386

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

XI.SPECIFIC

GRAVITY

A.

PROBLEMS
OF

METALS

AND

OTHER

MATERIALS

Metals
Solid
Liquid, near

Metal

freezing

Symbol
Vales for n o n porous

metal

L o w e r valu, e.g..

Al

2 70

2 68

2 38

Sb

6 71

6 62

6 41

As

5 73

5 71

5 71

Ba

3 7

3 6

Be

1 93

1 84

Bi

9 92

9 74

10 0 4

Cd

8 70

8 60

7 99

Ca

1 55

Ce

6 8

Chromium

Cr

7 1

7 0

Cobalt

Co

8 92

8 50

Cu

8 94

8 7

Au

19 3 7

Ir

22 42

Gold

Lead
M agnesiu m
Mercury

Fe

7 88

Pb

11 3 5

Li

0 59

Mg

1 74

Mn

7 39

Hg

15 63

Mo

10 2

Ni

8 91

Os

22 4 8

Pd

12 16

Pt

21 7

K
Rh

Silver

19 2 5
7 3

13 59
8 85

21

4 . 4 7 (red)
2 19

Ag

10 7 5

10 50

2 54

21 3
0 83

2 34

Sr

8 79

12 4 0

4 8 (metallic)

0 972

7 13

1 57

Si
Na

8 22
19 2 0

0.53

0 875
12 5 0

8 72

10 8 8

Se

Ta
Tin

point

cast metal

3 98
9 27
0 93

16 6

Te

6 25

Sn

7 30

Ti

4 5

20 2

18 6 9

5 7

5 50

Zn

7 13

7 0

7 28

6 98

19 1

6 92

T h e s e vales g i v e a l s o t h e d e n s i t y i n g r a m a p e r c u b i e c e n t i m e t e r ; for t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n s p e c i f i c

g r a v t y a n d d e n s i t y , see p . 3.
2 U s e t h e s e vales for r o l l e d m e t a l a n d for c o m m e r c i a l d e p o s i t s of e l e c t r o p l a t e d o r e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y
refined m e t a l .

387

TABLES
TABLE

XI.SPECIFIC

B.

GRAVITY

OF M E T A L S

AND OTHER

MATERIALS.(Concluded)

Other Elements, Alloys, Compounds, E t c .

Solid

L i q u i d , neai
freezing

Symbol

Metal

Nonporous

L o w e r valu

4 00
2 45

3.75

Brass (70-30)

8 4

7.8

Bronze

8 9

Cast iron

7 6

Cement, set. . . . . .

3 0

Alumina

AI2O3

Boron

Cernen tite

point

8.7
(white)

7.08

6.88

(gray)

2.7

7 66

FeiC

Charcoal

0 21

Clay

2 6

1.8

Coal, a n t h r a c i t e . . .

1 7

1.3

Coal,

1 5

1.2

bituminous..

2 3

Concrete
CuAli

Copper aluminide.

4 2
0 24

Cork

0.70

Gasoline
2 52

Glass

10 9 5

Gold, coin

2 25

Graphite
Iron oxide

5 3

FeaOa
CaO

Lime

5.2

3 3

Limestone

2 7

Manganin

8 42

Mica

2 8

Monel metal

8 80
8 45

Nickel silver
Pearlite

Fe-Fe*C

7 83

2 34 (red)

1 84 ( w h i t e )

1 40

1 12

0.77-1.06

Petroleum
Phosphorus
Rubber
Silica, fused

Si0

2 21

2 10

Silica,

sandstone..

Si0

2 70

2 10

Silicon c a r b i d e . . . .

SiC

3 12
2 9

late

2 7

1 2

Na2CO

oda a s h
Steel, h i g h s p e e d . .

8 64

8 32

Steel, m i l d

7 93

7 69

Stellite

8 54

ulphur

2 07

Tar

1 0

Tungsten carbide..

WC

Water

H0

Largely from

1.81

1 96

14 5
1.00

0 92
7 9

Wrought iron

1.75

LIDDELL,

DOHALD

M . , " T h e Metallurgists'

M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o m p a n y , I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1930.

and Chemists'

Handbook,"

3d

ed.

390

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

XIII.LATENT

PROBLEMS
HEATS

OF

TRANSFORMATION

(Tempe atures i n degrees centigrade, heats i n gram-calories per g r a m ,

calories per k i l o g r a m , or pound-calories per p o u n d )
Element
Iron
Iron
Iron
Manganeso
Nickel
Tin
1

Symbol

Transformation

Fe
Fe
Fe
Mn
Xi
Sn

A
a > y (A )
y -> S {Ai)
a - > (3
a ->0
W h i t e > gray
2

Temperature

Inc., New

Y o r k , 1935.

L a t e n t heat

769

0.0

910

3.86

1400
1070-1130

1.86
24.1

352

1.33

4.46

D a t a on i r o n from " T h e M e t a l I r o n , " b y H . E . C l e a v e s a n d J . G . T h o m p s o n ,

Company,

kilogram-

M c G r a w - H i l l Book

Other data from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Critical T a b l e s , " Vol. I I ,

1927.

TABLE

XIV.SPECIFIC

HEATS

OF E L E M E N T S

I N THE SOLID, L I Q U I D , A N D V A P O R STATES, AND T O T A L

THEIR

M E L T I N G AND

BOILING

POINTS

HEAT

C O N T E N T S ABOVE 0 C .

AT

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per p o u n d )

= m e a n specific heat between 0 a n d tC.

QLMP = t o t a l heat c o n t e n t of l i q u i d a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t , using 0 C . as a base l i n e (i.e., i n excess of t h e heat c o n t e n t a t 0 C ) .

S u b t r a c t i n g t h e l a t e n t heat of fusin (Table X I I ) f r o m t h e figures i n t h i s c o l u m n gives t h e heat c o n t e n t of t h e solid a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t
on t h e same basis.
QVBP = t o t a l heat c o n t e n t of t h e v a p o r a t t h e n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t , using 0 C . as a base l i n e . S u b t r a c t i n g t h e l a t e n t heat of v a p o r i z a r o n (Table X I I ) gives t h e heat c o n t e n t of t h e l i q u i d a t t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t o n t h e same basis.
Element

Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbn
Cerium
Cesium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Gold
Iodine
Iridium
Iron, 0-600C
Iron, 600-760C. .
Iron, 760-910C. .
Iron, 910-1400C.
Iron, 1400-1534C
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molvbdenum
Nickel, 0-352C. .

Symbol

Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Cd
Ca
C
Ce
Cs
Cr
Co
Cu
Au
I
Ir
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Pb
Li
Mg
Mu
Hg
Mo
Ni

Cm,

Solid

Melting
point

0 218 + 0 000.048
0 050 + 0 000.074
0 (182
0 068
0 38
+ o 000,4!
0 02
+ 0 000.013
0 215 + 0 000,36
0 0548 + o 000.012
0 152 + o 0 0 0 , 0 5 2
0 206
+ o 000.178 - 0.000,000,033
0 051
0 052 + o 0 0 0 . 0 1 3
0 10
+ o 000.026
0 091
+ o 000.044
0 092
+ 0 000,012,5
0 0308 + 0 000,006,O
0 052
0 032 + 0 000,0061
0 104 + 0 0 0 0 . 0 6 4
0 180 + 0 0 0 0 , 3 ( f - 6 0 0 )
- 0 0 0 0 , 5 3 ( - 760)
0 320
0 160 + 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 - 9 1 0 )
0 185 ( c o n s t a n t )
0 0302 + 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 6 , O
i 09
0 247 + 0 000.050
+ 0.000,10
0 11
0 033
0 065 + 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2
0 103 + 0 0 0 0 . 0 5 1

Ql.MF

c, Hquid

Normal
boiling point

659
630

240
74

0 26
0 13

710
1278
271
2300
321
851

65
1,480
21
2,660
39
223

2060
1440
610
1630
3040
1420
2600
765
1480
3700
1400
690
2480
3100
2595
2966
183
4900

1 5
036
6
08
26

0
0
0
0

'775
29
1550
1490
1084
1063
113
2454

534
327
179
650
1220
-39
2622

55
5.5
293
296
172
55
20.3
143
85*
121*
161*
244*
334
16.4
353
271
272
2.8
378

0.60

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
2
0
0
0
0

07
0.000.017
20
21
112
041
008
060

21
033
2
29
36
033
17

3000
1740
1370
1110
2150
357
4800

QVBP

vapor 4

2,860
562
153

0 185
0 025
0 040

12,500
292
7,000
287
1,300
13,000

0 5
0 024
0 3
0 045
0 12
0 3
0 036
0 038
0 10
0 085
0 08
0 025
0 071
0 02

520
1,880
1,880
1,490
548
66
660

1,970
266
7,600
1,740
1,600
85
2,090

09

0
0
0
0

21
09
025
05

024
0" 7

390

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

XIII.LATENT

PROBLEMS
HEATS

OF

TRANSFORMATION

( T e m p e r a t u r e s i n degrees centigrade, heats i n gram-calories per g r a m , k i l o g r a m calories per k i l o g r a m , or pound-calories per p o u n d )

Element
Iron
Iron
Iron
Manganese
Nickel
Tin
1

Symbol

Transformation

Fe
Fe
Fe
Mn
Ni
Sn

A
a > y (A 3)
y-+5
(A )
a -> 0
a ->/3
W h ite gray
2

Temperature
769

0.0

910

3.86

1400
1070-1130

I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1935.

1.86
24.1

352

1.33

4.46

D a t a on iron from " T h e M e t a l I r o n , " b y H . E . C l e a v e s a n d J . G . T h o m p s o n ,

Company,

L a t e n t heat

M c G r a w - H i l l Book

Other data from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Critical T a b l e s , " Vol. I I ,

1927.

TABLE

XIV.SPECIFIC

HEATS

OF E L E M E N T S

THEIB
Element

I N T H E SOLID, LIQUID,

Nickel, 352-1455C
Osmium
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Sulphur

Ni
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Eh
Rb
Ru
Se
Si
Ag
Na
S

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

128
03
058
210
0317
173
057
080
06
077
1725
0557
282
18

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

0.000,0061
0.000.010
0.000,2241
0.000,003,2
0.000.029
0,000.Ol
0.000.015
0.000,Ol

Tantalum
Tellurium
Thallium.,

Ta
Te
TI
Th
Sn
Ti
W

V
Zn
Zr

(1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

033
048
034
028
0534
142
0273
028
115
0919
067

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

0 000,016
0.000,003,5
0.000.015
0.000,008
0.000,017,4
0.000.039
0.000,004,2
0.000.007
0.000,031
0.000.020

Tin

V a iiadium
Zirconium

STATES AND T O T A L

HEAT

CONTENTS ABOVE 0 C .

AT

Cm, S o l i d

Symbol

AND VAPOK

M E L T I N G A N D B O I L I N G POINTS. (Concluded)

0.000,0641 0.000.006.7
0.000,231

Melting
point

0.000,000,0391

c, l i q u i d

QLMP

1455
2700
1556
44
1773
64
1966
39
2450
217
1427
961
98
119

259
165
153
14
90.
25
204
9
253
32
600
84
57
30

3027
453
303
1845
232
1800
3387
1688
1710
419
1857

283
47
16
97
27
450
180
93
360
66
184

8
4
9
2
1
7
2
6
7
7

0.16
0.062
0.089
0.23
0.043
0.142 + 0.000,331
0.09
0.092 0.000.013
0 . 11
0.12
0.20
0.086
0.32
0.210 + 0.000.08

0.051
0.043
0.06
8
0.055
0.28
0.050
0.05
0.22
4 0 1135 + 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 8 , 8
0. 1

Normal
boiling point

2730
5000
3800
280
4400
774
4300
679
4500
680
2290
2210
892
445
4200
1090
1460
3000
2270
3000
5900
2900
3000
905
2900

vapor -

1,950
760
1,020
170
756
810
1,090
274
1,180
249
2,170
755
1,320
193

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

09
025
05
097
025
13
049
06
05
04
13
046
22
134 +
000,0231

290
256

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

03
025
02
042
10
03
02
10
077
05

QVBP

283
930
1,290
480
553

Specific heats largely from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e a , " V o l . I , 1926.

