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Electronic Voting
Selected issues concerning implementation of a new tool of civic democratic participation
Magdalena Musia-Karg
Faculty of Political Science and Journalism
Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna
Pozna, Poland
magdalena.musial-karg@amu.edu.pl
Abstract Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
constitute a crucial element of globalisation and computerization
processes. ICT are not exclusively present in the economy,
entertainment, trade or banking, but they are also used in politics
or social area. Public institutions employ ICT (particularly the
Internet) for informational and educational purposes as well as
for improving the efficiency of state institutions and bodies. With
the availability of new (apart from traditional) forms of
participation, such as e.g. electronic community consultations,
electronic people's initiatives, participatory budgeting, e-voting,
the citizens are offered the possibility to increase their activity on
the political scene and their real influence on the decision-making
process. Its due to the fact that modern technologies can
improve the interactions occurring between voters and political
institutions, political parties, or politicians. One of such
interaction is the process of voting, which in some countries is
supported by ICT (e-voting). This article aims primarily at
providing answers for questions: about the most important
problems connected with introduction of this more and more
popular way of civic participation in politics and with the use of
e-voting in general elections, as well as about the most crucial
and most frequent uncertainties that e-voting implies.
Keywords- electronic voting; e-voting; Information and
Comunication technologies, ICT

I.

INTRODUCTION

Technologies (ICT) in democratic government is

undoubtedly a certain type of a novelty - not only from the
perspective of political institutions, parties, politicians or even
mass media, but also from the perspective of the electorate.
Application of ICT is noticeable virtually in all the domains of
contemporary peoples
life.
As
Information
and
Communication Technologies constitute a crucial element of
globalisation and computerization processes, they are not
exclusively present in the economy, entertainment, trade or
banking, but they are also used in politics or social area. Public
institutions employ ICT (particularly the Internet) for
informational and educational purposes as well as for
improving the efficiency of state institutions and bodies. With
the availability of new (apart from traditional) forms of
participation, such as e.g. electronic community consultations,
electronic people's initiatives, participatory budgeting, e-voting,
the citizens are offered the possibility to increase their activity
on the political scene and their real influence on the decisionmaking process.
The experiences of numerous European countries (Estonia,
Switzerland, Norway, Great Britain) show that electronic

voting (which is one of important additional "new, ICT-aided"

participation tool) has the potential to aid reducing the distance
between politicians and voters, which is in turn, in the context
of a crisis in democracy, an argument justifying the topic taken
up in this article. One of the most important research questions
which arises in the context of the title of the article is how new
technologies affect participation via electronic voting, what are
the opportunities offered by e-voting and what are the main
motives of implementation of this e-tool. This article aims also
at providing answers for questions about the most important
problems connected with introduction of this more and more
popular way of civic participation in politics and with the use
of e-voting in general elections, as well as about the most
crucial and most frequent uncertainties that e-voting implies.
This work has been divided into two parts. The first part is
devoted to the essence of electronic voting and the most
common reasons for the implementation of this tool. The
second part concerns the evolution of democratic principles
in the light of e-voting as well as various challenges arising
from the scope of necessary adaptations which need to be
taken into account by the countries that plan to implement a
system of electronic voting.
II.

ELECTRONIC VOTING DEFINITIONS AND MOTIVES OF

IMPLEMENTATION OF E-VOTING

Electronic voting (as well as computer-aided voting) is an

interesting subject for many countries around the world. It
because the new technologies are widely applied on various
stages of a voting process (when preparing a register of voters
and counting the votes or, finally, during the voting itself) and
in face of crisis of representative democracy more and more
countries want to give citizens more possibilities to participate
in elections, which would probably increase the level of
turnout.
According to the opinions of theorists and experts,
contemporary civilisation faces the electronic democracy era,
based on employing information and communication tools
into various fields of human life. One may thus state that
democracy "supported" by modern technologies evolves and
begins to function in a new reality, acquiring new dimension. It
is right to notice that the role of ICT was acknowledged as so
important that some theoreticians of democracy - e.g. Barry N.
Hague or Brian Loader speak even of the change in the way
of understanding a democratic system [1]. Benjamin R. Barber
refers to such an attitude introduces the notion of strong
(powerful) democracy, and attributes to it a series of virtues e.g. activeness, engagement, duty [2]. Strong democracy

