General Sociology

Sociology study of society and social interaction

Areas of Sociology
1. Social organization social (groups, institution, stratification), mobility, ethnic
relation, beaurocracy
2. Social psycology human behavior/ nature ( life, personality, attitude)
3. Social change such as (crime, deliquency, poverty, unemployment, fam.
Conflict, subversion)
4. Human ecology behavior of a given population
5. Population size, compostion how they influence economy, political, social
system
Sociologist
1. August comte fahter of sociology
2. Herbert spencer progressive evolution (survival of the fittest)
3. Karl marx focus on economy
4. Emil durkheim social structure (live and die)
5. Max weber goal, value, emotional, traditional
6. Talcot parsons social function
7. Ferdinand tonnies gemeinschaft( community, togehterness, mutual bond)
gesellschaft(selfishness, individual objectives)
Social inquiry scientific activity( better understandin of man)
Problems what is already known, phenomnean would focus on
1. Concept cases
2. Hypothesis assumption
3. Facts observavble exp
4. Theory relationship bet. Facts( interconnected and interrelated)
Gathering data
Analysis of data
Verification of data
Methods, technique tools, social inquiry
1. Experimental experimental ( exposed to exp) , control (not exposed to exp)
2. Sample survey (town, provinces, school, medical or squatter areas)
3. Case study intensive examination
4. Observation participant , non participant
5. Interview unstructerd or non directive ( no standard question)
Structured or directive ( set of question)
Culture pattern of behavior and thinking( well versed in arts and language),
heritage from one gen to another gen. . people live and think the same ways
Culture ff.
Belief, rules, language, rituals, arts, technology, dress, cooking, religion, politics

Characteristic of culure
1. C is learned people are born w/o culture, they have to learn it.
Enculturation ( cultural transmission)
2. C. Is adaptive being flexible and quickly adjust to change in the world
arround them
3. C is social or shared preserve ( arts, tradition, holidays)
4. C is symbolic language ( tagalog, ilocanos, cebuanos)
Kinds of culture
Material machines, tools, books, clothing, structure(temples, pyramids)
Non material
1. Knowledge(natural, supernatural, magics, technical)
2. Norms - guidelines
Folkways customary, normal, habitual ways. Traditions ( lantern during
xmas, white wedding dress)
Mores vital, most cherised values, as morality (incest, cannnibalism,
abortion)
Laws rules and regulation to control the society
Internalization norm is good
Sunction reward or punishment
3. Ideas ( values and beliefs )
beliefs paniniwala, perception and conviction ( life after death, the theory
of creation )
values good or bad, right or wrong
subculture grouping of person (age, sex, occupation, religion) ex. Gay linggo
ethnocentrism being superior than other
it may cause 1. Ethnocide (desctruction of culture)
2. genocide (destruction of whole population)
Xenocentrism favoring other culture( imported)
Cultural relativism cross cultural understanding ( equality and respect )
Cultural exchange global culture ( technology )
Acculturation adopting cultures ( roman catholic, jueteng, basket ball)
Cultural shock frustration ( culure different than his )
Culture universal similiraties
1. Biological food, shelter, clothing
2. Psychic love
3. Geographical
Cultural diversity differences (clothing, food, greetings, eating, goverment)
Socialization learning process wc individual internalized culture
1. Vegative stage infacncy ( survival, no self
2. Animal level sex and reproduction