S e e f o o t n o t e 2, T a b l e X V .
I n m o s t c a s e s t h e h e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s t h e m a j o r p a r t of QVBP.
S i n c e t h e vales of t h e h e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n a r e i n m a n y c a s e s u n c e r t a i n , t h e vales i n
fchis c o l u m n a r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y u n c e r t a i n .
T h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of a n y m o n a t o m i c g a s or v a p o r i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5.0 c a l . p e r m o l . M e t a l s i n g e n e r a l a r e m o n a t o m i c i n t h e v a p o r s t a t e .
A l l t h e vales i n
t h i s c o l u m n h a v e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e figure 5.0 c a l . p e r m o l e x c e p t w h e r e t h e v a p o r of t h e e l e m e n t is k n o w n n o t t o b e m o n a t o m i c .
W h e r e a n e x p r e s s i o n c o n t a i n i n g t is g i v e n , t h e figures a r e for t h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t b e t w e e n 0 a n d C .
T h e o t h e r figures a r e m e a n vales for c i n t h e p h a s e
stated.
* H e a t c o n t e n t of s o l i d i r o n ( a b o v e 0 C . ) a t t h e u p p e r t e m p e r a t u r e g i v e n i n t h e first c o l u m n , i n c l u d i n g t h e s m a l l h e a t s of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s h o w n i n T a b l e X I I I .
T h e vales s h o w n f o r cm a r e h e r e t h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t s b e t w e e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s g i v e n i n t h e first c o l u m n .
1

TA
TABLE

XV.MEAN

393

BLES

SPECIFIC

HEATS

OF GASES

(Between 0 a n d C.)

Cm,
(In
Formula

Gas

by

volume 1

cm, b y w e i g h t 2

kilogram-calories

per

cubic meter or gram-calories

kilogram-calories

per

kilogram,

pound-calores p e r

conditions)

0 :02
NHi

Ammonia
Carbn dioxide

C0

&

Carbn m o n o x i d e

CO

Ch
CsH
F

CH

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

376

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

302

406
302
387
46
302

4.

pound)

0 234

0.000,022

+ 0.000,144
+ 00 .. 00 00 00 ., 00 2920!
+ 0.000,007*
+ 0.000.3
+

4- 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 1 7 , 3 *

+
+
+
+
+

0 488
0 205
0 242
0 122
0 37

0.000.022

0 178

(* 4- 1) + 0 . 0 0 0 , 1 3 5
Or 4- 2), w h e r e x =

20

gram-

calories per g r a m , or

per liter a t s t a n d a r d

Air

(In

0.000,18
0.000.046
0.000.018
0.000,002,2
0.000,24

0.000.013

+
+

0.000.013

0.000,0534

no . of a t o m s of carbn
HC1
H

ms

H y d r o g e n Bulphide

Hg
CH.

Methane

N
Sulphur vapor
Sulphur dioxide

SO2

H 0
2

301
222
366
222
380
302
302
387
406
373

+
+

0.000.022

0 185

0.000.020

3 35

0.000.080

+
+
+
+
+
+

0.000,21

0 53

0.000,0224

0 241

0.000,0224

0 211

4 94
0 240
0 0248

0.000,007

0.000.090

0 139

0.000,050!

0 463

0.000.22

+ 00 .. 00 00 00 ,, 02 19 84 4
+ 0.000,015,64
+ 0.000,002,44
+
+ 00 .. 00 00 00 ,, 00 63 21 44
+

135

T h i s c o l u m n g i v e s t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n e t a n t p r e s B u r e p e r u n i t v o l u m e r e f e r r e d to

0C,

760 m m .

I t is e q u a l to the molal heat c a p a c i t y , C

C,

ence tables), divided b y 22.4.

capacity at constant volume.

(more c o m m o n l y

of c o u r s e , d i f i e r a c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m C

V1

S e e a l s o f o o t n o t e 3.

given i n referthe molal heat

M o s t of t h e vales g i v e n i n t h i s t a b l e

a r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h o s e g i v e n b y E a s t m a n , U. S. Bur.

Mines,

Tech.

Paper

445, 1929.

T h i s c o l u m n gives the specific heat at constant pressure per u n i t weight.

to the molal heat capacity, C , divided b y the molecular weight.

p

I t is equal

S e e a l s o f o o t n o t e 3.

T h e first t e r m of t h e e x p r e s s i o n g i v e n r e p r e s e n t a t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of t h e g a s a t 0 C ;

t h e s e c o n d t e r m is t h e i n c r e m e n t per degree, d i v i d e d b y 2 i n order to o b t a i n t h e m e a n b e t w e e n

0 a n d .

T o find t h e a c t u a l s p e c i f i c h e a t a t t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e i n c r e m e n t g i v e n b y t h e s e c o n d

t e r m m u s t be d o u b l e d .

* T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t s of a i r , O2,
accurately b y the expression 0.310 +
* T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t s of CO2
expression 0,406 +
8

are given

more

0.000,000,001,9! .
2

a n d SO2 b y v o l u m e a r e g i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y b y t h e

0.000,000,012 .
2

T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t of H2 b y v o l u m e i s g i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y b y t h e e x p r e s s i o n

0.310 +
7

0.000,108 -

N , C O , H C 1 , a n d F2 b y v o l u m e

0.000,0lo +

0.000,009,0 +

0.000,000,003,3 .
2

T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t of "H2O

0.373 +

0.000 020 +

b y volume is given more accurately b y the expression

0.000,000.020 .
2

394

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

XVI.SPECIFIC

PROBLEMS

HEATS

OF

ALLOYS

AND

VARIOUS

SOLIDS

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)
Substance

Specific heat

A l u m i n u m bronze, 88.7 C u :
11.3 A l
92 A l : 8 M g
Brass, 60 C u : 40 Z n
Brass, 72 C u : 28 Z n
Bronze, 80 C u : 20 Sn
Constantan
CuAls
CuAlj
C u : Sn alloys, 1 0 - 9 0 % C u
C u : Z n alloys, 1 0 - 9 0 % C u
F e : C alloys, 0 - 7 % C
P b : Sb alloys, 5 - 9 6 % Sb
M a n g a n i n , 84 C u : 4 N i : 12 M n
Monel metal
N i c k e l silver
Phosphor bronze, 88 C u : 12 S n : 1 P
Solder, 63.7 P b : 36.3 Sn
Solder, 46.7 P b : 53.3 Sn
Asbestos
Cement, powder.
Charcoal
Clay, d r y
Coal
Glass, c r o w n
Glass, flint
Granite
Ice
Ice
Marble...
Mica
Porcelain.
Sand
Wood....
1

L a r g e l y from. " H a n d b o o k

Company, 1941-1342.

0.104
0.275
0.0917
0.094
0.086
0.098-0.102
0.1495
0.1610
0.0545
0.0921
0.1114
0.0311

+ 0.00037 X % C u
+ 0.0000055 X % Z n
+ 0.00440 X % C
+ 0.000195 + % Sb
0.097-0.100
0.127
0.094-0.095
0.0874
0.0407
0.0451
0.195
0.20
0.16
0.22
0.24
0.161
0.117
0.192
0.53
0.392
0.21
0.206
0.26
0.19
0.45-0.65

of C h e m i s t r y

and Physics,"

Temperature

c.

20-100
18
20-100
1 4 - 98
1 4 - 98
0-100
18-100
18-600
18-100
18-100
17-100
20-100

(mean)
(mean)
(mean)
(mean)
(mean)
(mean)

0-100
20-400
0-100
20-100
1 2 - 99
1 0 - 99
2 0 - 98
20-100
10
20-100
1 0 - 50
1 0 - 50
12-100
- 10
- 60
0-100
2 0 - 98
1 5 - 950
20-100

25th ed., C h e m i c a l Rubber

Publishing

TA
TABLE

XVII.MEAN

395

BLES

SPECIFIC

HEATS

OF

IRON-CABBON

ALLOYS

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)
Carbn
percentage

c,
m

17-250C.

e, 17-400C.

c , 17-500C.
m

0.118
0.119

0.17
0.35
0.45
0.89
1.22
4.06

0.122
0.139

0.125
0.128
0.130
0.141

c , 17-680C.
m

0.131

0.139

0.131
0.133
0.134
0.144

0.139
0.143
0.147

H e a t c o n t e n t (above 0 C . ) of pur l i q u i d i r o n a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t = 334 cal. per

g r a m . Specific heat of l i q u i d = 0 . 2 1 .
H e a t c o n t e n t (above 0 C . ) of l i q u i d p i g i r o n a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t = 230 cal. per
g r a m . Specific heat of t h e l i q u i d = 0.15.
1

" I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i e a l T a b l e s , " Y o l . V , 1929.

TABLE

XVIII.MEAN

SPECIFIC H E A T

OF

COKE

AND

COKE

ASH

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)
c , coke w i t h ash c o n t e n t of:
m

Temperature
range, C.

Cm y I Sh

2 0 - 100
2 0 - 200
2 0 - 300
2 0 - 400
2 0 - 500
2 0 - 600
2 0 - 700
2 0 - 800
2 0 - 900
20-1000
20-1100
20-1200

0.190
0.204
0.217
0.227
0.235
0.242
0.247
0.250
0.253
0.256
0.258

(silica)

5
10
20
15
25
per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent
0.193
0.225
0.252
0.277
0.297
0.313
0.327
0.337
0.347
0.356
0.363
0.369

0.193
0.224
0.250
0.275
0.294
0.309
0.323
0.333
0.342
0.351
0.359
0.363

0.193
0.223
0.248
0.272
0.290
0.306
0.318
0.328
0.337
0.345
0.353
0.358

0.192
0.222
0.247
0.269
0.287
0.302
0.314
0.324
0.332
0.340
0.348
0.352

0.192
0.220
0.245
0.267
0.284
0.298
0.310
0.319
0.327
0.335
0.342
0.346

F r o m K O P P E K S , i n " A n h a l t s z a h l e n fr d e n E n e r g i e v e r b r a u c h i n E i s e n h t t e n w e r k e n , " W r m e s t e l l e

D u s s e l d o r f des V e r e i n s d e u t s c h e r Eisenhttenleute, 3 d e d . , V e r l a g S t a h l e i s e n m . b . H . , D u s s e l d o r f , 1 9 3 1 .

396

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

XIX.MEAN

SPECIFIC

PROBLEMS
HEATS

OF COMPOUNDS

(SOLID

STATE)

( I n kilogram-calories per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)
Tempera.
ture,

Specific heat

Substance

degrecs

Specific heat

centigrade

CaCOs.MgCO,

0.218

0.0888

0 - 100 CaSiO,.MgSiOi

0.190
0.237

0.0849
0.0912

O- 200

0.0930

0 - 500

0.0719

CdO

0.080 + 0.00000811

0.0739

0 - 100 C d S

0.091 + 0.00000311

0.0778

0 - 150

0.157 + 0.000105<

0 - 193

0.229

0-

35

0.177

0.195

0 - 100

0.212

0 - 800

0.240

0-1100

0.2166 + 0.0000447' +

5.126

f2

273-1973

0.172

0.239

0.0870

CeO;

0.0910
CuFeS

0.1368 + 0.00002257' +

CUJFCSJ
Cu 0

0.139

0 CuS

0.118 + 0.00001381

0 - 100 C u S
0 - 800 C u S O j

0.228

0-1200

0.0589 + 0.0001961

0.109 + 0.000123!

0 - 275

0.0853 + 0.000, 0461

0 - 100

0.0999

0.119

0 - 800

0.130

0-1000
12.500
- ~ -

273-1175

0.1567
0.140 + 0.0000621

FeO

0.1757 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 r +

FejOj

0.0600

0 - 300

FeSs

0.0604

O- 400

FeSO.

0.0600

0-

FeCOi

273-1173

0.1548 + 0.00005027 +

FejO

0-

50

0.1476

FejC

0.0569

50

1,89'

0.117
0.101 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 5 1

CuCU

0.190

0.1784 + 0.000043T +

0.129

CuO

0.226

0.347 + 0.0000737' +

0.178 + 0.00001321

CnO,

0.1778 + 0.00004067' +

FeS

0.1355 + 0.0000781
196 + 0.00000561
0.167
0.193

FeSiOj
2Fe\V0 .-

0.191

0 260
0.274

0-

3MnWO.
50 H g O

0.202 + 0.00002431

0-1378

0.161 +0.00001741

0 - 982

0.1693 + 0.0000731

O- 400
0

0.190
0.194
0.220
0.257
3,008
0.1968 + 0.0000595r + - ji

0-

50

0.172

0.215

0 - 800

0.220

0-1200

0.165

0-

15

0.104

0-

15

0.174

C 226

0 - 800

0.231

0-1000

0.210

0-

25

0.0485
0 0504

HgCl

0 0500
0.0506

HgCl

2 0 - 325 HgS
2 0 - 725
273-1033

0.01 )8 + 0.0000111

K a

0.0641
0.0655
0.0507
0.0516
0.162
0.167
0.171

K;0
KNOs

0.139
0.214
0.240
0.253

feZntCN),
KPtCU

0.241
0.112

K-CrcOj

0.178 + 0.000072!

