The Electrical Engineering Handbook

Frontmatter
The Electrical Engineering Handbook

Ed. Richard C. Dorf
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
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Preface
Purpose
The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide in a single volume a ready
reference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its comprehensive
format is divided into twelve sections which encompass the field of electrical engineering. The goal is to provide
the most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics, electromagnetic
fields, energy devices, systems, and electrical effects and devices, while covering the emerging fields of communications, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and biomedical engineering. In addition, the final
section provides a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical, and materials data, as
well as widely inclusive information on mathematics.
Organization
The fundamentals of electrical engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantial
empirical data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, and
equations that enable the electrical engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex electrical
devices, circuits, instruments, and systems. While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is the
provision of the underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the field
of electrical engineering. Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order
to serve the needs of the engineer over many years. With equal emphasis on electronics, circuits, power systems,
instruments, materials, effects and devices, systems, and control, the engineer should encounter a wide range
of concepts and considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design.
The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively fundamental.
Each article, of which there are more than 200, is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of the
mature engineer, and educate the novice.
The information is organized into twelve major sections. The first eleven sections encompass 118 chapters
and the last section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants. Each section
contains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of the subject of that
section. Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or system that demonstrates an
application illustrative of the material in the section.
Each article includes four important and useful categories: defining terms, related topics, references, and
further information. Defining terms are key definitions and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicated
in boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter or
article. Related Topics are cross-references to related articles. The related topics are provided at the end of each
chapter or article. The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further
information provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic.
Locating Your Topic

Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete table of
contents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of the
twelve sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The reader should look over these
tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of the book. For example,
see Section II: Signal Processing, then Chapter 17: Multidimensional Signal Processing, and then Chapter 17.2:
Video Signal Processing. This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locate
information on the topic of interest.
Five indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information. Three indexes are
listed in alphabetical order: (1) subject index, (2) index of basic equations by title or name, and (3) index of
contributing authors. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which the
definition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index. Two additional indexes
are sequenced by order of appearance: (1) index of key tables of data or information and (2) index of key figures.
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct
the inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and that
informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.
Acknowledgments
This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorial
associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Ron Powers, Publisher; Kristen Peterson, Developmental Editor; and Susan Fox, Senior Project Editor. Finally, I am indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, who
served as editorial assistant.
Richard C. Dorf
Editor-in-Chief
Editor-in-Chief
Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis,
teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems.
He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the University
of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering
and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions
and advances in electrical engineering.
Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields
of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the
University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and the
University of California, Berkeley.
A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession
for his Modern Control Systems, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The International Encyclopedia of
Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th
edition (Wiley, 1992) and Electric Currents, 3rd edition (Wiley, 1996).
Advisory Board
Frank Barnes
William Kersting
Richard S. Sandige
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
New Mexico State University

Las Cruces, New Mexico
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
Joseph Bronzino
Vojin Oklobdzia
Leonard Shaw
Trinity College
Hartford, Connecticut
University of California, Davis

Davis, California
Polytechnic University
Brooklyn, New York
Wai-Kai Chen
John V. Oldfield
John W. Steadman
University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York
Laramie, Wyoming
Delores Etter
Banmali Rawat
R. Lal Tummala
Boulder, Colorado
University of Nevada
Reno, Nevada
Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan
Lyle Feisel
State University of New York
Binghamton, New York
Contributors
M. Abdelguerfi
University of New Orleans
New Orleans, Louisiana
Samuel O. Agbo
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
Ahmed Amin
Texas Instruments
R.A. Backer
A. Terry Bahill
The University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Inder J. Bahl
ITT-Gallium Arsenide Technology
Center
Roanoke, Virginia
N. Alemadi
Jan P. Allebach
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
Braden Allenby
Lawrence Livermore National Lab
Livermore, California
Norman Balabanian
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Glen Ballou
Ballou Associates
Guilford, Connecticut
Brian R. Bannister
Kristinn Andersen
University of Hull
Hull, United Kingdom
Marel Corporation
Hafnarfjoudur, Iceland
Joseph Bannister
Nick Angelopoulos
Gould Shawmut
Toronto, Canada
Carl A. Argila
Software Engineering Consultant
Pico Rivera, California
C.P. Arnold
University of Southern California