3. Human level - assimilation of behavior, attitude, values

Agencies of socialization
1. Family mainlink
2. Peer group barkada
3. School introducing him to society from home
4. Mass media tv ( to inform, to entertain, to educate )
5. Workplace role expectation
Anomie normlessness,, goals and achivement are not in harmony
Conformist ( / ) goals ( / ) means father who works hard to support family
Innovator ( / ) goals ( X ) means father who steal hard to support family
Ritualist ( X ) goals ( / ) means religious acts as a mere activity
Retreatist ( X ) goals ( X ) means alcoholic who thinks their life will not improve
Rebel new goals new means
Personality totallity of person ( biological, psycological, social, culture , moral
factor )
1. Biological inheritance - physical appearance wc can affect personality
( tall sports , beauty contest )
2. Geographical environment - seaside - swimmig, lving in mountain
mountain climbing easytask
3. Cutural evironment filipino X premarital sex , american / premarital sex
4. Social environment broken fam tend to be more insecure and bitter
Language system of sign and symbols, spoken and written
Status one position or place in groups
a. Ascribed being born ( male, female, daugther, 1st or eldest )
b. Achieved attain by choice or forced ( husband, mother, nurse, bussiness
owner, champ, artist )
Role function , behavioral expected
R as expectation obligation ( father bread winner, student study )
R as performance student does not only go to school, but study hard for
academy achievement
R as conflict - working student, report to school and report to work at same time
R as set many variety ( nursing student who is also a daughter, a sibling, and a
friend )
Looking glass self- see himself from the view of other people
Social groups units of interacting personalities
Types of groups
1. According to ties
a. Primary intimate, bonds, sympathy ( family , friends , neighbors
b. Secondary later in life ( co workers, people in working place )

2. According to self identifications

a. In group sense of belonging ( family, nation, section 1 )
b. Out group feeling of indiferrence, strangeness ( section 1 section
2)
c. Referrence group role model
3. According to purpose
a. Task group constrution workers building a house or bridge
b. Relation - group companionship (barkada)
c. Influence group campain grp, polital parties
4. According to social organization
a. Gemainschaft many primary grp ( community ) (bayanihan)
b. Gesselschaft individualm, impersonal ( urban society )
Family / domestice society permanent union of man and women procreating
educating children
Matrimony union of man and women as husband and wife while marriage is act
of marying
Religious holy scarament
Legal contract in between
Endogamy marriage within same group ( iglesia ni cristo, fil chinese, muslim )
Exogamy - require selection of spouse outside the group ( marrying 1st cousin is
unlawful incest )
Monogamy only one spouse, serial monogamy multiple marriage to one spouse
1 at a time
Polygamy more than one spouse
a. Polygyny more than one wife ( muslims )
b. Polyandry more than one husband ( india and tibet )
18 y/o legal to marry, 21 25 parent conset.... 25 and above free to marry
w/o parental consent
Void marriage basta within family
Annulment - marriage is null/ void both parties have right to remarry
(lack of consent, insanity, fraud, force, impotent, std)
Legal separation nothing to do with each other but marriage is still existing.. no
one is allowed to remarry (violence, change in religion, 6 years imprisonment,
abadonement for 1 year above, homosexual, perversion, drug addict, another
spouse )
Divorce complete dissoulution of marriage,, allowed remarry,, ph not allowed
divorce
Family blood ties or adopting
Family of orientation family were we grows up
Family of procreation establishing own family
Patriarchal power by man or husband
Matriarchal power by woman or wife
Equilitarian equal authority
Patrilocal live within or near bridegroom

Matrilocal live within or near bride parents

Bilocal within or near eihter of the parent
Neolocal live apart from eihter of the family
Function of family
(bilogical, reproduction, socializing childre, give member status, social control )
Family planning - controling rapid growth ( spacing and interval ) 2 3 years
Abortion is not part of fam planning
Folk ways douching, LAM
Natural method calendar, withdrawal
Biological thermal
Physiological OCP
Mechannical - IUD
Chemical Spermicide
Surgical vasectomy , ligation
Religion religare to bind together
Component of religion
a. Sacred belief and symbols - unquestionable acceptance ( cross
symbolization )
b. Emotional feeling
c. Propitation set of pattern ( ten commandments )
d. Ritual Marriage, baptism
Types of religion
1. Church formal w/ train clergies, large number ( roman C. C.)
2. Ecclesia dominant religion, well develop dogma, extreme self denial
3. Denomination fairly well develop, seperate from mother church due to
dissatisfaction ( methodist, baptist )
4. Sect members is limited, detachment from the world is emphasized
( mormon, johavas withness, jesus is lord )
5. Cult small numbers, loosely organized, leader centered (rizalista)
Education where in individual socialized and learn cultures, learner and teachers,
not nesscearily a college professor, but anyone who transmit culture, values and
beliefs
a. Philisopical aim utimate aims base on folksways and mores
b. Psycological aim to become a citezens, well udjusted personality
Formal education schools
Informal education interaction with the people
Function of schools
(transmision of culture, placement (career), devlpmnt of new knowledge, individual
develpment (Ph.D)
Political organization preservation of social order within a specified territory
States composed of people, territory, sovereignty, goverment