MgO

O. 2693 + 0.00001487' +

5,176

397

TA B L E S
TABLE

X I X . M E A N

SPECIFIC

HEATS

OF C O M P O U N D S ( S O L I D

STATE). (Concluded)
1

Temperature,

Specific heat

Substance

Tempera-

Substance

dcgrces

ture,

Specific heat

centigrade

centgrado

0 . 3 0 7 + O.OO0O32
0.222

0 - 718 PbO
0 - 61 P b f t

MgCOs

0.200

0-

25

MgiSiiOn.H 0(talc)

0.208

0-

57

MgCb.
MgSO.

0.105 + 0 . 0 0 0 7 3 T +

MnO

273-1923
1

Mn02

0.022 + 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 r +

MnjOi

0.065 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 7 r +

MnS

342

0.139
0.182

MnSO-4
MoO>

j!
1

MJ^

1'

0.134

NaF

00-

NaNOj

0
0 - 400
0 - 600

SiC

0 - 100

SnS

0.247

Th0

0.288

0 - 200

50
98

Na B Oi

0.234

0-

45 w o
ZnO

0.385

0-

35

NH4CI

0.374
NiO

0.159 + 0.00001441

NiS

0.1212 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 5 3

(NH ) S04

0.337

NiSO<

0.341
0.215

Ni(CO)i

0.165

98
56

O-

50

0-

30

0.406

0 - 500
0

0.0672

UsOs

0.0712

0-

0.0782 + 0.0000167!
0.1140 +0.0O00267

ZnCl

0-1300

0.133 + 0.000030

0.1078 + 0.000026

ZnS

0 - 365
-

0.0000000314!

0-1000

0.174

ZnSO-4
ZnSiOa

0- 100

0.16

0.14
0.1537 + 0.0O0O05

0
0- 400

0.1034 + 0.00002481

0-1500

50 ZrO
58

50

-1277

0.0000000193

0 - 324 Zn Si04
0 ZnCOa
O0-

00-

0.168 + 0.0000541

0 - 50
0-1000

0.14
0.084
0.0571

30 TiOs

273-1273

0 - 45
0 - 247

0.0988 + 0.0002441

0.0580

0-

2 139
0.1840 4- 0.00011337'+ - ' 1
0.358

273-1629

0 090

0-

50

0 - 100
7,090
~ -

0.222 + 0.0000363 7 +

SnO

0.227
0.264

NajAlF,

0
0-

See Table X X

(Assumed) S n C h
0 SnCU

0 - 656

0.0858

SO2

Na4P 0?
Na COs
2

35

0 - 600

0.0845

0-

(brax)

0 - 100

0.0830

54

Na B O7.10H2O

0-

0.0855

60

0 - 250 T h C l

0 - 400

0.0908

32

0.303

0.0726

0-

0.217

0- 300

0.0490 + 0.00O0084

NaPO)
2

0.0696

0.0780
0.082 +0.0000301

0.216

0.2109

0.0650

PbSiOa
30 S b 0
61 SD2S3

0.220
0.2022

PbS

50

0-

0 - 100

0
0-

0.0801

0.2039
0.2104

0.225

PbCrC-4
PbS0

0-

0 - 271

0.0619
0.0634

PbCOj

273-1173

0 - 988

NasO
2

273- 773

0.267 + 0.000035

NaCl

Na S0

0.0502 + 0.00OO071

PbCl

dcgrces

(-78)(-188)

I n part calculated from the data given by K . K . Kelley, " High-temperature Specific-heat Equations for Inorganic

/JS. Bur. Mines, Bxdl. 371 (1934), and in part from " International Critical T a b l e s , " Vol. V , 1929.

Substances,"

( represents

degrees centigrade, T degrees Kelvn.)

- The vales or expressions given are for the mean specific heats between the temperatures given in this column.

I n cal-

culating the heat content above 0 C , when the lower limit in this column is 273 C., it is necessary to obtain the heat content
0

at

273

(by substituting

given temperature for T.

273

for T in the expression given) and subtract from the heat content obtained by subptituting the

(See page 88.)

Silicates: I n t h e absence of d a t a t h e specific heats of silicates m a y be a p p r o x i m a t e d

f r o m t h e specific heats of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t oxides. T h e i r specific heats a t elevated
temperatures m a y be a p p r o x i m a t e d b y assuming an increase of 0.078 per cent per
degree [C = C ( l + 0.00078Z)].
t

Silicate slags, l i q u i d : A c i d slags, 0.30.

Basic slags, 0.25.

398

M ETALL

URGI

CAL

PRO BLE

AIS

T h e heat c o n t e n t (above 0C.) of l i q u i d silicate slags at t h e i r m e l t i n g p o i n t s varies

f r o m a b o u t 300 t o 450 C a l . per k i l o g r a m , d e p e n d i n g largely on t h e elevation of t h e
m e l t i n g p o i n t . F o r example, i t is p r o b a b l y a b o u t 300 C a l . for a slag m e l t i n g a r o u n d
1100C. a n d a b o u t 450 C a l . f o r one m e l t i n g a r o u n d 1400C.
TABLE

( B e t w e e n 0 a n d C.)

Temperature, C.
0
50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700

X X . M E A N

SPECIFIC

HEAT

quartz

c,
m

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

c,
m

SILICA

cristobalite
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

166
177
186
202
216
228
238
252
255
257
259
262
264
265
267
269

S O S M A N , R . B . , " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . V , 1929.

M a d e at 1100C.
X X I . M E A N

SPECIFIC

HEATS

170
179
190
212
231
237
243
248
253
257
261
264
267
269
271
273
275
277
279

TABLE

OF

( I n kilogram-calories per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m ,

or pound-calories per p o u n d )

OF

c,
m

vitreous
0.165
0.176
0.185
0.200
0.212
0.222
0.231
0.238
0.244
0.249
0.253
0.257
0.260
0.263
0.267
0.270
0.275
0.279
0.283

REFRACTOBIES

( I n gram-calories per g r a m , kilogram-calories per k i l o g r a m , o r pound-calories p e r

pound)
c,
25-100C.

Refractory

Alumina, A 1 0 . . .
Alundum
Carbn
Chrome b r i c k . . . .
Fire-clay b r i c k . . .
Graphite
Magnesia, M g O . .
Magnesite b r i c k . .
Silica b r i c k
Silicon-carbide
brick
Zirconia, Z r O . . . .
2

Cm,
25-500C.

25-1000C.

Cm,
25-1500C.

0.200
0.239
0.261
0.275
0.186
0.123
0.31
0.170
0.20
0.22
0.20 + 0 . 0 1 0.22 + 0 . 0 1 0.26 + 0 . 0 1 0.30 0 . 0 1
0.294
0.410
0 . 2 3 5 + 0 . 0 0 5 0.26 0 . 0 0 5 0.28 0 . 0 0 5 0.29 + 0 . 0 0 5
0.22 + 0 . 0 1 0.25 0 . 0 1 0.28 0 . 0 1 0.30 + 0 . 0 1
0.20 + 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 2 2 5 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 2 6 5 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 2 9 5 + 0 . 0 1 5
0.200+0.031
0.110+0.005

0.13

" " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I , p. 85, 1927.

0.187+0.041
0.16

0.1S

399

TABLES
TABLE

XXII.VAPOR-PBESSURE

CONSTANTS

OP

THE

ELEMENTS

The columns headed A, B, A', a n d B' g i v e t h e vales of t h e constants i n t h e

equations log p = yp + B f o r t h e v a p o r pressure p ( i n m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y ) f o r
A'
t h e l i q u i d elements a n d log p = = r + B' f o r the solid elements.

A
~

4T578'

vvhere A is t h e energy chango expressed i n calories. T is t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n degrees

centigrade on t h e absolute scale ( C . + 2 7 3 ) . F o r f u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n see page 3 4 9 .
(Where no t e m p e r a t u r e range is s t a t e d , t h e figures given have been calculated f r o m
data i n Table X I l . )
L i q u i d state
Element

Symbol

Solid state

Temperature

Temperature

range

range

covered, C.

covered, C.

A'

B'

9 29

13,310

8.59

13,870

10,180

8.824

11,220

9 976

6,950

10 800

6.982

8,310

7 498

8.876

11,000

9 877

Aluminum. .

Al

Antimony.. .

Sb

Arsenic

As

Barium

Ba

930-1130

7,800

Bismuth. . . .

Bi

1210-1420

10,450

Cadmium...

Cd

500-

Calcium

Ca

Carbn

Chromium. .

Cr

16,700

8.95

17,600

9 44

Cobalt

Co

2375

16,100

7.571

16,900

7 950

Copper

Cu

2100-2310

15,970

8.449

16,770

9 039

Gold

Au

2315-2500

17,880

8.400

18,540

8 897

Iron

Fe

2220-2450

18,480

8.527

19,270

8 965

Lead

Pb

525-1325

9,190

7.445

9,460

7 899

Magnesium.

Mg

900-1070

7,120

8.029

7,590

8 538

Manganese. .

Mn

1510-1900

12,000

Mercury. . . .

Hg

400-1300

3,066

Molybdenun

Mo

Nickel

Ni

Palladium.. .

Pd

Phosphorus.

Platinum

Pt

P o t a s s i u m . ..

260-

Selenium.. . .

Se

Silicon

Si

Silver

1070-1325

840

5,200*

7.887*

150-

321

5,690

8 564

960-1110

8,000

7.446

500-

700

8,490

7 880

3880-4430

28,200

9.596

2360
44-

635

7.83
7.752

(-80)-(-39)

12,800

8 37

3,810

10 3 8 3

28,100

8.42

29,600

8 92

19,100

9.242

20,020

9 774

15,600

6.71

16,500

7 20

44

3,297

9 651

1425-1765

24,400

8 385

5,667t

ll.084f

1800-2240

20-

23,370

7.881

760

4,430

7.183

4,556

7 558

700-1000

5,570

8.726

6,100

9 808

8,660

6.26

1650-1950

1200-1320

8,900

5 950

13,27C

8.225

13,860

8 704

Sodium

Na

180-

883

5,395

7.553

5,552

7 9K

Strontium. . .

Sr

940-1140

7,350

7.328

7,830

7 794

Sulphur

445-

3,745

8.10

3,807

8 26

Tellurium. .

Te

11,700

11.46

13,100

13 40

Tin

Sn

16,300

11 6 7 2

Titanium. . .

Ti

1,525

3.35

2,472

3 81

Tungsten. . .

38,600

9.13

40,400

9 62

Zinc

Zn

700

1950-2270

14,800

6,163

8.701

8.108t

2230-2770
250-

419

6,950

9 200

L a r g e l y from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I I , 1928, w i t h revisions.

* G i v e n more a c c u r a t e l y b y the equation log p

5,800

1.257 l o g T +

f G i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y b y t h e e q u a t i o n l o g p
X G i v e n more a c c u r a t e l y b y the equation log p
(temperature

range, 419.5 to 1500).

G i v e n more a c c u r a t e l y b y the equation log p

( t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , 0 to 4 1 9 . 5 ) .