Information Sciences Institute
Marina Del Ray, California
Avram Bar-Cohen
R. Bartnikas
Institut de Recherche dHydro-Qubec
Varennes, Canada
Stella N. Batalama
SUNY at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York
Geoffrey Bate
Consultant in Information Storage
Technology
Los Altos Hills, California
William T. Baumann
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Blacksburg, Virginia
John S. Bay
University
R.A. Becker
Integrated Optical Circuit Consultants
Cupertino, California
Melvin L. Belcher
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Georgia Tech Research Institute

Atlanta, Georgia
Matthew F. Baretich
Peter Bendix
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
University Hospital
Denver, Colorado
Jos Arrillaga
Allen M. Barnett
LSI Logic Corp.

Milpitas, California
John P. Benner
AstroPower, Inc.
Newark, Delaware
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Golden, Colorado
Derrick Atherton
Robert Joel Barnett
Edward J. Berbari
University of Sussex
Falmer, Brighton, England
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Purdue University
Indianapolis, Indiana
Ashoka K.S. Bhat
John R. Brews
Allen H. Cherin
University of Victoria
Victoria, Canada

Tucson, Arizona
Lucent Technologies
Norcross, Georgia
Imran A. Bhutta
William L. Brogan
John Choma, Jr.
RFPP
Theodore A. Bickart
Bill Bitler
InfiMed
Liverpool, New York
Glenn R. Blackwell
Purdue University
Karen Blades
Lawrence Livermore National Lab
Linda Sue Boehmer

LSB Technology
Clairton, Pennsylvania
Theodore F. Bogart, Jr.

University of Southern Mississippi
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Martin Bolton
Ensigma Ltd.
Chepstow, United Kingdom
Bruce W. Bomar
University of Tennessee Space Institute
Tullahmoa, Tennessee
Anjan Bose
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
Bimal K. Bose
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
N.K. Bose
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Charles A. Bouman
Purdue University
Joseph Boykin
Clarion Advanced Storage
South Borough, Massachusetts
Las Vegas, Nevada
University of Southern California

Los Angeles, California
Joseph D. Bronzino
Mo-Yuen Chow
Trinity College
Hartford, Connecticut
North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina
Marcia A. Bush
Michael D. Ciletti
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center

Palo Alto, California
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Doug Burger
Gerlad A. Clapp
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
James A. Cadzow
Gordon L. Carpenter
California State University
Long Beach, California
Bill D. Carroll
The University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas
G. Clifforn Carter
NUWC Detachment
New London, Connecticut
Shu-Park Chan
International Technological University
Santa Clara, California
Rulph Chassaing
Roger Williams University
Bristol, Rhode Island
Willam Check
GE Spacenet
McLean, Virginia
Kao Chen
Carlson Consulting Engineers
San Diego, California
Mo-Shing Chen
Almon H. Clegg
Cci
Rockaway, New Jersey
J.R. Cogdell
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas
Richard C. Compton
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
George E. Cook
J. Arlin Cooper
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Timothy J. Coutts
Golden, Colorado
Thomas M. Cover
Stanford University
Stanford, California
Edward W. Czeck
Northeastern University
Boston, Massachusetts
University of Texas at Arlington

Arlington, Texas
John N. Daigle
Sue-Ling Chen
Thomas E. Darcie
Allied Signal
Falls Church, Virginia
Joe E. Brewer
Wai-Kai Chen
Northrop Grumman Corp.

