
revolutions per second (rev/s): 1 tr/s = 2
L T-2
angular speed
angular accelaration
Magnitude: mass
mass
T-1
T -2
kilogramme (kg)
linear mass
mass per surface area
mass per volume
volume per mass
concentration
1
A (s)
v
B
L-1 M
L-2 M
L-3 M
L3 M-1
M L-3
density
d
Magnitude: periodic phenomena
period
T
frequency
f
phase shift
wavelength
N/A
T
T-1
N/A
L
second (s)
hertz (Hz)
radian (rad)
metre (m)
power level
N/A
decibel (dB)
Lp
1 Hz = 1s-1, f = 1/T
use of the angstrm (10-10 m) is forbidden.
Use of a factor of nanometre
(109 m) is recommanded = c/f = cT
(c = celerity of light)
e1
2
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_066_06
Units
of measure
Symbol
Dimension
SI Unit:
name (symbol)
Comments
and other units
Magnitude: mechanical
force
weight
moment of the force
F
G, (P, W)
M, T
L M T-2
Newton
1 N = 1 m.kg/s2
L2 M T-2
Newton-metre (N.m)
surface tension
work
energy
,
W
E
M T-2
L2 M T-2
L2 M T-2
power
pressure
P
,
p
L2 M T-3
L-1 M T-2
Watt (W)
Pascal (Pa)
dynamic viscosity
kinetic viscosity
quantity of movement
L-1 M T-1
L2 T-1
L M T-1
Pascal-second (Pa.s)
metre squared per second (m2/s)
kilogramme-metre per second
(kg.m/s)
I
Q
V
E
R
G
C
L
I
TI
L2M T-3 I-1
L M T-3 I-1
L2 M T-3 I-2
L-2 M-1 T3 I2
L-2 M-1 T4 I2
L2 M T-2 I-2
Ampere (A)
Coulomb (C)
Volt (V)
Volt per metre (V/m)
Ohm ()
Siemens (S)
Farad (F)
Henry (H)
M T -2 I-1
L2 M T-2 I-1
L-1 I
L-1 I
I
L3 M T-3 I-2
L-3 M-1 T3 I2
L-3 M-1 T4 I2
L2 M T-3
L2 M T-3
L2 M T-3
Tesla (T)
Weber (Wb)
Ampere per metre (A/m)
Ampere per metre (A/m)
Ampere (A)
Ohm-metre (.m)
Siemens per metre (S/m)
Farad per metre (F/m)
Watt (W)
Voltampere (VA)
var (var)
Kelvin (K)
t,
E
C
S
c
L2 M T-2
L2 M T-2 -1
L2 M T-2 -1
L2 T-2 -1
t = T - 273.15 K
P
hr
L M T-3 -1
L2 M T-2
L2 M T-3
L2 M T-3
M T-3 -1
Name
Magnitude: electricity
current
electrical charge
electrical potential
electrical field
electrical resistance
electrical conductivity
electrical capacitance
electrical inductance
magnetisation
Hi , M
magnetic field
H
magneto-motive force
F, Fm
resistivity
conductivity
permittivity
active
P
apparent power
S
reactive power
Q
Magnitude: thermal
thermodynamic
temperature
temperature Celsius
energy
heat capacity
entropy
specific heat
capacity
thermal conductivity
quantity of heat
thermal flux
thermal power
coefficient of thermal
radiation
TED300014EN_066_069.