- 1.203 l o g T +

r
6,939.0

1.051 l o g T -

0.1458 l o g T -

12.107.
11.569.
0 . 0 0 0 1 2 5 5 T - f 12.0181

0.00028837* +

9.7756

400

METALLURGICAL

PROBLEMS

T A B L E X X I I I . V A P O E - P B E S S U R E CONSTANTS, M E L T I N G POINTS, A N D B O I L I N G POINTS

OF

COMPOUNDS

A a n d B for t h e l i q u i d s t a t e ; see preceding table for e x p l a n a t i o n

Compound

AgCI
A1 0
As 0
CH 0
CuCl
HgCl
KC1
KC1
KOH
NaCl
NaCl
NaCN
NaF
NaOH
2

Ni(CO)
PbCl
SbCl
Si0
2

Melting point,
degrees
centigrade

Normal
boiling
point,
degrees
centigrade

455
2045
313
-97
430
282
770

1560
2980
457
65
1490
305
1407

800

1322
1465

622
992
322
-25
498
72
1470-1700

1496
1700
1374
43
954
219
2230

T e m p e r a t u r e range
covered, degrees
centigrade

1255-1442
1840-2200
315-490
-10-80
878-1369
275-309
906-1105
1116-1418
1170-1327
976-1155
1156-1430
800-1360
1562-1701
1010-1402
2-40
500-950
170-253
1860-2230

9,690
28,200
6,656
2,002
4,220
3,190
9,120
8,870
7,110
9,420
9,720
8,120
11,400
6,900
1,566
7,420
2,576
26,400

8.179
11.55
11.988
8.955
5.275
8.409
8.353
8.130
7.330
8.330
8.548
7.472
8.640
7.030
7.780
8.961
8.090
13.43

6,010
5,816
2,441

16.24
12.127
9.824

A a n d B for t h e solid state ( s u b l i m a t i o n )

AlClj
As 0
SnCl
4

190 (2.5 a t m . )

-33

180
356
113

70-190
100-310
(-52) - (-38)

L a r g e l y f r o m " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I I , 1928.

TABLES
TABLE

X X I V . M X I M U M

VAPOE

PRESSURE

OF

WATER

(Or pressure of s a t u r a t e d steam)

Temperature,
C.

Pressure,
mm.

Hg

Pressure,

Tempera-

Tempera-

Ib. per

ture,

ture,

sq. i n .

F.

C.

Pressure,
mm.

Hg

Pressure,

Tempera-

Ib. per

ture,

Bq. i n .

F.

-30

0 3

0 006

-22

29

30.0

0 58

84

-25

0 5

0 009

-13

30

31.8

0 61

86

-20

0 8

0 015

32

35.7

0 69

90

-15

1 2

0 024

34

39.9

0 77

93

-10

2 0

0 038

5
14

36

44.6

0 86

97

3 0

0 058

23

38

49.7

0 96

100
104

3 9

0 076

28

40

55.3

1 07

4 6

0 089

32

45

71.9

1 39

113

2
4

5 3

0 103

36

50

92.5

1 79

122

6 1

0 118

39

55

118.0

2 28

131

7 0

0 136

43

60

149.4

2 89

140

8 0

0 155

46

65

187.5

3 63

149

10

9 2

0 178

50

70

233.7

4 52

158

11

9 8

0 190

52

75

289

5 60

167

12

10 5

0 203

54

80

355

6 88

176

13

11 2

0 217

55

85

434

8 40

185

14

12 0

0 232

57

90

526

10 16

194

15

12 8

0 248

59

95

634

12 2 6

203

16

13 6

0 263

61

100

760

14 7 0

212

17

14 5

0 281

63

110

1,075

20 80

230

18

15 5

0 300

64

120

1,491

28 85

248

19

16 5

0 319

66

130

2,030

39 26

266

20

17 5

0 339

68

140

2,718

5 2 55

284

21

18 6

0 360

70

150

3,581

69 26

302

22

19 8

0 383

72

160

4,652

89 96

320

23

21

0 408

73

170

5,962

115 2 9

338

24

22 4

0 433

75

180

7,546

145 93

356

25

23 8

0 461

77

190

9,443

182 61

374

26

25 2

0 488

79

200

11,689

226 04

392

27

26 7

0 516

81

210

14,325

277 01

410

28

28 3

0 548

82

220

17,390

336 30

428

B e l o w 0 C , p r e s s u r e s a r e t h o s e of i c e .

TABLE

X X V . M X I M U M

VAPOR

PRESSURE

OF

MERCURY

( I n m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y )
c.
-

30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

000005
000018
000061
000185
000490
001201
002777
006079
01267
02524
04825
08880
1582
2729
4572

C.

C.

120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260

0.746
1.186
1.845
2.807
4.189
6.128
8.796
12.423
17.287
23.72
32.13
42.99
56.85
74.37
96.30

270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400

V
123.5
156.9
197.6
246.8
305.9
376.3
459.7
557.9
672.7
806.2
960.7
1,138.4
1,341.9
1,574.1

" I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I I , 1928.

* 400-1300C:

log p =

7.752.

Heats of Formation.Tables X X V I to X L I X give the number of

calones liberated by the unin of the substances separated by commas
i n the first column. The unit is the gram-calorie per gram-mol of substance i n the second column and per gram of substance i n the t h i r d
column (or kilogram-calorie per kilogram, or pound-calorie per pound).
The item ( N a , As, 0 ) i n the first column followed by 366,000 i n the
second column is equivalent to w r i t i n g :
3

3Na + As + 4 0 = N a A s 0 ;
3

AH = -366,000

A minus sign i n the table before the number of calories indicates that
the heat is absorbed instead of liberated when the unin takes place, i.e.,
that AH is positive when the compound is formed.
To convert the vales given to B.t.u. per pound, m u l t i p l y by 1.8.
The figures i n the columns headed " T o dilute s o l u t i o n " are the vales
for the heat of formation when the end product is a dilute aqueous solution instead of the anhydrous substance. These vales include the heat
of solution of the substance i n a relatively large amount of water as well
as the heat of combination of the elements or compounds indicated. The
heat of formation or the heat of a reaction will vary somewhat w i t h
the concentration of the solution, but the variation grows smaller as the
solution becomes more dilute. The vales given, therefore, cannot be
taken as wholly fixed, but the designation " d i l u t e s o l u t i o n " indicates
that the amount of water is relatively large and sufficient to place the heat

403

TABLES

of solution i n the range where i t no longer changes rapidly w i t h change of

dilution. The amount of water associated vares for different compounds,
but whenever possible is given for a dilution of 1,000 molecules of H 0
per molecule of solute or as near to that dilution as possible.
I n writing reactions the presence of the water is sometimes shown by
the symbol (aq). Thus we may write:
2

3Na + As + 4 0 = Na AsO, ( a q ) ;

AH = -381,600 cal.

W i t h few exceptions the vales given are derived from those tabulated
by F. R. Bichowsky and F. D . Rossini, based on a revisin of vales
compiled by Bichowsky i n the " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Critical Tables," Vol. V ,
1929. The vales of heats of formation and heats of reaction vary w i t h
the temperature at which the reaction takes place. I t is stated by the
above writers that all the vales given have been either determined for
or calculated to the base temperature of 1 8 C ; i.e., the reacting substances and the producs both are at 18. I t is often convenient to use
the vales as though they were for the temperature of 0 C , and for most
purposes this can be done without introducing an error of any importance.
To obtain the correct vales for 0 C , we should subtract from the figure
given the heat content of the reacting substances at 18 (i.e., the difference
between the heat content at 0 and at 18) and add the heat content of
the producs at 18. Obviously these two quantities offset each other
and make the net change relatively small; i n most cases i t is likely to be
smaller than the probable error i n the vales given. The calorie used by
Bichowsky and Rossini is the defined calorie equal to 4.1850 absolute
joules or 4.1833 international joules.
1

" T h e T h e r m o c h e m i s t r y of t h e C h e m i c a l Substances,"
C o r p o r a t i o n , N e w Y o r k , 1936.
1

Ileinhold Publishing

404

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

XXVI.HEATS

PROBLEMS

E V O L V E D ( AH)

I N FORMATION or

Anhydrous
Formula

Per f o r m u l a
weight

( H , As, 0 . )
( H i , As, 0 )
(Ca , As , 0 )
( N a , As, 0 )

To dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

Per f o r m u l a
weight

214,900
794,000
366,000

B.

(3H 0, As 0 )
(3H 0, As 0 )
(3Ca0, A s 0 )
(3Na 0, As 0 )
2

TABLE

71,080
6,600
5,304

F r o m t h e Oxides a n d A s 0
2

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Formula

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

710
721
1,160

38,400
121,300
215,700

X X V I I . H E A T S E V O L V E D ( AH)

( H , B, 0 )
3

( N a , B , O7)
2

TABLE

Per f o r m u l a
weight

252,000
742,000

XXVIII.HEATS

23,300
16,140

(Ag, Br)
(Au, B r )
f H , B r ) , gas
(K, Br)
(Na, Br)
3

58,540
70,950

381,600

5,530

or A s 0 s
2

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

6,500
38,600

120
715

245,900

1,322

Per f o r m u l a
weight

246,000
752,500

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal
22,800
16,360

I N F O R M A T I O N OF BROMIDES

Anhydrous
Formula

175,300
214,500

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

E V O L V E D ( AH)

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

I N F O E M A T I O N OF BOEATES

Anhydrous
Formula

ARSENATES

F r o m the Elements

A.

Per f o r m u l a
weight

For unit
w e i g h t of
metal

23,800
14,500
8,660
94,030
86,330

221
74
8,600
2,405
3,754

T o dilute solution

Per f o r m u l a
weight

10,800
28,600
88,890
86,100

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

55
23,380
2,270
3,744

405

TABLES
TABLE

XXIX.HEATS

E V O L V E D ( AH)

I N FORMATION OF CARBIDES

Anhydrous
Formula

Per f o r m u l a
weight

(Ah,
(Ca,
(Ch,
(Cl ,
(Cr,,
(Fe

C)
C)
C ) , gas
C), liq.
C)
C)
( H , C)
( M n , , C)
( N i , C ), gas
(Na
O
( N i , C.)
( S C ) , gas
(Si, C ) , l i q .
(Si, C)
( T i , C)
4

TABLE

XXX.HEATS

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

60,000
14,600
25,400
33,200
140,000
5,200
18,240
23,000
-70,800
4,800
9,200
-22,000
-15,400
28,000
110,000

556
364
179
234
898
31
4,520
140
-2,530
104
157
343
240
1,000
2,300

E V O L V E D ( AH)

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

-64,100

-2,290

I N F O R M A T I O N OF CARBONATES A N D

BICARBONATES

A.

F r o m the Elements
Anhydrous

Formula

Per f o r m u l a
weight

(Ba, C, 0 )
(Ca, C, Os)
( C u , C, 0 . )
(Fe, C, 0 )
( H C, 0 )
( K C, 0 )
( M g , C, 0 )
( M n , C, 0 )
( N a , , C, 0 )
( N a , H , C, 0 )
(Pb, C, 0 )
( Z n , C, 0 )
3

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

290,900
289,500
135,500
172,800

2,117
7,223
2,130
3,094

275,000
267,800
218,000
270,600
226,400
168,800
193,300

3,517
11,000
3,977
5,883
9,843
814
2,957

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

167,500
281,400

83,100
3,599

276,200
222,300

6,005
9,665

406

METALLURGICAL

TABLE

XXX.HEATS

PROBLEMS

E V O L V E D ( AH)

I N FORMATION

OF CARBONATES A N D

BICARBONATES.(Concluded)

F r o m t h e M e t a l Oxides a n d C 0

B.

Per f o r m u l a

Formula
(BaO,
(CaO,
(CuO,
(FeO,
(H 0),
(K 0,
(MgO,
(MnO,
(Na 0,
(Na 0,
(PbO,
(ZnO,
2

weight

C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
C0 )
H 0 , 2C0 )
C0 )
C0 )

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

63,500
43,150
6 , 00
14, J50

414
775
78
196

94,300
27,800
27,050
76,400
106,650
21,900
15,500

1,000
690
382
1,230
1,720
98
191

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

15,300

850

100,700

1,071

82,000
98,450

1,320
1,588

C. D o l o m i t e f r o m t h e Carbonates
2,200

(MgCOs, C a C 0 )
3

TABLE

XXXI.HEATS

55 ( M g O )

E V O L V E D ( AH)

PERCHLORATES,

I N FORMATION

OF CHLORATES,

AND HYPOCHLORITES

F r o m the Elements
Anhydrous
Formula

Per f o r m u l a
weight

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

( H , C l , O)
( H , Cl, 03)
( H , Cl, 04)

19,350

19,200

( K , C l , O)

Per f o r m u l a
weight

29,800
20,800

29,600
20,640

39,600

39,300
2,203

86,140

(K, Cl, 0 )
(K, Cl, 0 )
( N a , C l , O)

91,330
112,100

(Na, Cl, 0 )
(Na, Cl, 0 )

83,600
101,130

2,334
2,866
3,635
4,404

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

81,060
100,430

2,071

83,500
78,220

2,569
3,630
3,400

97,300

4,230

407

TABLES
TABLE

X X X I I . H E A T S

EVOLVED

A.