Baltimore, Maryland
University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois
Naval Command Control and Ocean

Surveillance Center
University of Mississippi
At&T Bell Laboratories
Holmdel, New Jersey
Larry S. Darken
Oxford Instruments
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Fred Daum
Gerald W. Farnell
Gennady Sh. Gildenblat
Raytheon Company
Marlborough, Massachusetts
McGill University
Montreal, Canada

University Park, Pennsylvaina
Kevin A. Delin
James M. Feldman
Jay C. Giri
Jet Propulsion Lab

Pasadena, California
Northeastern University
Boston, Massachusetts
Cegelec ESCA Corporation

Bellevue, Washington
Edward J. Delp
Tse-yun Feng
Purdue University

State College, Pennsylvania
J. Duncan Glover
Kenneth Demarest
J. Patrick Fitch
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory
Blent I. Dervisoglu
Hewlett Packard
Mountain View, California
Allan Dewey
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Daniel F. DiFonzo
Planar Communications Corporation
Rockville, Maryland
Dennis F. Doelitzsch
3-D Communications Corporation
Marion, Illinois
Robert C. Durbeck
IBM Corporation (retired)
San Jose, California
Alexander C. Ehrlich
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D.C.
Mohamed E. El-Hawary
Technical University of Nova Scotia
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Aicha Elshabini-Riad
Martin D. Fox
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
Larry A. Franks
Sandia National Laboratory
James F. Frenzel
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
Leon A. Frizzell
Urbana, Illinois
Jesse W. Fussell
Department of Defense
Fort Meade, Maryland
Yuqing Gao
IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, New York
Donald Galler
MIT
Cambridge, Massachusettts
Failure Analysis Associates

Framingham, Massachusetts
Oded Goldreich
Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot, Israel
James Richard Goodman

Madison, Wisconsin
Peter J. Graham
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
L. L. Grigsby
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Charles A. Gross
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
R.B. Gungor
University of South Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Chris G. Guy
University of Reading
Reading, United Kingdom
V. Carl Hamacher
Queens University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
A.P. Hanson
Viginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University
Susan A.R. Garrod

Purdue University
West Lafayette, ndiana
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Yariv Ephraim
L.A. Geddes
Royce D. Harbor
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana
University of West Florida

Pensacola, Florida
Boris Gelmont
Gary L. Hawke
George Mason University

Fairfax, Virgnia
R. Eskicioglu
University of New Olreans
New Orleans, Lousiana
Delores M. Etter
Boulder, Colorado
K.F. Etzold
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia
Mario Gerla
University of California, Los Angeles
Jerry D. Gibson
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Unversity of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
Jeff Hecht
Laser Focus World
Auburndale, Massachusetts
Lealand H. Hemming
McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems
Mesa, Arizona
H. Scott Hinton
Randy H. Katz
Dhammika Kurumbalapitiya
Boulder, Colorado
University of California
Berkeley, California
Harvey Mudd College

Claremont, California
Conrad H. Hoeppner
Myron Kayton
The Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, Maryland
Kayton Engineering Co.

Santa Monical, California
Juang-Chung Lai
S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole
Dmimitri Kazakos
Harvey Mudd College

Claremont, California
University of Southwestern Louisiana

Lafayette, Louisiana
Manfred N. Huber
Lawrence L. Kazmerski
Siemens
Munich, Germany

Newark, Delaware
Jeffy L. Hudgins
E.J. Kennedy
University of South Carolina

Columbia, South Carolina
J. David Irwin
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Raymond G. Jacquot
Laramie, Wyoming
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Michael Peter Kennedy

University College Dublin
Dublin, Ireland
William H. Kersting
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, new Mexico
William J. Kerwin
Ralph B. James
Sandia National Laboratories
W. Kenneth Jenkins
Urbana, Illinois
Christopher P. Jobling
University of Wales
Swansea, Wales
Barry W. Johnson

Tucson, Arizona
Nicholas J. Kolias
Raytheon Company
Andover, Massachusetts
Gza Kolumbn
Technical University of Budapest
Budapest, Hungary
Jin Au Kong
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
University of Texas at Arlington

Arlington, Texas
Pradeep Lall
Motorola, Inc.
Plantation, Florida
Ty A. Lasky
Davis, California
Gordon K.F. Lee