Powers abilty to control/ governing through ( force, negotiation, promise or

reward )
Coercion/ duress not legitimate power
Authority legtimate or justified power
1. Traditional authority inheritance from generation to another
( monarchies, king )
2. Charismatic authority extraordinary gift of grace ( mathama gandhi )
3. Rational legal authority leader can be replace but the authority
remains (GMA)
Development of political organization
1. Band they only organized themselves for the purpose of doing togehter
economic activities many leaders and members that comes and go
2. Tribe aka acephalus meaning no head,,, no heads means no central
authority wc govern the tribes(chieftain) many tribes becomes complex wc is
kingdom
3. States people in a territory having a goverment
Goverment is just an element of states that can exist without states
Types of politcal system
1. Democracy individual are free, moral and equal to posses certain rights,,
demos and cratos meaning people and rules,, rule of people.
Opposition of ideas
a. Two way party - u.s
b. Muli party ph
2. Totalitarianism all functions are regulated by the states. One party rules
( hitlers ) genocide
3. Colonialism two states one strong one weak.. authority from mother
country ( spain x ph )
Goverment aggregate authority wc rule a society
1. Monarchy ruled by one person (king, queen, emperor )
a. Absolute king
b. Constitutional ministers
2. Aristocracy or oligarchy ruled by few privileged class, whose rigt arises
from facts of birth, wisdom or wealth (greece)
3. Democracy ruled by mass or majority of people
Accoding to manner of instituting officials
1. Elective voting the tem is usally fix by constitution
2. Heridatry transfer or poltical honor and title is thorugh succession. Their
term is indefinit
According to distribution or concentration of powers
1. Unitary local goverment units are mere agents of the cetral spreme organ
(ph)
2. Federal central and lokal are independet yet coordinated (usa, australia)

Presidetial- exeutive (president) is politically and legally independent of

legislative(congress) branch
Executive does not owe its existence to legislative (ph, usa)
Parliamentary- executive owe its existence in legislative.. legislative branch is
more supervisor than executive, thus legislative can manipulate executive ( japan,
g. Britain)
Economy structuring and functioning of the development and utilization of huma
and natural resources in the production, processing, distribution and consumption
and goods and services.

Aspects of econmic system food shelter and clothing is basic for man, but the
fullfilment of such needs are influenced by culture and social structure.
a. Property right or ownership, wc differs from simple possesion of goods.
b. Economic exchange gives each other goods and services in return for
different goods and services ( gift exhange, barter, money economics)
c. Division of labor distribution of works in refference to various sex and
age. (one must be a worker one must be a manager)
d. Economic socialization people learn values and behavior to fullfil work
e. Prices monetary value of goods
f. Principle of supply and demmand
a. Inflation supply is less, demmand is great
b. Depletion supply is great, demmand is less
Different economic systems
1. Preindustrial societies:
a. Hunting gathering s. primary depend on H. And G.
b. Pastoral s. primary sources comes from herds.. more herds = great
power
c. Horticulturist raise plants by farming
d. Agrarian s. employs the plow to increase fertility of the soil.
2. Industrial s. uses of science and advance tech. To produce goods and
service. Division of labor is highly specialized
3. Post industrial s. - scientific and professionals worker are very important
and consultants are increasingly used to solve technical problems
4. Modern economic system
a. Socialism entire economic activities is responsibilty of whole society.
The goverment is the direct agency wc is responsible for production. No
private enterprise ( g. Britain)
Limited liberty of people
b. Capitalism relies on private citizens. Profit oriented econmy
Much liberty (live and work wherever he wish. Freedom to enjoy life,
enter bussines,