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based on participation, citizenship or public interests assumes

that a citizens view is not the only a value, but they are also
capable of making autonomous and responsible choices.
Participation in decisive processes results from the will and
believes of citizens [3]. Democracy enriched with electronic
tools (electronic democracy, e-democracy) - e.g. electronic
voting, may reinforce democracy; increase the level of
participation among eligible voters, and thus legitimization of
decisions taken.
The idea to implement e-voting into elections and referenda
is widely discussed not only by members of parliaments and
governments throughout the world but also by regular voters,
IT specialists, engineers or people who work in
organisations/associations supporting application of ICT in
government. This idea is strengthen by the fact, that e-voting is
successfully applied in Estonia and Switzerland since several
years. However, in some European states (e.g. in the
Netherlands, Norway and Austria) the attempts to implement
that form of participation in elections fell out to be
unsuccessful.
Electronic voting (described also as e-voting) is one of the
so-called alternative means of voting. The term e-voting has
a broad meaning, but it generally refers to voting with the use
of electronic means. Electronic technologies applied during
voting processes include the Internet, phone, television and
digital
platforms.
Information
and
Communication
Technologies are applied on various stages of voting process.
They are useful at collecting cast votes, their counting, during
the so-called remote voting (when an eligible voter casts a vote
via the Internet) as well as on the stage of developing and
presenting final voting results received from electoral
committees [4].
In the literature there are many definitions of e-voting.
Before defining electronic voting, it should be noted that evoting is commonly confused with online voting, while
electronic voting the first one (with the prefix "e-") is a notion
of a broader meaning than online voting. The term e-voting is
usually understood as voting which allows voters to cast a vote
safely and discretely via the Internet or Intranet (in the case of
internal elections or decisions). However, such a definition
seems to be too narrow. Most of specialist literature suggests
several types of e-voting. We can list here e.g. elections
through electronic voting machines, computer voting, or finally
the Internet voting, which is the most popular.
There are three key categories of discussed form of voting:
machine counting, computer voting and on-line or Internet
voting. Machine counting needs voters to punch a hole in their
ballot card, which is then scanned and counted by a main
computer. Voting via computer or direct-recording electronic
voting machines involve the use of either a keyboard, touch
screen or some kind of pen or pointer and computer terminal
and are immediately factored into the tally of votes [5].
According to R. Michael Alvarez and Thad E. Hall there are
four kinds of Internet voting: kiosk Internet voting (voting is
done at a specific location by using a computer; casting a ballot
over the Internet is controlled by election officials), polling
place Internet voting (is conducted at any polling station
through the use of a computer that is controlled by election

representatives), precinct Internet voting (it is analogous to

polling place voting except that it must occur at the voter's
designated precinct polling place) and remote Internet voting
(voting via Internet from a voter's home or potentially any
other location with Internet access) [6].
Apart from the division mentioned above, the reference
books include two quite similar terms. Prefixes are the only
aspect that distinguishes them. Electronic voting starts with e,
while the Internet voting is preceded by the letter i. When
compared to i-voting, the e-voting is a term of significantly
broader meaning. The Internet voting (i-voting) is a form of
electronic voting.
Roman Czajkowski and Andrzej Kaczmarczyk list four
types of voting through the Internet: remote kiosk voting,
internet voting in a polling station, internet voting in a
constituency and remote internet voting [7].
It is also worth mentioning here that all the forms of
electronic voting (and the internet voting as well) can be
applied during any kind of general election (e.g. parliamentary,
presidential or self-government elections). In such a case, the
elections will be referred to as e-elections (electronic elections)
or i-elections (internet elections, i.e. elections through the
Internet). In case of a referendum, the election would be
referred to as e-referendum (electronic referendum), or ireferendum (internet referendum).
It should be mentioned that internet voting can be divided
into two types: Internet Voting at the Polling Place (IV@PP)
and the so-called Remote Internet Voting (RIV) which takes
place in a voting kiosk, or it is done through a private
computer with access to the Internet (or another computer, i.e.
in an internet caf) [8]. Votes are cast at any place basing on
access to the Internet, and then the votes are transferred online
to clerks responsible for the elections [9].
The first difference between both systems (the remote
system and the system of voting at a polling station) concerns
the identification of a voter (as far as the IV@PP system is
concerned, the voters identity is verified by an election clerk;
in the RIV system, the identification is based on an individual
Personal Identity Number or an electronic signature). The
second difference is that RIV (unlike the IV@PP) does not
require additional verification of infrastructure or voting
platform (the voting machines and their vicinity) by election
clerks.
Undoubtedly, the world leader in implementation of
electronic voting methods is the United States where special
voting machines are commonly used. However, the first
general elections based on internet voting (i.e. Internet-based
elections) took place in 2005 in Estonia during elections to
local self-governments [10].
Discussing the essence of electronic voting theres a need to
pay attention to the most important reasons for implementing
electronic voting. Table 1. presents the key issues of electronic
voting addressed by election authorities, administration clerks,
politicians and voters.