North Carloina State University
Peter A. Lee
Department of Trade and Industry
London, Elngland
William C.Y. Lee

AirTouch Communications
Walnut Creek, California
Cornelius T. Leondes
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California
Ted G. Lewis
Naval Postgraduate School
Montery, California
Jay Liebowitz
George Washington University
Washington, D.C.
Jefferson F. Lindsey III
Lurt L. Kosbar
Southern Illinois University at

Carbondale
Carbondale, Illinois
David E. Johnson
University of Missouri-Rolla
Rolla, Missouri
Birmingham-Southern College
Birmingham, Alabama
Chen-Ching Liu
Allan D. Kraus
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Philip L. Johnson
Allan D. Kraus Associates

Pacific Grove, California
University of Alabama at Birmingham

Birmingham, Alabama
Mark H. Kryder
Capers Jones
Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Software Productivity Research, Inc.

Burlington, Massachusetts
Luis G. Kun
Reno, Nevada
Center for Information

Technology/AHCPR
Rockville, Maryland
Raymond Luebbers
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia
Ivan P. Kaminow
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Holmdel, New Jersey
George G. Karady
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
Benjamin C. Kuo
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois
David C. Look
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio
Carl Grant Looney
Penn State University

Steven L. Maddy
SpectraLink Corp.
Boulder, Colorado
Donald C. Malocha
James E. Morris
Keshab K. Parhi
University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida
State University of New York

Binghamton, New York
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Giridhar D. Mandyam
Gregory L. Moss
Nokia Research Center

Irving, Texas
Purdue University
Harold G. Parks
Masud Mansuripur
Wayne Needham
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Intel Corporation
Chandler, Arizona
Robert J. Marks II
P.S. Neelakanta
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington

Boca Raton, Florida
Andr Martin
Josh T. Nessmith
Hughes Display Products

Lexington, Kentucky
Georgia Research Institute

Atlanta, Georgia
Johannes J. Martin
Paul Neudorfer

University
University of New Orleans

New Orleans, Louisana
Seattle University
Seattle, Washington
Michael Picheny
Daniel A. Martinec
Michael R. Neuman

Aeronautical Radio, Inc.

Annapolis, Maryland
Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio
Robert E. Massara
Robert E. Newnham
University of Essex
Colchester, Essex, United Kingdon
Penn State University

Kartikeya Mayaram
Norman S. Nise

Pullman, Washington
California State Polytech University

Pomona, California
Stan McClellan
Nicholas G. Odrey
University of Alabama
Birmingham, Alabama
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
John E. McInroy
Vojin G. Oklobdzija
Unviersity of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming

Davis, California
Duane McRuer
John V. Oldfield
Systems Technology, Inc.

Hawthorne, California
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York
Sanjay K. Mehta
Chee-Mun Ong
NUWE Detachment
New London, Connecticut
Purdue University
Miran Milkovic
Terry P. Orlando
Analog Technology Consultants

Alpharetta, Georgia
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
Edmund K. Miller
Mil Ovan
W. David Pricer
Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, New Mexico
Motorola, Inc.
Arlington Heights, Illinois
IBM
Essex Junction, Vermont
L.B. Milstein
Joseph C. Palais
Jose C. Principe
University of California
Arizona State University

Tempe, Arizona
The University of Arizona, Tucson

Tucson, Arizona
Clayton R. Paul
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky
Michael Pecht
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
Arun G. Phadke
Charles L. Phillips
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
S. Unnikrishna Pillai
Brooklyn, New York
Charles Polk
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island
H. Vincent Poor
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
Alexander D. Poularikas
University of Alabama in Huntsville
Huntsville, Alabama
David M. Pozar
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts
Franco P. Preparata
Yuan Pu
Peter H. Rogers
Solomon Sherr
Applied Materials
Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia
Westland Electronics
Old Chatham, New York
J. Gregory Rollins
Theodore I. Shim
Technology Modeling Associates Inc.