1 C = 1 A.s
1 V = 1 W/A
1 = 1 V/A
1 S = 1 A/V = 1-1
1 F = 1 C/V
1 H = 1 Wb/A
1 T = 1 Wb/m2
1 Wb = 1 V.s
1 W = 1 J/s
1 var = 1 W
Gamme
1 W = 1 J/s
Schneider Electric
Units
of measure
Correspondence between
Imperial units and
international system units (SI)
Magnitude
Unit
Symbol
Conversion
acceleration
calory capacity
heat capacity
ft/s2
Btu/Ib
Btu/ft3.F
magnetic field
thermal conductivity
Btu/IbF
Oe
Btu/ft2.h.F
energy
energy (couple)
Btu
Ibf/ft
Ibf.in
thermal flux
Btu/ft2.h
Btu/s
Ibf
foot
inch (1)
mile (UK)
ft,
in, "
mile
1 ft = 0.304 8 m
1 in = 25.4 mm
1 mile = 1.609 344 km
knot
yard (2)
once (ounce)
yd
oz
1 852 m
1 yd = 0.914 4 m
1 oz = 28.349 5 g (6)
pound (livre)
pound per foot
pound per inch
Ib
Ib/ft
Ib/in
1 Ib = 0.453 592 37 kg
1 Ib/ft = 1.488 16 kg/m
1 Ib/in = 17.858 kg/m
Ib/ft2
Ib/in2
Ib/ft3
moment of inertia
Ib/in3
Ib.ft2
pressure - strain
foot of water
inch of water
pound force per square foot
ft H2O
in H2O
Ibf/ft2
calorific power
surface area
Ibf/in2 (psi)
Btu/h
sq.ft, ft2
square inch
degree Fahrenheit (4)
degree Rankine (5)
sq.in, in2
F
R
Ibf.s/ft2
Ib/ft.s
cu.ft
cubic inch
fluid ounce (UK)
fluid ounce (US)
cu.in, in3
fl oz (UK)
fl oz (US)
gallon (UK)
gallon (US)
gal (UK)
gal (US)
force
length
mass
linear mass
mass per surface area
pressure
temperature
viscosity
volume
(1)
12 in = 1 ft
1 yd = 36 in = 3 ft
(3) Or p.s.i.: pound force per square inch
(4) T = temperature kelvin with qC = 5/9 (qF - 32)
K
(5) R = 5/9 K
(6) Apart from mass of precious metals (silver, gold, for example) where the carat is used (1 carat = 3.110 35 10-2 kg)
(2)
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_066_06
Schneider Electric
IEC 60 050
IEC 60 056
# Current transformers
IEC 60 185
# Voltage transformers
IEC 60 186
IEC 60 129
IEC 60 265
IEC 60 298
IEC 60 420
# High-voltage alternating
current contactors
IEC 60 470
IEC 60 694
# Calculation rules
in industrial installations
IEC 60 909
# Derating
ANSI C37 04
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_070_08
Standards
Theme
asymmetrical breaking
capacity on faults
across the terminals
insulation level:
impulse wave
short-time withstand
current peak
value
Transient Recovery
voltage(1)
electrical endurance
mechanical endurance
motor overvoltages
ANSI
IEC
50%
with current
derating
imposes chopped waves
for outdoor equipment
115% Uw/3 s
129% Uw/2 s
2.7 Isc
30%
without derating
around twice
as severe
4 times K.S.Isc
1 500 to 10 000
according to Ua and Isc
no text
2.5Isc at 50 Hz
2.6Isc at 60 Hz
2.7Isc for special cases
3 times Isc
2 000
standard test circuit
(1)
the ANSI peak voltage is 10% greater than the voltage defined by the IEC.
The E2/t2 slope is 50% greater than the Uc/t3 slope.
However, the largest part of the graph is the initial part where the SF6 reconstitutes itself.
The two standards easily allow the SF6 to reconstitute itself.
Rated voltages
According to IEC
# Standardised values for Ur (kV): 3.6 - 7.2 - 12 - 17.5 - 24 - 36 kV
According to ANSI
# The ANSI standard defines a class and a voltage range factor K
which defines a range of rated voltages at constant power.
Standardised values for Ur (kV)
Indoor equipment
Outdoor equipment
class (kV)
4.16
7.2
13.8
38
15.5
25
38
Umax (kV)
4.76
8.25
15
38
Umin (kV)
3.85
6.6
11.5
23
K
1.24
1.25
1.3
1.65
1
1
1
TED300014EN_070_081.
Rated
voltage
(kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Rated lightning
withstand voltage
(kV)
60
75
95
125
170
20
28
38
50
70
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Standards
Ucrte (%)
100
90
70
50
10
tc
According to ANSI
Rated
voltage
(kV)
Indoor equipment
4.16
7.2
13.8
38
Outdoor equipment
15.5
25.8
38
Rated lightning
withstand voltage
(kV)
60
95
95
150
19
36
36
80
110
125
150
150
200
50
60
80
N.B.
# BIL: Basic Insulation Level
The outdoor equipment is tested with chopped waves.
According to ANSI
# Values of rated current: 1200 - 2000 - 3000 A
According to ANSI
# Values of short-circuit rated breaking capacity:
5 indoor equipment: 12.5 - 20 - 25 - 31.5 - 40 kA
5 outdoor equipment:
Class (MVA)
250
350
500
750
1000
1500
2750
Schneider Electric
Gamme
KI at Umin
36
49
23
36
46
35
40
AMTED300014EN_070_08
Standards
According to ANSI
# The peak value of short-time withstand current is equal to:
5 2.7KIsc at peak value
5 1.6KIsc at rms. value.