Social stratification, or institutional social inequality individual is ranked

according to ( income , wealth, prestige, fame , power )
Components of social stratification
1. Social class level where a person have more or less socio economic
priviledge
2. Socal status position of an individual or group within social structure
3. Social role behavior expected of a person who occupied particular status
Kinds of social stratification
1. Closed system based on ascribed status ( innate traits of parents )

a. Slave system individuals are consider property at time of birth. no

movement of status upward
b. Estate system based on ownership of land. There is movement of status
upward.
c. Caste system - strata is average in the order of superiority inferiority.
Status remain for life
2. Open system status of individualar base on achivements. Aka class system
people are rank according to economic resources, political power, social
honor or lifestyle
Max weber enumerated the orders of society:
1. Economic order according to their possesions of goods
2. Social order according to social esteem and norm given by others
3. Political order according to power they posses within the society
Social mobilty movement of people from one position to another level in social
stratification
1. Horizontal social mobility does not involved shift in higher or lower level
2. Vertical social mobilty involve up or down movement in stratificaftion
Social classes in the philippines
1. Upper class highly wealthy, prestigious and powerfull all at the same time
( ayala )
2. Middle class include with those high income ( MD, Atty. )
3. Working class skilled or unskilled workers
4. Lower class very low income ( elderly, criminals , transient, beggars )
Social interaction response of individual to one another (words, language,
gesture )
1. Basic social processes

a. Competition parties seek the same goal and agree to abide rules
b. Conflict one party seeks to elimante, defeat, destroy or neytralize the
opposition to achive a desired goal (two man fighting over one woman)
c. Cooperation people join to achieve one goal ( bayanihan, cooperative
movement)
2. Derived social processes
a. Accomodation - competing/ conflicting parties making and arrangement
to suspend conflict and make their reltions more tolerable and less
wastefull energy
1. Domination one party holds the authority over another party
2. Truce or pact cease conflict for a certain period of time
3. Compromise both parties withdraw their demmand
4. Conciliation and mediation setting of dispute of (2) conflicting parties by
way of third party
5. Arbitration same as no. (4) except that the third party decides ( court
trials )
6. Toleration no formal agreement such that one party give way to another

b. Assimilation cultural blending(absorption) of two or more previously

distinc people. Absorption of minority group into the large society.
c. Acculaturation adopting the dominant culture(chinese that says opo, and
do mano po)
d. Amalgamation itermarriage bet. (2) groups (tisoy and tisay)
Collective behavior
1. Crowds temporary gathering of people at one time and one place who have
purpose and aware to each other
a. Casual crowds unplanned and random gathering (passenger waiting at
train)
b. Conventional crowd planned gathering at specific events ( movie house )
c. Active crowd excited grp whose main purpose is self stimulating and
expression of feeling
( mobs, riots, militants )
d. Expressive crowd (people who shout, sing and rejoice at religious
gathering )
2. Crazes - uso
a. Fads trivial activity that peolple adopt qiuckly (mp4, ok fine whatever
expresion)
b. Fashions trends in clothing, arts, literature, music
3. Masses bulk of people, members comes from all level of strata, hardly
interact, loosely organized
4. Public large number of people who are geographical separated but shared a
common sentiments on some issue.

Public opinion
Rumors unverified communication transmitted by word of mouth
Explanation of c. B.
1. Ignorant mass view mass riot and revold caused by uncivilized savages
2. Alienated mass view dissatisfaction in life ( strikes )
3. Value added theory
Stage of development
1. Incipiet phase disorganized
2. Organized phase there is leadership, goals ideology
3. Stable phase bureaucratic organization
Kinds of social movements
1. Power oriented m. use coercion and often illigitimate means to reach goal
(kkk, people power)
2. Persuation oriented m. uses legal means, uses propaganda in various
means ( womans right movement, pro-life movement)
3. Participation oriented m unconcerd about changing society( religous
organization)
Social change significant shift in the material and non material culture over time

Explanation of change
1. Theological divine intervention
2. Null explanation no reason in changes, human mind cant comprehend
3. Geographical determinism change according to environmetn
4. Matarial deteminism material culture or new invention
5. Biological determinism changes according to human evolution
6. Cultural determinism non material culture (norms, behavior) whre individual
is exposed
Source of social change
1. Primary diffusion thu migration (mixed nationalities)
2. Secondary diffusion thru product exchange from 1 society to another (global
market)
3. Stimulus diffusion transfer of ideas (global warming, terrorism)
Forms of social change
1. Cylical repeated overtime ( coup deta, fashion and accesories)
2. Linear no repeatition (type writer ms word and ms excel)
Kind of social change
1. Directed social c felt of needing (clean air act)

2. Non directed social c occur in unexpected situation (sexually conservative

during time of aids)