Sunnyvale, California
Brooklyn, New York
John M. Roman
L.H. Sibul
Sarah A. Rajala
Conor Rafferty
Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technology
Murry Hill, New Jersey
S. Rajaram
Lucent Technologies
Piscataway, New Jersey
Kaushik Rajashekara
Telematics
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
Evelyn P. Rozanski
Rocherster Institute of Technology
Rochester, New York
Delphi Energy & Engineering

Management System
Indianapolis, Indiana
Marcos Rubinstein
Bhuvana Ramabhadran
Matthew N.O. Sadiku

Temple University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
R. Ramakumar
Andrew P. Sage
Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Oklahoma
George Mason University

Fairfax, Virginia
Abdul Hamid Rana
Stanley Salek
GE LogistiCom
Hammett & Edison, Inc.

San Francisco, California
Banmali S. Rawat
University of Nevada, Reno
Reno, Nevada
Jacques Raymond
Ottawa University
Ottawa, Canada
J. Patrick Reilly
Metatec Associates
Silver Spring, Maryland
C. Magnus Rimvall
F.L. Smith & Co.
Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thomas G. Robertazzi
Swiss PTT
Bern, Switzerland
Ricardo S. Snchez Pea

University of Buenos Aires
Argentina
Richard S. Sandige
Laramie, Wyoming
C. Sankaran
Electro-Test
Seattle, Washington
R.A. Schlueter
State University of New York at Stony

Brook
Stony Brook, New York
John L. Schmalzel
Charles J. Robinson
Juergen Schroeter
Louisiana Tech University

Overton Brooks VA Medical Center
Ruston, Louisiana
Richard B. Robrock II
Bell Communications Research
Piscataway, New Jersey
Martin S. Roden
California State University
Rowan University
Glassboro, New Jersey
Acoustics Research Department
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill, New Jersey
Micaela Serra
University of Victoria
Victoria, Canada
Leonard Shaw
Brooklyn, New York

M.K. Simon
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
L. Montgomery Smith
University of Tennessee Space Institute
Tullahoma, Tennessee
Rosemary L. Smith
Davis, California
William M. Smith
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Sidney Soclof
California Stte University
Gurindar S. Sohi
Madison, Wisconsin
Ren Spe
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Cary R. Spitzer
AvioniCon Inc.
Williamsburg, Virginia
K. Neil Stanton
Stanton Associates
Bellevue, Washington
John Staudhammer
J.W. Steadman
Laramie, Wyoming
Michael B. Steer
F.W. Stephenson
University
Elias G. Strangas
Robert J. Trew
Roger W. Whatmore

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio
V. Sundar
C.W. Trowbridge
Cranfield University
Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United
Kingdon

Vector Fields, Ltd.

Oxford, England
Witold Suryn
R. Lal Tummala
Gemplus
Quebec, Canada
James A. Svoboda
Clarkson University
Pottsdam, New York
David Sworder
University of California, San Diego
Mario Sznaier
Pennsylvania State University
University Park

B.M. Wilamowski
Vichate Ungvichian
laramie, Wyoming

Boca Raton, Florida
Michel Veillette
Gemplus
Quebec, Canada
Sergio Verdu

Tucson, Arizona
Zvonko G. Vranesic
Ronald J. Tallarida
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Temple University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Khoi Tien Vu
Stuart K. Tewksbury
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
Rao S. Thallam
Salt River Project
Phoenix, Arizona
Joy A. Thomas
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Hawthorne, New York
Richard F. Tinder
Pullman, Washington
Spyros Tragoudas
Carbondale
William H. Tranter
University of Missouri-Rolla
Rolla, Missouri
Donald G. Whitehead
University of Hull
Hull, United Kingdom
Ferenc Szidarovszky
Lucent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi, India
Technical Press
Morgan Hill, California
Martin A. Uman
Basant K. Tariyal
Jerry Whitaker
Lynn D. Wilcox
FX Palo Alto Lab
Palo Alto, California
James C. Wiltse
Georgia Tech Institute
Spartanburg, South Carolina
Phillip J. Windley
Brigham Young University
Provo, Utah
Wayne Wolf
ABB Transmission Technical Institute

