CCNA Routing and Switching

Introductory
Presentation
By Aayush Agarwal
CSE, 7K1
Trained from-

Network Devices
Hub

Switch

Router

Network Devices - Hub

To connect devices
within a network.
Least expensive.
Least intelligent.
Simple job- anything
that comes in one port is
sent out to the others.

Network Devices - Switch

To connect devices
within a network.
More efficient
It can learn where
particular addresses
are.

Network Devices - Router

To connect different
networks.
Links computers to the
Internet.
Selects the best path for
information to travel.

Network Topologies

CSMA / CD
Short for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision
Detection, a Media Access Control Protocol.
Detects collision, stops transmission.

Looks for existing carrier waves in channel.

If channel is busy then waits a random amount of

time and tries again.

Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS (Inter-network Operating System) is
software used on most Cisco Systems routers
and current Cisco network switches.

IP Addressing Classes
The method divides the address space for IPv4
into five address classes.
Class A- N.H.H.H

Class B- N.N.H.H

Class C- N.N.N.H

Class D- Multicasting

Class E- Experimental, R & D

IP Addressing- Subnetting
Subnetting enables the network administrator to further
divide the host part of the address into two or more subnets.

Mask
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
IP Address
10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
Result
10010110.11010111.00010000.00000000

IP Addressing - CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing, is a way to allocate
and specify the Internet addresses used in interdomain routing more flexibly.

00001010.00001010.00000001.00100000 / 27
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Routing Algorithms - DVR

A Distance-Vector Routing protocol requires that a
router informs its neighbors of topology changes
periodically.
Transmits all information in its routing table.

Routing Algorithms Link State

Link State routing protocols transmit incremental

updates upon being triggered.
Each node independently calculates the best
logical path from it to every possible destination.

Virtual Private Network

A VPN provides a secure, encrypted tunnel in
which to transmit data over a public channel.

Companies and organizations will use a VPN to

communicate confidentially over a public network
and to send voice, video or data.

NAT
Network Address Translation is the way that the router
translates the IP addresses of packets that cross the
internet/local network boundary.

A side effect of NAT is that machines on the internet

cannot initiate communications to local machines they
can only respond to communications initiated by those
local machines.

The net effect is that the router then also acts as a

firewall

NAT

IGRP
Abbreviation for Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, a
proprietary network protocol, developed by Cisco Systems,
designed to work on autonomous systems.

IGRP is a DVR protocol, which means that each router

sends all or a portion of its routing table in a routing message
update at regular intervals to each of its neighboring routers.

A router chooses the best path between a source and a

destination. Therefore, the system needs a way to compare
the links in order to find the best path. A system such as RIP
uses only one criteria -- hops -- to determine the best path.

OSPF
Short for Open Shortest Path First, an interior gateway protocol
developed for IP networks based on the shortest path first or
link-state algorithm.

Routers use link-state algorithms to send routing information to

all nodes in an internetwork by calculating the shortest path to
each node based on a topography of the Internet constructed
by each node.

The advantage of shortest path first algorithms is that they

results in smaller more frequent updates everywhere. They
converge quickly, thus preventing such problems as routing
loops and Count-to-Infinity.

EIGRP
Short for Enhanced IGRP, an evolved version of IGRP
that addresses the demands of large-scale internetworks
and the changes in network technology that have been
developed since the implementation of IGRP.

A router running EIGRP stores copies of all its neighbors'

routing tables so that it can quickly adapt to alternate
routes. If no appropriate route exists, EIGRP queries its
neighbors to discover an alternate route. These queries
propagate until an alternate route is found.

Thank You Everyone..!

May routers haunt your dreams
tonight..!