( AH)

I N FORMATION

Per formula
weight

2
2

30,600
166,700
28,300

Formula

(KC1, M g C h )
(2KC1, MgCh)
(ZnCh, 2NHi)

P e r unit weight
of m e t a l

Per formula
weight

284
6.180
144

205,300
112,500
90,610
89,800
25,400
33,200
190,700
178,700
93,000
261.500
77,000
34,300
53,400
81,870
96,400
22,060
63,150
53,430
20,500
104,300
300,000
292,000
97,400
153,200
112,700
75,080
98,360
74,980
85,660
44,200
105,400
62,600
119,600
194,000
91,400
107,400
81,150
118,300
127,300
197,800
335,000
181.400
99,550
165,600

B.

CHLORIDES

T o dilute solution

Anhydrous

(Ag, C l )
(Al, C h )
(Au, C U )
(Au, H , C l i )
(Ba, C h )
(Be, C h )
(Bi, C l , )
(Bi, O, C l )
( C , C h ) gas
(C, C U ) liq.
(Ca, C h )
( C a , O, C h )
(Cd, C h )
(Ce, C h )
(Co, C h )
(Cu, Cl)
(Cu, C h )
(Fe, C h )
(Fe, C h )
( H , C l ) gas
(Hg , C h )
(Hg, C h )
(Ir, C h )
(K, Cl)
(K , Pt, CU)
(K , Pd, Ch)
(Li, Cl)
(Mg, C h )
(Mn, C h )
(N, H , Cl)
(Na, Cl)
(Ni, C h )
(Pb, C h )
(Pd, C h )
( P d , C h , N2, H )
(Pt, C l )
( P t , C h , N2, H e )
( P t , C h , N2, H a )
(Sb, C h ) solid
(Sb, C U ) solid
(Sn, C h )
(Sn, C h ) gas
(Sn, C h ) liq.
(Sr, C h )
(Th, C h )
(Ti, C h ) liq.
(Zn, C h )
(Zn, C h , N , H )

OP

F r o m the Elements

1,495
12,480
434
429
2,120
2,770
4,760
4,460
827
1,865
1,305
540
841
1,466
1,725
21,890
157
266
107
2,668
1.536 (Pt)
2,735 (Pd)
14,040
6,300
2,051
4,408 ( N H )
4,277
1,278
413
414
988
321
613
994
751
882
683
1,000
1,073
2,258
1,444
3,787
1,523
2.533
3

Per unit weight

of m e t a l

244,700
32,750
76,700
207,500
163,600

9,070
166
389
1,511
18,150

208,600
188,500
96,100
283,600
95,390

5,207
4.710
855
2,020
1,618

64.600
99,760
128.000
39,600

1,016
1,787
2,290
39,280

50,200
40,700
99,860
286.500
277,000
106,000
189,100
128,800
71,260
97,085
94,270
79,120

251
211
2,554
1,467 ( P t )
2,596 (Pd)
15,270
7,777
2,345
4,184 ( N H j )
4,222
1,606
382

82,000

420

185,600

952

209,100
392,000

2,387
1,689

115,300

1,763

C o m b i n a t i o n of Chlorides

Per formula
weight

3,040
2,480
44,200

P e r u n i t w e i g h t of
first c h l o r i d e

41
17
324

P e r u n i t w e i g h t of
second chloride

32
26
1,300

408

METALLURGICAL

TABLE

X X X I I I . H E A T S

EVOLVED

PROBLEMS

( AH)

I N FORMATION

OF

CHEOMATES

AND

BICHROMATES

A.

F r o m the Elements
Anhydrous

Formula

C r , 0<)
( K , Cr, 0 )
( K Cr , 0,)
( N a , Cr, 0 )
( N a , , C r , O,)
(Pb, C r , O4)

To dilute solution

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

333,400
488,500
319,800

4,263
6,247
6,952

210,200
328,100
471,300
322,300
465,600

104,300
4,196
6,027
7,007
10,122

221,400

1,069

(H,,
2

B.

Formula

( H , 0 , CrO )
(K,0, Cr0 )
(K,0, 2Cr0 )
(Na 0, Cr0 )
(Na 0, 2Cr0 )
(PbO, C r 0 )

F r o m t h e Oxides a n d C r 0

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

107,200
123,400
80,800

1,138
1,310
1,303

13,000
102,000
106,500
83,200
87,100

722
1,084
1,131
1,341
1,405

29,600

132

410

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

X X X V I . H E A T S

PROBLEMS

EVOLVED

A.

( AH)

I N FORMATION

OF HYDRATES

From the Elements

Anhydrous

T o dilute solution

Formula
Per formula

Per unit weight

Per formula

Per unit weight

weight

of m e t a l

weight

of m e t a l

11,300

(Al, O, H )

304,700

( B a , O2, H , )

225,900

1,644

( B e , O2, H2)

206,700

22,910

237,500

1,729

238,800

5,960

2,937
17,450

(Ca, O, H j )

236,100

5,890

( C d , O2, H2)

134,600

1,190

( C o , O2, H2)
( F e , O2, H j )

131,500

2,230

135,900

2,433

(Fe, 0 , , H , )

3,535

(K, O, H )

197,400
102,000

2,609

114,800

(Li, 0 , H )

116,000

16.800

121,000

8,980

( M g , O2, H )

219,000

( M n , O2, H2)

163,400

2,970

( M n , O, H j )

220,000

4,000

(Na, 0 , H )

101,900

2,212

( N i , O * , H2)

129,800

3,351

(Ni, O, H)

163,200

2,781

( P b , O2, H i )

123,000

5,940

( Z n , O2, H )

153,500

2,348

87,670

(N, H i , 0, H )

B.

Formula

F r o m t h e M c t a l l i c Oxides a n d H

5,147 ( N H , )

Per formula

P e r unit weight

Per formula

P e r unit weight

weight

of o x i d e

weight

of o x i d e

455

(AI2O1, 3 H 0 )

46,400

( B a O , H2O)

35,100

229

( B e O , H2O)

7,700

308

( C a O , H2O)

26,700

( C d O , H2O)

11,600

476
90

( C o O , H2O)

16,200

216

( F e O , H2O)

14,000

195

( F e i O j , 3H2O)

29.700

232

( K , 0 , H2O)
(L2O, H2O)

59,900

637

85,500

909

32,200

1,077

42,200

1,414

(MgO, H i O )

15,600

387

( M n O , H2O)

18,600

262

(MmOi,

39,500

250

( N H i , H2O)
( N 0 , H2O)

46,160

744

( N i O , H2O)

14,200

190

(PbO, H.O)

13,140

63

( Z n O , H2O)

12,300

146

3H 0)

a !

46,700

305

29,400

524

18.870

1,108

66,360

1,070

(NH)

411

TABLES
T A B L E X X X V I I . H E A T S E V O L V E D ( AH)
AND

I N F O R M A T I O N OP H Y D R I D E S

HYDROCARBONS

To dilute solution

A n h y drous

Formula

(As, H , )
(C, H)
(C , H )
(C , H )
( C , He)
(C , H )
(Ce, H ) gas
(Ce, He) l i q .
(C, H , 0 ) gas
(C, H , 0 ) l i q .
( C , H , 0 ) gas
(C , H , 0 ) l i q .
( N , H , ) , gas
( N , H), liq.
2

(P, H . )
(Pd , H )
(Pd , H )
(Pt, H )
(Ptio, H )
(Pti , H)
(Sb, H )
2

1 6

TABLE

Per
formula
weight

Per u n i t
weight of
element
which combines w i t h
hydrogen

-43,500
18,240
-53,900
-11,000
20,960
26,300
-20,300
-12,500
48,440
57,450
56,950
67,140
10,940
16,070
2,300
8,860
4,600
19,100
14,200
17,000
-35,100

-580
1,520
-2,246
-458
873
731
-282
-174
4,036
4,788
4,742
5,590
782
1,146
164
42
3
98
7
6
-288

X X X V I I I . H E A T S

(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)

E V O L V E D ( Ai?)

Anhydrous
Formula

Per
formula
weight

(Ag, I )
(Cu, I )
(Cu, I )
( H , I ) gas
(K, I )
(Na, I )

14,900
17,800
4,800
5,930
78,730
69,450

Per
formula
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
element
which combines w i t h
hydrogen

-49,900

-2,080

59,700

4,960 (C)

69,820

5,813 (C)

19,350

1,381

I N F O R M A T I O N OF I O D I D E S

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

Per
formula
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

139
280
76
-5,890
2,014
3,021

11,700
13,300
73,650
70,870

184
13,200
1,884
3,082

412

METALL

TABLE

X X X I X . H E A T S

URGICAL

EVOLVED
AND

PROBLEMS

( AH)

I N F O R M A T I O N OF

MANGANATES

PERMANGANATES

F r o m the Elements
Anhydrous
Formula

Per

To dilute solution

weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

192,900

4,933 ( K )

270,000

5,870 ( N a )

formula

(H, M n , 0 )
4

(K, M n , 0 )
(Na,, M n , 0 )
4

TABLE

XL.HEATS

EVOLVED

Per
formula
weight
29,400
224,040

102,800
73,100

( C u , N Oe)
(Fe, N , , Oe)
(Fe, N , , 0 )
( H , N , 0 ) gas

34,400

( H , N , Oa) l i q .
( K , N , Oa)
(N, H , N , 0 )
(Na, N , 0 )

41,660
118,093
87,930

(Pb, N , , Oe)
( Z n , N Oe)

106,890

weight
123,300
182,500

122,300
4,561 ( K )

I N F O R M A T I O N OF N I T R A T E S

(-AII)

Anhydrous

(Ag, N , O.)
(Ca, N 0 )
(Co, N , , Oe)

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

From the Elements

A.

Formula

Per
formula

111,720

To dilute solution

Per u n i t

Per

w e i g h t of
metal

formula
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

23,960
227,940
114,700

5,686
1,946

1,150

83,400
118,800
156,300

1,311
2,130
2,800

34,100
41,340

49,120

48,740

273
5,590
1,744

3,020
5,163 ( N H )

110,100
81,480

4,857
516

107,300
99,280

134,700

222

2,817
4,784 ( N H )
4,668
3

479
2,060

413

TABLES
TABLE

XL.HEATS

EVOLVED

B.

( AH)

Per
formula

Formula

weight
(Ag 0,

N A )

(CaO,

N A )

(CoO, N 0 )
(CuO, N A )
2

(FeO,

46,100

214

72,200
45,400

1,286
606

35,200

443

11,640

647
842

34,820
76,200
57,300
45,500
54,800
115,900

15,160
150,100

(KA, N A )
(2NH , H 0 , N A )
3

94,940
124,000
55,030

(Na 0, N A )
(PbO, N A )
2

(ZnO,

40,560

1,594
2,788 ( N H )
2,000
3

265

N A )

TABLE

XLI.HEATS

EVOLVED

( AH)

Per f o r m u l a
weight

80,000
70,800

65,500

(Al, N )
( C , N ) gas
(C , N ) l i q .
(Ca, No)
(Ca , N )

(Fe , N )
( H , N ) gas
4

75,800
109,000
1,100
10,940
16,070

(H , N) liq.
(Mg , N )
3

(Mn, N )
6

(Si N )
4

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide
161
1,358
765
572
762
726
2,250

133,600
82,040

1,418
2,410 ' ( N H )

114,950
47,000
50,100

1,855
210

I N FORMATION

616

OP N I T R I D E S

To dilute solution

Anhydrous

Formula

NITRATES.(Concluded)

weight

OP

A
Per
formula

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
oxide

N A )

(Fe 0 , 3 N A )
( H 0 , N 0 ) gas
(H 0, N A ) liq.
2

I N FORMATION

F r o m t h e Oxides a n d N

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

2,970
-2,950
-2,730

-64,100

-2,670

19,350

6,400

-1,890
-

907
20
3,620
5,320
1,590

116,000
94,000

-1,711

157,000

1,855

414

METALLURG1CAL
TABLE

X L I I . H E A T S EVOLVED

PROBLEMS
( AH)

I N FORMATION

Anhydrous
Formula

(Ag., 0 )
(Al,, 0.)
(As,, 0 )
( A s , 0 ) gas
(As,, 0 )
(Au , 0 )
(B , 0 )
(Ba, 0 )
(Ba, 0 )
(Be, 0 )
(Bi , 0 )
(C, 0 )
(C, 0 )
(Ca, 0 )
(Cd, 0 )
(Ce, 0 )
(Co, 0 )
(Co , 0 )
(Cr, 0 )
(Cr , 0 )
(Cu, 0 )
(Cu , 0 )
(Fe, 0 )
(Fe , 0 )
(Fe , 0 )
( H , 0 ) gas
( H , 0) liq.
( H , 0 ) gas
( H , 0 ) liq.
(Hg, 0)
(Hg , 0)
(Ir, 0 )
(K , 0)
(Li , 0)
(Mg, 0)
(Mn, 0)
(Mn,, 0 )
(Mn , 0 )
(Mn, 0 )
(Mo, 0,)
(Mo, 0 )
(Mo, 0 )
( N , , 0 ) gas
3

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

6,950
380,000
154,000
250,000
217,900
-11,000
280,000
133,000
151,600
135,000
137,100
26,840*
94,450*
151,600
65,200
233,400
57,600
196,500
139,300
273,000
38,500
42,500
64,300
266,000
198,500
57,801
68,370
33,590
45,200
21,700
21,500
50,000
86,300
142,000
146,100
96,500
345,000
233,000
123,000
130,000
176,500

32
7,045
1,026
836
1,453
-28
12,930
970
1,104
14,970
328
2,235*
7,873*
3,790
581
1,666
978
1,111
2,678
2,625
606
335
1,151
1,588
1,777
28,678
33,920
16,665
22,425
108
54
259
1,105
10,200
6.007
1,757
2,094
2,121
2,239
1,355
1,840

-19,650

-701

OP

OXIDES

T o dilute solution

Per f o r m u l a w e i g h t

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

149,000

992

224,000

1,490

287,500

13,280

2 9 , 6 0 0 (sat. soln.)
9 9 , 2 1 0 (sat. soln.)