John V. Wait
David Young
The University of Arizona (retired)

Tucson, Arizona
Alan K. Wallace
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Zhen Wan
Davis, California
Rockwell Semiconductor Systems

Newport Beach, California
Yixin Yu
Tianjin University
Tianjin, Peoples Republic of China
Safwat G. Zaky
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Laurence S. Watkins
Lucent Technologies
Joseph Watson
University of Wales, Swansea
Swansea, United Kingdom
N.R. Watson
Larry F. Weber
Plasmaco, subsidiary of Matsushita
Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Highland, New York
Mehdi R. Zargham
Carbondale
Ya-Qin Zhang
Microsoft Research, China
Cranbury, New Jersey
Rodger E. Ziemer
University of Colorado at Colorado
Springs
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Contents
SECTION I Circuits
Introduction
Passive Components
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Resistors Michael Pecht and Pradeep Lall

Capacitors and Inductors Glen Ballou
Transformers C. Sankaran
Electrical Fuses Nick Angelopoulos
Voltage and Current Sources

2.1
2.2
2.3
Shu-Park Chan
Step, Impulse, Ramp, Sinusoidal, Exponential, and DC Signals

Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan
Ideal and Practical Sources Clayton R. Paul
Controlled Sources J. R. Cogdell
Linear Circuit Analysis

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Voltage and Current Laws Michael D. Ciletti

Node and Mesh Analysis J. David Irwin
Network Theorems Allan D. Kraus
Power and Energy Norman Balabanian and Theodore A. Bickart
Three-Phase Circuits Norman Balabanian
Graph Theory Shu-Park Chan
Two-Port Parameters and Transformations Norman S. Nise
Passive Signal Processing William J. Kerwin
Nonlinear Circuits
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Diodes and Rectifiers Jerry L. Hudgins

Limiters Theodore F. Bogart, Jr.
Distortion Kartikeya Mayaram
Communicating with Chaos Michael Peter Kennedy and Gza Kolumbn
Laplace Transform
6.1
6.2
Definitions and Properties Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan

Applications David E. Johnson
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
State Variables: Concept and Formulation

The z-Transform
T- Equivalent Networks
Zhen Wan and Richard C. Dorf
Transfer Functions of Filters

Frequency Response
Stability Analysis
Wai-Kai Chen
Paul Neudorfer
Ferenc Szidarovsky and A. Terry Bahill
Computer Software for Circuit Analysis and Design

13.1 Analog Circuit Simulation J. Gregory Rollins
13.2 Parameter Extraction for Analog Circuit Simulation Peter Bendix
SECTION II Signal Processing

Introduction
14
Delores M. Etter
Digital Signal Processing

14.1 Fourier Transforms W. Kenneth Jenkins
14.2 Fourier Transforms and Fast Fourier Transform Alexander D. Poularikas
14.3 Design and Implementation of Digital Filters
Bruce W. Bomar and L. Montgomery Smith
14.4 Signal Restoration James A. Cadzow
15
Speech Signal Processing

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
16
Coding, Transmission, and Storage Stan McClellan and Jerry D. Gibson

Speech Enhancement and Noise Reduction Yariv Epharim
Analysis and Synthesis Jesse W. Fussell
Speech Recognition Lynn D. Wilcox and Marcia A. Bush
Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Yuqing Gao, Bhuvana Ramabhadran,
Michael Picheny
Spectral Estimation and Modeling

16.1 Spectral Analysis S. Unnikrishna Pillai and Theodore I. Shim
16.2 Parameter Estimation Stella N. Batalama and Dimitri Kazakos
16.3 Kalman Filtering Fred Daum
17
Multidimensional Signal Processing

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
18
Digital Image Processing Edward J. Delp, Jan Allebach, and Charles A. Bouman
Video Signal Processing Sarah A. Rajala
Sensor Array Processing N. K. Bose and L. H. Sibul
Video Processing Architectures Wayne Wolf
MPEG-4 Based Multimedia Information System Ya-Qin Zhang
VLSI for Signal Processing