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TABLE I.
Voters

ADVANTAGES OF INTRODUCING E-VOTING

Administration

Politicians

increased mobility of
voters
supporting voter at
balloting
(convenience)

better pace and accuracy

of counting cotes

quicker information
about the results

more precise registers of

voters

innovativeness

greater accessibilty for

disabled voters

cost reduction in a longterm perspective

change in number of
voters (change in
turnout) (+/-)

Source: R. Krimmer, E-Voting in Austria, Current Status in and around Austria, 11th March 2010,
Conference, Belek, Turkey.

From the perspective of the voters, the greatest advantage

of electronic voting is the improvement of mobility because
electronic system of voting allows casting a vote at any place,
even if the voter stays outside his/her place of permanent
residence. What is more, modern technologies increase the
comfort of voting. The voter no longer needs to leave his/her
home in order to reach the polling station and cast a vote there,
but it is possible to vote at any time and from any place using a
personal computer or the so-called public voting kiosk.
However, electronic voting (particularly the internet voting) is
most advantageous for disabled people who often have
difficulties with getting to a polling station. Thanks to e-voting,
disabled people no longer need to make efforts in order to e.g.
organize a mean of transport to the polling station. If they have
an access to a computer with the Internet connection, they can
participate in elections without even leaving their place of
residence.
As far as the public administration is concerned, electronic
voting can increase the pace and improve the accuracy of
counting votes cast during a referendum or an election. This is
particularly important because the probability of a mistake
made by election clerks is eliminated. Moreover,
implementation of an electronic register of voters may
eliminate occasional instances of casting multiple votes by a
single voter. In countries where e-voting (e.g. RIV system) has
not been introduced, a central electronic register of voters can
be the first stage of i-voting implementation [11].
E-voting based on the central electronic register of voters
can contribute to reduction of costs related to organisation of
elections and referenda. This argument can be substantiated
with the fact that e-voting does not require participation of a
large number of election clerks who are indispensable in case
of traditional elections taking place at ballot boxes. As far as
costs of implementing e-voting are concerned, it should be
remembered that development, preparation and implementation
of the electronic voting system imply relatively high costs in a
short period of time. However, as the supporters of e-voting
claim, the incurred costs distribute over a long-term perspective
because subsequent elections do not require to e.g. print such
great amounts of ballot papers, and the participation of many
election clerks is not necessary (as it has been already
mentioned).
Politicians notice the advantages of e-voting systems as
well. It is all about changing an image of particular politicians
or political parties. Those politicians who support technological
progress and introduction of novelties aimed at making various
procedures simpler for the citizens are often regarded as more

open, friendly and innovative. In such a way, political parties

are able to direct their activities in order to expand the
electorate, e.g. with the youngest voters. Apart from that,
politicians perfectly know that electronic voting systems
translate into quicker access to information about election
winners and, consequently, into chances for making a coalition
etc. What is more, politicians know that e-voting can increase
voting turnouts which directly impact distribution of seats in a
parliament. Greater turnout may improve a result of one party,
and it can be disadvantageous for the other.
To sum up, it is worth noticing that implementation of ICT
into voting procedures can help overcome difficulties linked to
polling station being remote from voters, and it can bring about
many favourable changes for public administration and
politicians who seem to know that e-voting may be a way to
convince electorate. That is why it is common to hear that
application of new methods at exercising democratic power
(particularly during a voting process) is a revolution. Taking
into account numerous controversies and threats, the
revolutionary characteristics of electronic voting systems are
often questioned. Hence, it is worth describing in detail the
most important problems which often appear in discussions
about the subject.
III.