2,467
8,261

141,800

2,726

45,660

22,650

178,000
163,000
-13,400

1,855
1,700
-478

415

TABLES
TABLE

XLII.HEATS

EVOLVED

( AH)

FORMATION

Anhydrous
Formula

(N, 0 )
(N, 0 )
( N , 0<) gas
( N , 0 ) gas
(Na , 0 )
(Na , 0 )
(Ni, 0 )
( 0 , 0 ) (ozone)
2

(Os, O 4 ) gas
(Os, O 4 ) solid
0 )
(Pb, 0 )
(Pb,, 0 )
(Pb, 0 )
(Pd, 0 )
(S, 0 ) gas
(S, 0 ) gas
(Sb,, 0 )
(Sb,, O 4 )
(Sb,, 0 )
(Se, 0 , )
(Si, 0 , )
(Sn, 0 , )
(P2,

(Sr, 0 )
( T a , , Os)
(Te, 0 , )
(Th, 0,)
(Ti, 0 )
(TI,, 0 )
(3, 0 )
(U, 0 )
(V,, 0 )
( V , , Os)
(W, 0 . )
(Zn, 0 )
(Zr, 0 , )
2

Per f o r m u l a
weight

OXIDES.(Concluded)

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

-21,500
-8,030
-3,060
-600
99,450
119,200

-1,540
-573
-109
-21
2,162
2,592

57,800
-34,500
80,000
93,500
366,900
52,500
172,400
65,000
21,500
70,940
93,900
165,800
213,000
231,000
56,360
201,000
138,000
140,600
499,000
77,580
293,000
218,000
42,200
845,200
291,600
330,000
437,000
195,700
83,500
258,100

985

!
Per f o r m u l a w e i g h t

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
metal

-32,700
419
490
5,912
253
277
314
202
2,212
2,930
672
874
949
714
7,160
1,163
1,606
1,379
608
1,262
4,551
103
1,183
1,225
3,238
4,290
1,064

79,150
139,000
128,300

2,470
4,340
527

228,000
55,500

936
701

76,500

600

1,277
2,829

* T h e s e vales a r e f o r carbn i n t h e f o r m of d i a m o n d .
are considerably higher.

OP

Vales f o r a m o r p h o u s carbn, a s i n f u e l s ,

W e r e c o m m e n d u s e of t h e figures 2 9 , 1 6 0 a n d 9 7 , 2 0 0 f o r C O a n d CO2, r e s p e c -

t i v e l y , e q u i v a l e n t t o 2 , 4 3 0 a n d 8 , 1 0 0 p e r u n i t w e i g h t of carbn, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

418

METALLURGICAL

TABLE

X L V . H E A T S EVOLVED

P ROBLE

(Aff)

I N F O R M A T I O N OF SOME

Anlrydrous

B.

Formula

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
sodium

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
sodium

358,700

7,800

360,000
453,300

5,220
4,928

381,300

8,290

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
Na 0

F r o m t h e Oxides

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t
w e i g h t of
Na 0
2

(Na,0, A1 0 )
(Na 0, Mo0 )
(Na 0 , 2Pb0 )
(3Na 0, Sb 0 )
(2Na 0, Sn0 )
2

(Na,0, U 0 )
(3Na,0, V 0 )
(Na 0, WO3)
( N a 0 , ZnO)
3

SALTS

T o dilute solution

11,830
7,910
8,800
5,060
4,020
10,870
6,510
8,500
4,065

364,000
202,400
349,000
370,000
500,000
449,000
391,000
187,000

Per f o r m u l a
weight

272,000

(Na, A l , 0,)
(Na , Mo, 0 )
(Na, Pb, 0,)
( N a , , Sb, 0 )
( N a , Sn, 0 )
(Na,, U , 0 )
(Na,, V , 0 )
(Na,, W, 0 )
(Na,, Zn, 0,)

SODIUM

F r o m the Elements

A.

Formula

AfS

64,500
88,000
155,600
169,650
32,400
108,950
161,600
95,850
4,050

1,040
1,420
1,995 ( N a , 0 , )
913
261
1,755
870
1,545
65

82,750

1,332

201,650
115,700

1,084
933

86,150

1,388

419

TABLES
TABLE

XLVI.HEATS

EVOLVED

{ AH)

IN

FORMATION

OF SULPHATES, E T C .

F r o m the Elements

A.

Anhydrous

T o dilute solution

formula
Per formula
weight

( A g , , S , O)
(Ala, S i , OH)
( B a , S , O4)
( C a , S , O4)
( C d , S , O4)
( C o , S , O4)
(Cr; S i , O H ) ( v i o l e t )
( C r s , S i , OH) (green)
( C u , S , O4)
(Fe, S, 0 )
(Fes, S i , OH)
(H, S, Os)
( H j , S , O4)
( K i , S , O4)
( K , H , S , O4)
( K , A l , S i , Os)
(Mg, S, 0 )
( M n , S , O4)
( N , H s , S , O4)
(Na, S , 0 )
( N a j , S, 0 )
( N a , H , S , O4)
( N a ! , S i , Os)
( N i , S , O4)
( P b , S , O4)
( Z n , S , O4)
4

B.
nula

(AgjO, SOs)
(AI1O1, 3 S 0 )
(BaO, SOi)
(CaO, SOi)
(CdO, SOj)
(CoO, SOs)
( C n O i , 3 S 0 ) (violet)
( C r j O s , 3 S O s ) (green)
(CuO, SOj)
(FeO, SOi)
( F e O i , 3SOs)
(H!0, SOi)
( H 0 , SOs)
( K ! 0 , SOs)
(K2O, 2 S O s , H2O)
( K 0 , A U O i , 4SOs)
( M g O , SO3)
(MnO, S0 )
( 2 N H s , H2O, SO3)
( N a 0 , SO2)
(Na 0, SOj)
( N a 0 , 2 S O j , H2O)
(NaiS, SOs)
( N i O , SO3)
( P b O , SO3)
(ZnO, SOs)
3

170,100
770,000
349,400
340,700
222,220
216,700

790
14,820
2,543
8,500
1,977
3,677

184,700
221,300

2,905
3,963

193,750
342,660
276,850
569,000
304,950
251,200
281,460
261,200
330,480
269,040
258,500
216,000
218,500
233,400

Per unit weight

of m e t a l

2
2

165,600
896,000
344,100
344,750
232,900
231,700
771,400
767,800
200,640
236,000
653,200
146,700
212,400
336,170
273,800
617,500
325,300
265,000
279,000
263,900
330,630
270,800
260,500
231,100

768
17,250
2,504
8,601
2,072
3,931
7,416
7,381
3,156
4,226
5,850
72,500
105,400
4,299
7,002
22,900 (Al)
13,380
4,824
8,190 ( N H i )
5,737
7,188
11,770
5,663
3,938

251,950

F r o m M e t a l l i c Oxides a n d S 0

Per formula
weight

Per unit weight

of o x i d e

69,250
108,300
122,100
95,100
63,100
65,300

299
1,060
797
1,696
492
872

52,300
63,100

657
878

Per unit weight

of m e t a l

96,130
4,382
7,080
21,100 (Al)
12,540
4,573
8,262 ( N H i )
5,678
7,184
11,697
5,620
3,680
1,054
3,572

Per formula
weight

42,050
162,560
221,900
296,200
64,950
60,800
107,760
90,830
137,130
193,030
74,800
63,700
72,140
56,000

2,334
1,722
2,356
2 , 9 0 9 (AI2O1)
1,610
858
3,163 ( N H i )
1,465
2,212
3,113
958 ( N a S )
853
323
689
2

3,855

Per formula
weight

Per unit weight

of o x i d e

64,750
234,300
116,800
99,150
73,800
80,300
216,700
213,100
68,240
77,800
173,000
17,960
60,700
156,100
215,400
393,200
85,300
74,600
105,300
93,530
137,280
196,550
76,800
78,800

279
2,300
762
1,768
575
1,070
1,424
1,402
858
1,081
1,083
997
3,370
1,657
2,290
3 , 8 6 3 (AI1O1)
2,113
1,050
3,091 ( N H i )
1,509
2,214
3,170
984 ( N a i S )
1,054

105,600

1,300

420

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

X L V I I . H E A T S EVOLVED

PRO B L E

(Ai/)

MS

I N FORMATION OF SULPHIDES

Anhydrous
Formula

5,500
140,500
20,000
111,000
-22,000
-15,400
113,500
34,700
22,300
39,900
11,600
18,950
23,100
35,500
5,300
10,870
121,500
82,200
47,400
89,900
20,800
22,200
36,000
22,700
44,000

( A g , S)
s

( A l t , S.)
(As,, S.)
(Ba, S)
(C, S,) gas
( C , S,) l i q .
(Ca, S)
( C d , S)
(Co, S)
(Co,, S.)
( C u , S)
( C u , , S)
(Fe, S)
(Fe, S,)
( H S)
( H g , S)
( K , , S)
( M g , S)
( M n , S)
( N a , , S)
( N i , S)
(Pb, S)
(Sb,, S.)
(Sn, S)
( Z n , S)

TABLE

XLVIII.HEATS

Formula

(H,
(O,
(N,
(Cl,

Per f o r m u l a
weight

H )

O)
N)
Cl)

T o dilute solution

Per u n i t
weight
of m e t a l

Per f o r m u l a
weight

26
2,705
133
809
-1,830
-1,282
2,835
309
379
339
183
149
414
636
2,650
54
1,554
3,380
862
1,955
355
107
148
191
674

Per u n i t
weight
of m e t a l

118,500

862

119,700

2,990

9,900

4,910

110,600
108,000

1,415
4,440

105,200

2,288

EVOLVED ( A / / ) I N FORMATION OF M O L E C U L A R
ATOMIC GASES

FROM

Per f o r m u l a
weight

Per u n i t w e i g h t
of element

Per l i t e r of gas
formed,
gram-calories

102,900
117,400
169,300
56,900

51,050
3,670
6,040
802

4,590
5,240
7,550
2,540

421

TABLES
TABLE

XLIX.HEATS

EVOLVED

(A//)

I N FORMATION

OF

MISCELLANEOUS

COMPOUNDS

Formula

( A u , Hgioo)
(Cd, H g )
( C d , Zno. )
(Cd, Z n i . )
( C d , Zrw.ei)
(Cu, A l , )
( C u , , Sb)
( C u , Se)
( C u , , Se)
( C u , , Sn)
(Cu,, Te)
( C u , , Zna)
(Fe, A l . )
( F e , Si)
(Mg , Al )
(Mg, Zn,)
(Na, H g )
(Na, Hg, .s)
( N a , Hg oo)
(Pb, Hgioo)
(Sn, B i )
(Sn, B i , )
(Sn,, B i )
(Sn, H g )
(Zn, H g )
( Z n , Sn,)
(Zn, Sn .i)
5 5