18.1 Special Architectures Keshab K. Parhi
18.2 Signal Processing Chips and Applications Rulph Chassaing and Bill Bitler
19
Acoustic Signal Processing

18.1 Digital Signal Processing in Audio and Electroacoustics Juergen Schroeter
18.2 Underwater Acoustical Signal Processing Sanjay K. Mehta and G. Clifford Carter
20
Artificial Neural Networks
21
Computing Environments for Digital Signal Processing
Jose C. Principe
Delores M. Etter
SECTION III Electronics

Introduction
22
John W. Steadman
Semiconductors
22.1 Physical Properties Gennady Sh. Gildenblat and Boris Gelmont
22.2 Diodes Miram Milkovic
22.3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models and Device Simulators for Semiconductor Devices
Aicha Elshabini-Riad, F. W. Stephenson, and Imran A. Bhutta
22.4 Electrical Characterization of Semiconductors David C. Look
23
Semiconductor Manufacturing
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
24
Processes Harold G. Parks

Testing Wayne Needham
Electrical Characterization of Interconnections S. Rajaram
Process Modeling and Simulation Conor Rafferty
Transistors
24.1 Junction Field-Effect Transistors Sidney Soclof
24.2 Bipolar Transistors Joseph Watson
24.3 The Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) John R. Brews
25
Integrated Circuits
25.1 Integrated Circuit Technology Joe E. Brewer
25.2 Layout, Placement, and Routing Mehdi R. Zargham and Spyros Tragoudas
25.3 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits Stuart Tewksbury
26
Surface Mount Technology
27
Operational Amplifiers
Glenn R. Blackwell
27.1 Ideal and Practical Models E. J. Kennedy

27.2 Applications John V. Wait
28
Amplifiers
28.1 Large Signal Analysis Gordon L. Carpenter
28.2 Small Signal Analysis John Choma, Jr.
29
Active Filters
29.1 Synthesis of Low-Pass Forms Robert E. Massara
29.2 Realization J. W. Steadman and B. M. Wilamowski
29.3 Generalized Impedance Convertors and Simulated Impedances James A. Svoboda
30
Power Electronics
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
Power Semiconductor Devices Kaushik Rajashekara

Power Conversion Kaushik Rajashekara
Power Supplies Ashoka K. S. Bhat
Converter Control of Machines Bimal K. Bose
31
Optoelectronics
31.1 Lasers Jeff Hecht
31.2 Sources and Detectors Laurence S. Watkins
31.3 Circuits R. A. Becker
32
33
34
D/A and A/D Converters
Susan A. R. Garrod
Thermal Management of Electronics
Avram Bar-Cohen
Digital and Analog Electronic Design Automation
Allen Dewey
SECTION IV Electromagnetics
Introduction
35
36
Banmali S. Rawat
Electromagnetic Fields
Jin Au Kong
Magnetism and Magnetic Fields

36.1 Magnetism Geoffrey Bate
36.2 Magnetic Recording Mark H. Kryder
37
Wave Propagation
37.1 Space Propagation Matthew N. O. Sadiku
37.2 Waveguides Kenneth Demarest
38
Antennas
38.1 Wire N. J. Kolias and R. C. Compton
38.2 Aperture J. Patrick Fitch
38.3 Microstrip Antennas David M. Pozar
39
Microwave Devices
39.1 Passive Microwave Devices Michael B. Steer
39.2 Active Microwave Devices Robert J. Trew
40
Compatibility
40.1 Grounding, Shielding, and Filtering Leland H. Hemming
40.2 Spectrum, Specifications, and Measurement Techniques
Vichate Ungvichian and John M. Roman
40.3 Lightning Martin Uman and Marcos Rubinstein
41
Radar
41.1 Pulse Radar Melvin L. Belcher and Josh T. Nessmith
41.2 Continuous Wave Radar James C. Wiltse
42
Lightwave
42.1 Lightwave Waveguides Samuel O. Agbo
42.2 Optical Fibers and Cables Allen H. Cherin and Basant K. Tariyal
43
44
45
Solid State Circuits
I. J. Bahl
Three-Dimensional Analysis
C. W. Trowbridge
Computational Electromagnetics
E. K. Miller
SECTION V Electrical Effects and Devices