(K : voltage factor)
According to ANSI
# The rated short-circuit duration is equal to 3 seconds.
0%
35 %
70 %
100 %
According to ANSI
# Supply voltage values for auxiliary circuits:
5 for direct current (dc): 24 - 48 - 125 - 250 volts.
5 for alternating (ac): 120 - 240 volts
TED300014EN_070_081.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Standards
36 to 56
90 to 140
180 to 280
104 to 127
208 to 254
14 to 28
28 to 56
70 to 140
140 to 220
104 to 127
208 to 254
Rated frequency
According to IEC
# Rated frequency: 50 Hz.
According to ANSI
# Rated frequency: 60 Hz.
According to IEC
# Short-circuit breaking tests must meet the following 5 test sequences:
Sequence n
% Isym
% aperiodic component
1
2
3
4
5*
10
20
60
100
100
20
20
20
20
30
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_070_08
Standards
According to ANSI
# The circuit breaker must be able to break:
5 the rated short circuit current at the rated maximum voltage
5 K times the rated short-circuit current (maxi symmetrical interrupting
capability with K: voltage range factor) at the operating voltage (maximum
voltage/K)
5 between the two currents obtained by the equation:
maxi symetrical current
rated maxi voltage
-------------------------------------------------------------------- = -------------------------------------------------- = K
rated short-circuit current
rated voltage
We therefore have a constant breaking power (in MVA) over a given
voltage range. Moreover, the asymmetrical current will be a function of the
following table taking S = 1.1 for Merlin Gerin circuit breakers.
ratio S
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0
0
0.5
1
0.006 0.017
2
0.033
3
0.050
4
0.067
cycles
seconds
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9/10
11
12
13/14
current broken
% aperiodic component
10
50 - 100
30
< 20
60
50 - 100
100
< 20
KI to V/K
< 20
SI to V
50 - 100
KSI to V/K
50 - 100
electrical endurance
reclosing cycle at ASI and AKSI
C - 2 s - O at KI
rated Isc duration = KI for 3 s
single phase testing at KI and KSI (0.58 V)
Vmax
K =------------Vmin
asymmetrical factor:
I as ym
------------ = 1 . 1
I s ym
TED300014EN_070_081.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Standards
00
Rated short-circuit
breaking current
7.2
Isc (kA)
10
16
25
40
8
12
12.5
16
25
40
8
Ur (kV)
3.6
17.5
24
36
630
400
400
630
630
630
400
400
12.5
16
25
40
50
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
25
40
8
12.5
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
2500
3150
3150
1600
2500
3150
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
630
630
630
16
25
40
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
According to ANSI
Maximum
rated
voltage
Umax (kV)
4.76
8.25
15
15.5
25.8
38
Schneider Electric
Rated
short-circuit
breaking current
at Umax
Minimum
rated
voltage
Rated
short-circuit
breaking current
at Umin
Rated
operating
current
Ir (A)
Isc (kA)
(kV)
Isc (kA)
18
29
41
7
17
33
9.3
9.8
18
19
28
37
8.9
18
35
56
5.4
11
22
36
3.5
3.85
4
2.3
4.6
6.6
6.6
4
11.5
6.6
11.5
11.5
5.8
12
12
12
12
12
23
24
24
36
49
25
30
41
21
37
23
43
36
48
24
23
45
73
12
24
36
57
600
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
2000
3000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
600
1200
1200
2000
3000
4000
600
1200
1200
1200
Gamme
3000
AMTED300014EN_070_08
Standards
Derating
According to IEC
# Refer to "Switchgear definition/Derating" chapter.
According to ANSI
# The ANSI standard C37 04 gives for altitudes greater than 1 000 metres:
5 a correction factor for the applicable voltage on the rated insulation level
and on the rated maximum voltage,
5 a correction factor for the rated operating current.
The table of correction factors according to altitude
(Altitude Corrections Factors: ACF).
Altitude
(ft)
3 300
5 000
10 000
(m)
ACF for:
voltage
continous current
1 000
1 500
3 000
1.00
0.95
0.8
1.00
0.99
0.96
Electrical endurance
Merlin Gerin circuit breakers can withstand Isc at least 15 times.
IEC and ANSI standards impose values well below this because they take
account of oil breaking circuit breakers.
These values are not very high and should the customer request it,
we must provide those for the device being considered.