36

6 0

6 6

Per f o r m u l a
weight
-2,000
500
-3,600
-6,900
-6,000
84,000
2,400
19,000
14,500
7,900
6,000
16,000
25,100
-20,000
49,000
13,150
18,500
19,600
20,070
-2,500
370
-170
-120
-2,540
-2,300
-6,000
-5,000

Per u n i t w e i g h t of
first element
-10
5
-32
-61
-53
1,320
13
299
114
41
47
126
449
-119
504
541
805
852
872
-12
3
- 2
- 1
-21
-37
-92
-77

Per u n i t w e i g h t of
second element
0
0
-153
-82
-20
1,555
20
241
184
67
47
82
186
-713
606
104
46
4
0
0
2
- 1
- 1
0
0
-25
-422

422

METALLURGICAL

TABLE L . N E T

HEATS

OF COMBUSTIN
LIQUID

PROBLEMS
( L O W C A L O E I F I C P O W E E S ) OF GASEOUS A N D
FUELS

( W a t e r v a p o r f o r m e d i n combustin n o t condensed)
A. Gases
Formula

Kilogram-calories
per cubic m e t e r

ame

B . t . u . per
cubic f o o t

H
H S
CO
NH
CH
C H
C H
C H6
CaH
C H6
CaHs
C4H8
C Hio
CeHe
2

Hydrogen
H y d r o g e n sulphide
Carbn monoxide
Ammonia
Methane
Acetylene
Ethylene
Ethane
A l l y l e n e (propyne)
Propylene
Propane
Butylene
B u t a n e (isobutane)
Benzene (benzol)

2,582
5,514
3,034
3,385
8,560
13,440
14,480
15,110
19,420
20,670
21,650
27,060
28,220
33,490

290
620
341
380
962
1,510
1,627
1,698
2,182
2,322
2,433
3,041
3,171
3,763

B . Liquids
Formula

OeHfi
C7H8
CH4O
C H 0
C H 0
cs
2

ame
Benzene (benzol)
Toluene (toluol)
M e t h y l alcohol
E t h y l alcohol
Acetone
Carbn bisulphide

Kilogram-calories
per k i l o g r a m

B . t . u . per p o u n d

9,632
9,708
4,676
6,435
6,810
2,880

17,340
17,470
8,417
11,580
12,260
5,185

T o o b t a i n t h e gross or h i g h c a l o r i f i c p o w e r ( w a t e r v a p o r c o n d e n s e d ) , a d d t h e f o l l o w i n g :

F o r g a s e s , 4 7 1 C a l . p e r c u b i c m e t e r o r 5 3 B . t . u . p e r c u b i c foot for e a c h m o l of H2 i n t h e g a s .
F o r l i q u i d s , 1 0 , 5 6 0 C a l . p e r k i l o g r a m - m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t or 1 9 , 0 0 0 B . t . u . p e r p o u n d - m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t for
e a c h m o l of H2 i n t h e l i q u i d .
2

V o l u m e s m e a s u r e d a t s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s ( 0 C , 7 6 0 m m . , or 3 2 F . , 2 9 . 9 2 i n . ) .

423

TABLES
i

ASIK

LI.THERMAL

RESISTIVITY

OF

VARIOUS

MATERIALS

( M o s t of t h e vales m u s t be regarded as t y p i c a l , subject t o v a r i a t i o n i n different

samples)
Density in
bulk, grams

Material

centimeter

cube

0.14

Asbestos paper
Asbestos

0.8-1.

1,380

7,200

550

2,900

2.53

220-150

1.75

Carbn

1.5

Carborundum

2.0

200
2.6-1.7
17
12.5-10

Concrete

2.1

Copper

8.9

200-60

Glass

2.6

140-130

G r a p h i t e , solid

1.8

0.70-0.87

G y p s u m , plaster

0.74

I r o n , sheet

7.3

1.65-1.66

Magnesia, 85 %

0.3

1,330

Magnesite brick

2.5

41-21

300

21.1

1135
1000

100
20

8,300-5,000

100

10,000
1,040-310
730-680
3.654.53
I , 560
8.6-8.65
6,900
210-110
8.2-13.7

16.2-12.7

84.3-66.1

1.44-1.38

1.35
15,600-8,060

1.57-2.64
170-240

Platinum

20
360-1500

110

1,920

Mica

100-1000

20

1,600-970

13.6

65
0-100

1000

0.20-0.50

M e r c u r y (liquid)

65-52

25

570

0.05-0.35

Manganin

88

0
650-1250

42

Diatomite

1.8-2.8

1,040
13.5-8.8

C.

220

Cork

Fire-clay brick

1,150-780

at which
determined,*

1,820

0.26

0.33

5,700-5,200

Temperature

9,500

3,000-1,550

F e l t , wool

per second

150

Brick, common red

2.8

thickness

22,600

Bauxite brick

C h r o m e brick

inch

30

1,100-1,000

0.18

B . t . u . per

B q u a r e foot p e r

4,340

0.40

Carborundum brick

880-1,250
7.5-7.2

30
100-1500
20-100
400-1500
30
18-100
30
100-1200
18-100
0-50
50
18-100

96

500

90

2.25

77

400

20

Sawdust

0.20

1,670

8,700

Silica, fused

2.20

100-94

520-490

20-100

Silica brick

1.6

140-75

730-390

100-1000

S i l - O - C e l brick

0.5

930

4,840

870

2.300

12,000

25

Porcelain
Sandstone

0.2-0.25

S i l - O - C e l powder

0.15-0.30

Slag wool
Slate,

X cleavage

S l a t e , 1| c l e a v a g e
7.2

Steel

30

2,400-1,900

12,500-10,000

30

65-77

340-400

95

37-44

190-230

2.2

II. 4

95
18-100
150

17,000

88,000

Water

1.0

167

870

20

W o o d , w h i t e p i n e , JL g r a i n . .

0.45

930

4,840

60

W o o d , w h i t e p i n e , || g r a i n .

0.45

Wool

0.09

Vacuum

wool

Charcoal

per
2

per centimeter

Alundum
Asbestos, air-cel

ohms

per cubic

0.00129

Air

Resistivity, F.

Resistivity,
thermal

390
2,700-2,000

R e c i p r o c a l of t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y .

2,030
14,000-10,500

60
0-60

L a r g e l y from " International Critical T a b l e a , " V o l . V ,

1929.
2

One thermal ohm =

1C. per watt =

1 C . p e r j o u l e p e r s e c o n d (see p. 3 1 5 ) .

T o c o n v e r t f r o m t h e u n i t p e r c e n t i m e t e r c u b e to t h e u n i t p e r i n c h c u b e , d i v i d e t h e v a l u g i v e n

b y 2.54.
* T h e t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e of m o s t s o l i d s d e c r e a s e s w i t h r i s e of t e m p e r a t u r e ; t h a t of m o s t m e t a l a a n d
alloys increases.

424

METALLURGICAL
TABLE

LII.TOTAL

Material

Black body, theoretical. . . .

Alumina
A l u m i n u m , highly polished.
A l u m i n u m , oxidized
A l u m i n u m paint
Asbestos
B l a c k paint, smooth
B l a c k paper
Brass, polished
Brass, oxidized
C a s t iron, liquid
C a s t iron, new
C a s t iron, polished
C a s t iron, oxidized
Chromite
Chromium

PROBLEMS

EMISSIVITIES

E at 50C.

OF

VABIOUS

a t 300C.

Eat

0.11

1.00
0.10
0.055
0 . 1 5 (400)

1.00

.27-0.67
0.93
0.68
0.64
0.04

(200)

500C.

' 0.95
0.035
0 . 6 1 (200)
0.21

0.17
0.56
0.99
0.11

SUBFACES

0.39
0.77
0.03
0.60
0.49
0.33
0.03
0.90
0.65

0.67

(400)

0.59
0.28

(600)
(1200-1750)

0.71

(400)

0.78
0.99
0.37
0.16
0.15
0.20
0.70
0.09
0.61

(600)
(1000)
(1000)
(1075)
(1300)
(1000)
(1000)
(1000)
(1170)

0.37

(126)

0.89
0.91
0.85

1200)
440)
( 4 7 0' " )

0.096
0.292

(725)
(2600)

0.46
0.17
0.88

(600)
(1000)
(1300)

0.124
.0.175

(1000)
(1700)

0.72
0.038

(1000)
(600^

0.28
0.57
0.79

(1600)
(600)
(600\

0.39

(3250)

0 . 19
0.26
0.70
0.73

0.82

0.23
0.28
0.47
0.56

0.95-0.

Molybdenum,

0.10
0.06
0.07

0.63

(200)

0.14

0.23
0.73
0.79

(400)

0.07
0 . 9 2 (400)
0.95
0.98

0.40
0.09
0.23

filament.

Monel metal, b r i g h t . . . .
Monel metal, oxidized. .
Nickel, bright
Nickel, oxidized
Plaster

0.05
0.50
0.045
0.35
0.60

P l a t i n u m , polished

0.035

0.08

Porcelain
Silicon
Sil ver, polished
Silvered paper
Steel, liquid
Steel, calorized
S t e e l , >xidized
Steel, stainless, r o u g h . . . .
Stone, building
T i n , bright
T i n pate
T u n g s t e n , aged
filament.
Wood
Zinc, bright
Zinc, oxidized
Zirconia

0.25
0.72
0.02
0.07

0.50

0.60
0.04
0.04
0.032
0.60
0.04
0.06

0.41
0.087
0.40

0.38
0.48

0.03
0.52
0.79
0.44

1.00
0 039 (230)
0.19
(600)
0.45
(127)

0.60

Iron rust
Lampblack
L e a d , oxidized
Lime
Magnesia
Magnesium

E a t other
temperatures

(200)

Copper, liquid
Copper, calorized
Copper, oxidized
Copper, polished
C u p r o u s oxide
F i r e clay, white
Glass
Gold, enamel
G o l d , polished
Graphite, mat
G r a p h i t e , polished
Hematite
Iron, galvanized, bright
Iron, galvanized, gray oxidized.
Iron, sheet
Iron, R u s s i a n sheet
Iron-oxide scale

(200)
(200)
(200)

0 . 5 5 (400)
0 . 7 9 (400)
0.36

0 . 1 1 (400)
0.09

' F r o m R I C H A R D S , J O S E P H W., " Metallurgical Calculations," M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company, I n c . ,

N e w Y o r k , 1918, w i t h a d d i t i o n s .
M o s t of t h e vales m u s t be r e g a r d e d m e r e l y a s t y p i c a l , s u b j e c t t o
v a r i a t i o n w i t h s m a l l c h a n g e s i n c h a r a c t e r of t h e s u r f a c e .
Sorne d a t a also from H . C . H o t t e l i n Hermn
j . Stoever's " A p p l i e d H e a t T r a n s m i s s i o n , " M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o m p a n y , I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1941.

425

TABLES

T A B L E L U I . E L E C T B I C A L CONDUCTIVITIES A N D SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS

( C o n d u c t i v i t i e s i n reciprocal o h m s per c e n t i m e t e r cube, for aqueous Solutions a t 18C.)

Salt

Per c e n t

Normality

Specific
gravity,
18C.

Conductivity

Temperature
coefficient
4

AgXO,

5
10
15
20
25
30
35

0.307
0.641
1.006
1.407
1.847
2.332
2.872

1.042
1.089
1.140
1.196
1.256
1.321
1.394

0.0256
0.0476
0.0683
0.0872
0.1058
0.1239
0.1406

0.0218
0.0217
0.0215
0.0212
0.0210
0.0209
0.0207

CuSO,

2.5
5.0
10.0
15.0
17.5

0.321
0.658
1.387
2.194
2.631

1.025
1.051
1.107
1.167
1.200

0.0109
0.0189
0.0320
0.0421
0.0458

0.0213
0.0216
0.0218
0.0231
0.0236

FeS0

3.68
7.11
13.36
18.95
21.86

0.50
1.00
2.00
3.00
3.56

1.034
1.069
1.137
1.202
1.236

0.0154
0.0258
0.0390
0.0461
0.0470

0.0218
0.0218
0.0223
0.0231
0.0243

H SOa

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

1.053
2.176
3.376
4.655
6.019
7.468
9.011
10.649
12.396
14.258

1.033
1.067
1.104
1.141
1.181
1.221
1.262
1.306
1.351
1.398

0.2085
0.3915
0.5432
0.6527
0.7171
0.7388
0.7243
0.6800
0.6164
0.5405

0.0121
0.0128
0.0136
0.0145
0.0154
0.0162
0.0170
0.0178
0.0186
0.0193

KC1

5
10
15
20

0.691
1.427
2.208
3.039

1.031
1.064
1.098
1.133

0.0690
0.1359
0.2020
0.2677

0.0201
0.0188
0.0179
0.0168

KCN

3.25
6.50

0.506
1.029

1.015
1.032

0.0527
0.1026

0.0207
0.0193

426

METALLURGICAL

PBOBLEMS

T A B L E L U I . E L E C T B I C A L CONDUCTIVITIESA N D SPECIFIC G E A V I T I E S OF SOLUTIONS.