ELECTRONIC VOTING SOME CHALLENGES

According to the opinions of those who support

application of ICT technologies to procedures of exercising
power, the contemporary civilisation now faces the electronic
democracy era based on the said information and
communication tools which constitute a new method of
exercising power [12]. E-voting is one of the elements of this
method of exercising power. Many problems connected with
the implementation of electronic voting systems concern two
issues: adhering to principles of democracy which evolve
extensively as a result of ICT application; and scopes of
adaptation which always accompany introduction of a new
voting method.
As far as the fundamental principles of democracy are
concerned, it is worth noticing that application of modern
technologies to political life add a new quality to the principles
of democracy. Both the sovereignty of a nation, as well as the
principle of separation of powers, political pluralism,
constitutionalism, or lawfulness within contemporary reality
begin to function, as it seems, in a slightly broader dimension.
Apart from traditional forms of adhering to the above
principles, new solutions emerge (based on modern
technologies). For instance, the principle of popular
sovereignty is realized through the institution of representative
and direct democracy, which are reflected in elections,
referenda and other forms of collective decision-making
processes that occur on national or local level. Those forms of
elections allow realizing the principle of national sovereignty.
As far as introduction of e-voting is concerned, it is worth
paying attention to realization of the principle of equality. It
would be a trivial statement that citizens are not equal in terms
of their access to the Internet. The inequality results from the
quality of Internet infrastructure that varies between particular
countries, as well as from unequal financial statuses of
different groups of voters. The phenomenon of unequal access

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to the Internet is often referred to as the digital divide, which is

understood as a split that separates those who have and those
who dont have an access to a broadband Internet connection.
The digital divide is often regarded as one of the biggest threats
connected with the existence and development of the
information society. One of this phenomenas dimensions is a
digital divide in a democratic sense (democratic divide),
which concerns a division between citizens separating them
into two groups. The first group includes active citizens that
take advantage of opportunities provided by the Internet in
order to increase the level of participation in public life. A
passive group comprises those who have an access to the
Internet but make no efforts in order to participate in public life
[13].
Another important issue, which is often addressed during
discussions on the subject, is the freedom, namely the freedom
of speech. In times of ICT development, the value gains other
dimensions than it used to have before. The changes should be
associated e.g. with election silence that is applied in some
countries in order to provide the voters with peaceful
conditions which are free of any electioneering and allow
making well-judged political decisions. As a consequence,
prohibition of electioneering is considered by many (e.g. in the
United States) as the lack of freedom of speech and deprivation
of communication rights, which in turn can translate into
deprivation of the freedom of association etc. In the era of the
Internet, it is easy to find instances of breaking the election
silence (which is typical for the countries located in the Central
and Eastern Europe) which is visible not only on various
internet websites, but also on political blogs, internet forums
and social media which have recently gained considerable
popularity. Therefore, the question about legitimacy of election
silence, which seems to be hardly enforceable in the era of the
Internet, seems to be crucial. As far as the context of electronic
voting is concerned, the issue gains even greater importance
because internet forums can transform into a platform for
political fight between competing parties and individuals.
From the perspective of voters, the principle of
transparency seems to be quite important in the context of the
subject of this part of text. The principle is founded on an
appropriate communication policy which makes available all
information about public institutions, their strategies, planned
and conducted initiatives, about decision-making mechanisms
and processes as well as about the most important steps taken
by public institutions and referring to the societys way of
functioning. The principle of transparency in the Internet
consists primarily in allowing society to access various
information about political parties, politicians, their statements,
manners of voting, initiatives taken and decisions made within
representation organs. The Internet provides political, legal and
financial transparency mainly through uploading factual data
onto appropriate websites. The resources are available
generally through websites of individual public institutions,
political parties and politicians. As far as the discussion about
the possibilities of implementing electronic voting system is
concerned, the adherence to the principle of transparency can
determine the level of trust in politicians, institutions as well as
procedures (including voting), and, consequently, the level of
trust in democracy itself. It must be added that the transparency