According to IEC
# The electrical endurance is equal to 3 times Isc.
According to ANSI
# The electrical endurance is equal to 4 times K.S.Isc.
Isc
S
K
:
:
:
Mechanical endurance
According to IEC
# Mechanical endurance is of 2 000 switching cycles.
According to ANSI
# Mechanical endurance is of between 1 500 and 10 000 switching cycles
according to the voltage and the breaking capacity.
Construction
According to IEC
# The IEC does not impose any particular constraints, however,
the manufacturer has responsibility of determining what is required in
terms of materials (thicknesses, etc) to meet performance requirements in
terms of strength.
According to ANSI
# ANSI imposes a thickness of 3 mm for sheet metal.
TED300014EN_070_081.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Standards
Temperature
Standards
IEC
ANSI
0C
ambient instantaneous
Installation
indoor
outdoor
minimal
maximal
maximum average
daily value
minimal
maximal
- 5C
+ 40C
35C
- 25C
+ 40C
35C
- 30C
+ 40C
N.B.:
For all equipment operating under conditions other than those described above, derating must
be provided (see derating chapter).
Altitude
According to CEI
# The altitude must not exceed 1 000 metres, otherwise the equipment
should be derated.
According to ANSI
# The altitude must not exceed 3 300 feet (1 000 metres), otherwise the
equipment should be derated.
Humidity
According to CEI
Average relative humidity
value over a period
24 hours
1 month
Indoor equipment
95 %
90 %
According to ANSI
# No specific constraints.
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014EN_070_08
References
##
MV
partner
MV
partner
(Pierre
(PierreGIVORD)
GIVORD)
##
Protection
of electrical
networks
Protection
of electrical
networks
(Christophe
PREVE)
(Christophe PREVE)
##
Protection
of electrical
networks
Protection
of electrical
networks
(dition
HERMES
fax
01
53
(dition HERMES fax 0110
5315
1021)
15 21)
(Christophe
PREVE)
(Christophe
PREVE)
##
Medium
voltage
design
Medium
voltage
design
(Andr
DELACHANAL)
(Andr DELACHANAL)
##
Cahiers
techniques
Cahiers
techniques
55
n158
calculating
short-circuit
n158 calculating
short-circuit
currents
currents
55
n166
enclosures
protection
n166
enclosuresand
and
protection
indices
(Jean
PASTEAU)
indices (Jean PASTEAU)
TED300014EN_070_081.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
TED300014EN_082_084.
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Index
Dnomination
Alphabetical Index
pages
A
Acceleration
Accuracy
Accuracy class
Accuracy limit factor
Accuracy power
Active power
Altitude
Angle
Angular acceleration
Angular speed
Aperiodic component
Apparent power
Area
Arrangement
Asynchronous
Automatic reclosing
67-69
57
62
58
57-62
68
53-68
67
67
67
48
68
67
29
4-16
48
Earthing disconnector
Electrical endurance
Electrodynamic withstand
Endurance
Energy
Energy (torque)
Entropy
Environment
Equipment
Equivalent diagram
Equivalent impedance
D
Degree Fahrenheit
Degree Rankine
Density
Derating
Dielectric strength
Dielectric withstand
Differential
Differential transformer
Disconnector
Disconnector switch
15
51
27
15-17-21
69
69
51-52
68
68
45-48
52
74
47
72
10
67
38
52
68
68
78
53-77
21
69
69
10
8-67-68
54-55
69
69
67
64-65-78
38
38-39-40
59-60
60
9
9
9
53-78
27
53-78
68-69
69
68
40
9
19
16
Bending
28
Block
10
Breaking current
48-50-51-52-75
British thermal unit
69
British thermal unit per (pound.degree Fahrenheit) 69
British thermal unit per cubic foot.degree Fahrenheit 69
British thermal unit per hour
69
British thermal unit per pound
69
British thermal unit per second
69
British thermal unit per square foot.hour
69
Busbars
15-21-28
Busducting
27-29-37
Cables
Cable-charging
Calculating a force
Calculation
Calorie capacity
Calory power
Capacitor bank
Capacity
Celsius
Circuit breaker
Closing
Closing capacity
Closing-opening
Comparison
Compartmented
Concentration
Condensation
Conditions
Conductance
Conductivity
Construction
Coordination
Cross section
Cubic foot