(Concluded)

Salt

NaCl

Per c e n t

NaOH

Specific
gravity,
18C.

Conductivity

Temperature
coefficient*

25

1.034
1.071
1.109
1.148
1.190

0.0672
0.1211
0.1642
0.1957
0.2135

0.0217
0.0214
0.0212
0.0216
0.0227

5
10
15

0.991
2.082
3.277

1.051
1.104
1.159

0.0451
0.0705
0.0836

0.0252
0.0271
0.0294

2.5

0.641
1.319
2.779
4.381
6.122
8.002
10.015

1.028
1.057
1.113
1.170
1.226
1.282
1.337

0.1087
0.1969
0.3124
0.3463
0.3270
0.2717
0.2022

0.0194
0.0201
0.0217
0.0249
0.0299
0.0368
0.0450

0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0

1.038
1.076
1.150
1.222

0.0153
0.0254
0.0385
0.0452

0.0231
0.0227
0.0241
0.0250

0.651
1.371
2.169
3.053
4.040
5.124

1.051
1.107
1.167
1.232
1.304
1.379

0.0191
0.0321
0.0415
0.0468
0.0480
0.0444

0.0225
0.0223
0.0228
0.0241
0.0258
0.0273

5
10
15
20
25
30
NiSO-4

3.72
7.19
13.46
18.47

ZnSQ

5
10
15
20
25
30

0.884
1.830
2.843
3.924
5.085

5
10
15
20

Na CO-3

Normality

F r o m L A N D O L T a n d B O R N S T E I N , " P h y s i k a l i s c h - c h e m i s c h e T a b e l l e n , " J u l i u s S p r i n g e r , Berln, 1 9 2 3 ,

327, 1931.

Determinations mostly b y K o h l r a u s c h ; F e S C h a n d NSO4 b y K l e i n .

G r a m s of s a l t o r c o m p o u n d

G r a m equivalents per liter.

p e r 1 0 0 g. of s o l u t i o n ,

* T h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a t 1 8 i n c r e a s e s b y t h i s f r a c t i o n of i t s e l f f o r e v e r y r i s e of I
determined only to 26).

above 1 8 (mostly

TA
TABLE

LIV.UNIT

A.

427

BLES
CONVERSIN

TABLES

L e n g t h , or L i n e a r Measure

1 millimeter =

0.03937 i n c h

1 centimeter

=
=

0.3937 i n c h
3 . 9 3 7 inches

1 meter
1 meter

= 0.3281 foot
= 3 9 . 3 7 0 inches
= 3 . 2 8 1 feet

1 meter
1 kilometer
1 kilometer

1.0936 y a r d s

=
=

3 , 2 8 1 feet
0.6214 m i l e

1 decimeter
1 decimeter

inch = 25.40 millimeters

inch =
2 . 5 4 0 centimeters
i n c h 0.2540 decimeter
foot =
3 . 0 4 8 decimeters
inch =
0.0254 m e t e r
foot =
0.3048 meter
yard =
foot =

0.9144 m e t e r
0.000305 k i l o m e t e r

mile =

5,280 feet = 1.609 k i l o m e t e r s

B.

A r e a , o r Square Measure

square i n c h
= 00 .00155
1550 square i n c h
=
1 square decimeter
inches
= 15.0 . 501076square
1 square decimeter
square foot
= 10 .764 square feet
1 square m e t e r
= 1. 1960 square y a r d s
1 square m e t e r
=
1 square m e t e r
000247 acre
= 02 471
1 hectare
acres
= 247. 1 acres
1 square k i l o m e t e r
= 0 . 3 8 6 1 square
=
square i n c h =
6 4 5 . 2 square m i l l i m e t e r s
1 square m i l l i m e t e r
1 square c e n t i m e t e r

mile

1
1 square
1 square

inch =
6 . 4 5 2 square centimeters
inch =
0.0645 square decimeter
l square f o o t =
9 . 2 9 0 square decimeters
square foot =
0.0929 square m e t e r
1 square y a r d =
0 . 8 3 6 1 square m e t e r
1 acre
= 4 , 8 4 0 square y a r d s = 4,047 square me

acre
1 square m i l e

=
=

0.4047 hectare
640 acres = 2.590 square k i l o m e t e r s

C. V o l u m e , o r Cubic Measure
1 cubic c e n t i m e t e r = 0.0610 cubic i n c h
1 cubic c e n t i m e t e r = 0 . 0 3 3 8 1 fluid ounce
1 liter
= 6 1 . 0 3 cubic inches
liter
2.1134 p i n t s
liter
=
1.0567 q u a r t s ( l i q . )

1
1

1 liter
1 galln ( B r i t i s h )
1 liter
1 liter
1 hectoliter

0 . 2 6 4 2 galln ( U . S.)
1.201 gallons ( U . S.)

=
=
=

0.9081 quart (dry)

0.1135 peck ( U . S.)
2.8377 bushels ( U . S.)

428

METALL
TABLE

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

URGI

L I V . U N I T CONVERSIN

1 cubic m e t e r
1 cubic m e t e r
cubic i n c h
=
fluid ounce
=
cubic i n c h
=
pint
=
q u a r t (liq.)
=
galln ( U . S . ) =
galln ( U . S . ) =
quart (dry)

peck ( U . S . )
=
bushel ( U . S . ) =
cubic f o o t
=
cubic y a r d
=

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

PROBLEMS
TABLES.(Cordinued)

= 3 5 . 3 1 4 cubic feet
=
1.3079 cubic y a r d s
16.387 cubic c e n t i m e t e r s
2 9 . 5 7 cubic c e n t i m e t e r s
0.01639 l i t e r
2 8 . 8 8 cubic inches = 0.47318 l i t e r
5 7 . 7 5 cubic inches = 0.94635 l i t e r
3.7854 l i t e r s
0.8237 galln ( B r i t i s h )
6 7 . 2 1 cubic inches = 1.1012 l i t e r s
8.8098 l i t e r s
0.3524 h e c t o l i t e r
0.02832 cubic m e t e r
0.7646 cubic m e t e r
D.

1 grain

CAL

Weight

gram
= 15.432 grains
gram
= 0.03527 ounce ( a v o i r . )
gram
= 0.03215 ounce ( t r o y )
gram
= 0.00220 p o u n d ( a v o i r . )
kilogram
= 2.20462 p o u n d s ( a v o i r . )
kilogram
= 2.67923 pounds ( t r o y )
metric t o n = 2,204.6 pounds (avoir.)
metric t o n =
1.1023 s h o r t tons
m e t r i c t o n = 0.9842 l o n g t o n
= 0.06480 g r a m = 0.000143 p o u n d

ounce ( a v o i r . )
ounce ( t r o y )
pound (avoir.)
pound (avoir.)
pound (troy)
pound (avoir.)
short t o n
long t o n
E.

= 2 8 . 3 5 grams
= 3 1 . 1 0 grams
= 14.583 ounces ( t r o y ) = 4 5 3 . 5 9 g r a m s
= 7,000 grains = 0.4536 k i l o g r a m
= 0.3732 k i l o g r a m
= 0.0004536 m e t r i c t o n
= 0.9072 m e t r i c t o n
= 2 . 2 4 0 pounds = 1.0160 m e t r i c tons

E n e r g y (or W o r k ) a n d Power

( E n e r g y is t h e c a p a c i t y for d o i n g w o r k .
Power is t h e rate of d o i n g w o r k or t h e r a t e
a t w h i c h energy is s u p p l i e d ; power is energy per u n i t of t i m e . )
a. E n e r g y
1 gram-calorie
1 gram-calorie
1 gram-calorie
1 kilogram-calorie
1 kilogram-calorie
1 pound-calorie
1 kilogram-meter
1 liter-atmosphere
1 kilogram-calorie
1 kilogram-calorie
1 kilowatt-hour
1 B.t.u.

=
0.003968 B . t . u .
=
3.091 foot-pounds
=
4.186 joules (watt-seconds)
=
3.968 B . t . u .
=
2.2046 pound-calories
=
1.8 B . t . u .
=
7.233 f o o t - p o u n d s
= 101.33 joules
=
0.001163 k i l o w a t t - h o u r
=
0.00156 horsepower-hour
= 3,413 B . t . u .
2 5 2 . 0 gram-calories

TABLES
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

foot-pound
B.t.u.
pound-calorie
B.t.u.
foot-pound
j o u l e (watt-second)
joule
kilowatt-hour
horsepower-hour
B.t.u.

429

=
0.3235 g r a m - c a l o r i e
=
0.2520 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e
=
0.4536 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e
=
0.5555 p o u n d - c a l o r i e
=
0.1383 k i l o g r a m - m e t e r
=
0.2389 g r a m - c a l o r i e
=
0.00986 l i t e r - a t m o s p h e r e
= 8 6 0 . 0 kilogram-calories
= 6 4 1 . 8 kilogram-calories
=
0.000293 k i l o w a t t - h o u r
6. P o w e r

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

watt
= 4 4 . 2 4 f o o t - p o u n d s per m i n u t e
g r a m - c a l o r i e per second =
4.186 watts
kilowatt
= 102.0 k i l o g r a m - m e t e r s per second
kilowatt
= 738 f o o t - p o u n d s per second
horsepower
= 550 f o o t - p o u n d s per second
horsepower
= 4 2 . 4 4 B . t . u . per m i n u t e
kilowatt
=
1.341 horsepower
kilowatt
= 860 kilogram-calories per h o u r
boiler horsepower evaporates 34.5 I b . of w a t e r per h o u r f r o m a n d a t 212F.
boiler horsepower = 5 5 8 . 0 B . t . u . per m i n u t e = 140.7 kilogram-calories per m i n u t e
1 f o o t - p o u n d per m i n u t e = 0.0226 w a t t
1 w a t t = 0.2389 g r a m - c a l o r i e per second
1 k i l o g r a m - m e t e r per second = 0.00980 k i l o w a t t
1 f o o t - p o u n d per second = 0.00136 k i l o w a t t
1 f o o t - p o u n d per second = 0.00182 horsepower
1 B . t . u . per m i n u t e = 0.02356 horsepower
1 horsepower = 0 . 7 4 6 k i l o w a t t
1 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e per h o u r = 0.001163 k i l o w a t t
F.

1 atmosphere pressure =
=

Miscellaneous

760 m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y
2 9 . 9 2 inches of m e r c u r y
3 3 . 9 0 feet of w a t e r
=
14.696 pounds per square i n c h
= 10,333 k i l o g r a m s per square m e t e r
1 g r a m per cubic c e n t i m e t e r = 6 2 . 4 pounds per cubic foot (weight of w a t e r )
1 g r a m w e i g h t = 9 8 1 dynes
1 B . t . u . per cubic f o o t = 8.900 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per cubic m e t e r
1 B . t . u . per p o u n d = 0.555 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e per k i l o g r a m
1 f a r a d a y = 96,494 coulombs
E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l e q u i v a l e n t of silver = 0.001118 g r a m per second per ampere
1 v o l t = 23,060 gram-calories per g r a m e q u i v a l e n t i n electrolysis
V o l u m e of 1 g r a m - m o l of gas at 0 C , 1 atmosphere pressure = 22.4146 liters
V o l u m e of 1 p o u n d - m o l of gas a t 32F., 1 atmosphere pressure = 359.0 cubic feet
V o l u m e of 1 p o u n d - m o l of gas a t 60F., 30 inches of m e r c u r y = 378.4 cubic feet
Valu of gas c o n s t a n t (R) per g r a m - m o l = 0.08207 l i t e r - a t m o s p h e r e per degree
centigrade = 1.987 calories per degree centigrade
Valu of gas constant (R) per p o u n d - m o l = 10.71 pounds per square i n c h X cubic
feet per degree Fahrenheit = 1.987 B . t . u . per degree F a h r e n h e i t
A-cceleration of g r a v i t y (45 l a t i t u d e a t sea level) = 980.6 centimeters per second per
second = 32.17 feet per second per second