of decision-making processes and the transparency of acts of

politicians should be considered as an obligation [14] and
execution of this obligation is one of the fundamental aims of
the Internet and other modern technologies which are applied
within contemporary democracies. However, it should be
emphasized that reliability of information published on the
Internet is often questioned. Whats more - the issue of
anonymity on the Internet, which seems to be crucial within the
context of e-voting systems implementation, arises great
anxieties.
Another important aspect connected with introduction of evoting system is adherence to the principle of sovereignty of
the people, which can be analysed within the reality of
representative democracy as well as direct democracy. In the
light of application of modern information and communication
technologies, the both formulas (the principle of representation
and the principle of participation) change their nature. The
supporters of electronic democracy implementation claim that
new technologies can make (by way of increasing the number
of direct democracy mechanisms via electronic means)
representative democracy more participatory, i.e. more friendly
to the citizens (Fig. I). In the contemporary conditions
concerning the progress of civilization, the popularity of
electronic voting increases - mainly because it is new and seems to be - attractive and a convenient phenomenon for
hundreds of millions of people around the world. Many voters
prefer e-voting (especially online voting) to traditional methods
[15].

ICT
RD

DD

Figure 1. DIRECTION OF EVOLUTION OF DEMOCRATIC

SYSTEMS
Abbreviations:
RD representative democracy; DD direct democracy; ICT Information and Communication
Technologies
Source: own studies.

This is due to fact that voting with a computer connected to

the Internet is far more convenient (particularly for those who
cannot make their way to a polling station because of poor
health condition or for those who are away from home during
election) and faster, and also does not require a voter e.g. to
leave his or her home.
Such a new formula, which allows eligible voters to
influence political decision-making processes through various
ICT tools and make the decisions in a broader scope than
before, increases the role of a potential vote who has more
tools that allow shaping the surrounding reality. Many
countries make available to voters more and more tools on
various administration levels in order to allow them voicing
opinions about crucial matters (consultations, debates,
balloting, queries). Thus, it is clear that thanks to modern
technologies, political systems are able to evolve towards a
greater openness to voters participation in decision-making
processes that shape a given social reality.

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IV.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

One of the most important tools of electronic democracy is

e-voting which becomes increasingly more popular in various
parts of the globe and manifests itself in greater number of pilot
projects and initiatives aiming at introducing e-voting into the
electoral procedures. Today in face of rapid civilization
progress related also to the IT revolution - the popularity of
electronic voting increases. It is so mainly because e-voting is a
relatively new tool and seems to be a very attractive and
convenient phenomenon for hundreds of millions of people
around the world, who may be willing to involve in political
processes at national or local level. Many voters particularly
the youngest groups of electorate - prefer e-voting (especially
online voting) to traditional methods. This is due to fact that
voting with a computer connected to the Internet is far more
convenient and faster, and also does not require a voter to go to
the polling stations, which is much more time-consuming than
just remote electronic voting [16].

[1]

One should notice that despite the positive trend toward evoting, governments in many countries still display reluctance
to implement such an electronic tool of civic participation.
These attitudes result mainly from the fact that many opponents
of applying electronic tools to democratic procedures consider
e-voting as a dangerous for political system arguing it is
impossible to guarantee its security and ensure fulfilling
democratic principles, e.g. secrecy or universality of the voting.

[7]

However, despite negative opinions, the experiences of

countries where e-voting projects have been successful
(Estonia or Switzerland) seem to be a valuable source of
information and hints for countries considering implementation
of e-voting. The supporters of implementation of electronic
voting claim it can be the cure for current crisis of democracy,
because it has the potential to increase the confidence of people
in the democratic system and their belief in the power of a
single vote cast in elections or referendum, and thanks to it lead
to step-by-step increment of the electorates involvement in
politics.
Despite ongoing technical problems and discussion on
employing electronic tools of civic participation in political
life, the positive experiences of some countries and optimistic
attitudes towards modern ways of voting, can constitute a
considerable and constructive stimulus for implementing evoting in Europe as well as in other countries of the world.
However, one should remember that the process of bringing
these e-projects into force may be a challenging task for not
only for the politicians or engineers, but also for the society
itself (who should be persuaded that e-voting is effective and
secure way of taking part in decision-making process).

[2]
[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[8]
[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]
[14]

[15]

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