Cubic inch
Cubicles
Current
Current transformer
50
38-39
81
Factor
Fault Arcs
Field
Fixed circuit breaker
Fixed contactor
Fluid ounce (UK)
Fluid ounce (US)
Flux
Foot
Foot of water
Foot per second squared
Force
Forces
Forces between conductors
Frequency
Schneider Electric
Discordance
Distances
Documentation
Gallon (UK)
Gallon (US)
Generators
49-61
16
68
9
9
69
69
68
69
69
69
68-69
27
27
9-29-37-47-54-67
69
69
14-15
H
Heat capacity
Humidity
69
38-53-79
K
IK code
Impedance method
Impulse testing
Inch
Inch of water
Inductance
Induction
Insulation level
Intrinsic resonance frequency
Ionization threshold
IP code
43
17
39
69
69
68
68
6
29
38
41
K
Knot
L
Length
Level of pollution
Lightning impulse
Linear mass
Line-charging
Load
Low inductive currents
Luminous
M
Magnetic field
Magnetisation
Magnitudes
Making current
Mass
Mass per surface area
Mass per volume
Gamme
69
67-69
40
39-7
29-37-67-69
51
68
52
67
69
68
67
46
67-69
67-69
67-69
AMTED300014EN_082_08
Index
Alphabetical Index
Dnomination
M
Materials
Mechanical effects
Mechanical endurance
Mechanical withstand of busbars
Metal enclosure
Metal-clad
Metre
Mile (UK)
Minimum distances
Modulous of elasticity
Modulous of inertia
Moment of a force
Moment of inertia
Motors
Movement
Multi-stage
pages
67
21
53-78
28
9
10
67
69
39
29-37
28-29-37
68
29-69
16
68
51-52
N
Network
15
O
Oersted
Operating current
Operating current
Operating voltage
Ounce
Over-current factor
Overhead lines
Overview
Overvoltages
69
8
55
6-21
69
56
15
72
6
P
Peak
Peak value
Peak value of admissible current
Period
Periodic component
Periodic phenomena
Permissible short time withstand current
Permissible strain
Permittivity
Phase error
Phase shift
Phase to earth
Phase to phase
Plane angle
Pollution
Potential
Pound
Pound force per square foot
Pound force per square inch
Pound force-foot
Pound force-inch
Pound force-second per square foot
Pound per cubic foot
Pound per cubic inch
Pound per foot
Pound per foot-second
Pound per inch
Pound per square foot
Pound per square inch
Pound square foot
Pound-force
Power
Power level
Pressure
Pressure-strain
Primary current
Primary voltage
Protection index
50
9-46-74
9
67
48
67
46-73
28
68
63
63-67
39
39-63
67
38-40
68
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
14-68
67
38-68-69
69
55
61
41-43
Q
Quantity
TED300014EN_082_084.
R
Radiation factor
Rated current
Rated frequency
Rated insulation level
Rated short circuit
Rated values
Rated voltage
Ratio error
Reactive power
Resistance
Resistivity
Resonance
Resultant strain
68
8-21-24-46-73
75
46-72
46-74
77
6-7-21-45-47-54-72-74
63
68
68
68
29-37
28
S
Safety factor
Shape of parts
Short circuit power
Short time withstand current
Short-circuit current
Solid angle
Speed
Square foot
Square inch
Standards
States
Strain
Supports
Surface area
Switch
Switching sequence
Symbols
Synchronous compensators
57
38-39
11-21
26
9-19
67
67
69
69
71
14
68
27-29
67-69
9
47-75
67
16
T
Temperature
Temperature rise
Thermal
Thermal conductivity
Thermal effects
Thermal flux
Thermal power
Thermal short circuit current
Thermal withstand
Thermodynamic
Thermodynamic temperature
Three phase calculation example
Time
Transformation ratio
Transformers
Transient
38-52-69-79
22-23
56-68
69
21
69
63
56
24
67-68
67-68
17
67
63
13-14-15
49
U
Units
Units of measurement
67
67
V
Vibration
Viscosity
Voltage
Voltage transformer
Volume
Volume per mass
Volume per mass
29-37
68-69
6-49-62-68
61
67-69
67
68
W
Wave lengths
Weight
Withdrawable circuit breaker
Withdrawable contactor
Work
67
68
9
9
68
Y
Yard
69
68
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric
Industrie SA
ART86206
Postal address
F-38050 Grenoble cedex 9
Tel.: +33 (0)4 76 57 60 60
Telex: merge 320842 F
http://www.schneider-electric.com
The technical data given in this guide are given for information
purposes only. For this reason, Schneider Electric Industries SA
is in no way liable for any omission or error contained in its
pages.
AMTED300014EN