Introduction
Lyle D. Feisel
46
Electroacoustic Devices
47
Surface Acoustic Wave Filters
48
Ultrasound
49
Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
50
Electrostriction
V. Sundar and R. E. Newnham
51
Piezoresistivity
Ahmed Amin
52
The Hall Effect
Alexander C. Ehrlich
53
Superconductivity
54
Pyroelectric Materials and Devices
55
Dielectrics and Insulators
56
Sensors
57
Magnetooptics
58
Smart Materials
Peter H. Rogers
Donald C. Malocha
Gerald W. Farnell
K. F. Etzold
Kevin A. Delin and Terry P. Orlando

Roger W. Whatmore
R. Bartnikas
Rosemary L. Smith
David Young and Yuan Pu
P. S. Neelakanta
SECTION VI Energy
Introduction
William H. Kersting
59
Conventional Power Generation
60
Power Systems and Generation
George G. Karady
60.1 Distributed Power Generation R. Ramakumar

60.2 Photovoltaic Solar Cells Allen M. Barnett and Lawrence L. Kazmerski
60.3 Thermophotovoltaics John P. Benner and Timothy J. Coutts
61
Transmission
61.1 Alternating Current Overhead: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Insulators
Mo-Shing Chen
61.2 Alternating Current Underground: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Cables
Mo-Shing Chen and K. C. Lai
61.3 High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission Rao S. Thallam
61.4 Compensation Mohamed E. El-Hawary
61.5 Fault Analysis in Power Systems Charles Gross
61.6 Protection Arun G. Phadke
61.7 Transient Operation of Power Systems R. B. Gungor

61.8 Planning J. Duncan Glover
62
63
Power Quality
Jos Arrillaga
Power Systems
63.1 Power System Analysis L.L. Grigsby and A.P. Hanson
63.2 Voltage Instability R.A. Schlueter and N. Alemadi
64
65
66
Power Transformers
Charles A. Gross
Energy Distribution
George G. Karady
Electrical Machines
66.1
66.2
66.3
66.4
67
68
Generators Chen-Ching Liu, Khoi Tien Vu, and Yixin Yu

Motors Donald Galler
Small Electric Motors Elias G. Strangas
Simulation of Electric Machinery Chee-Mun Ong
Energy Management
K. Neil Stanton, Jay C. Giri, and Anjan Bose
Power System Analysis Software
C. P. Arnold and N. R. Watson
SECTION VII Communications

Introduction
69
Broadcasting
69.1
69.2
69.3
69.4
69.5
70
Leonard Shaw
Modulationa nd Demodulation Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan

Radio Broadcasting Jefferson F. Lindsey III and Dennis F. Doelitzsch
Television Systems Jerry Whitaker
High-Definition Television Martin S. Roden
Digital Audio Broadcasting Stanley Salek and Almon H. Clegg
Digital Communication
70.1 Error Control Coding Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan
70.2 Equalization Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan
70.3 Spread Spectrum Communications L. B. Milstein and M. K. Simon
71
Optical Communication
71.1 Lightwave Technology for Video Transmission T. E. Darcie
71.2 Long Distance Fiber Optic Communications Joseph C. Palais
71.3 Photonic Networks Ivan P. Kaminow
72
Networks
72.1
72.2
72.3
72.4
73
B-ISDN Manfred N. Huber

Computer Communications Networks J. N. Daigle
Local-Area Networks Joseph Bannister and Mario Gerla
The Intelligent Network Richard B. Robrock II
Information Theory
73.1 Signal Detection H. Vincent Poor
73.2 Noise Carl G. Looney
73.3
73.4
73.5
73.6
Stochastic Processes Carl G. Looney

The Sampling Theorem R. J. Marks II
Channel Capacity Sergio Verd
Data Compression Joy A. Thomas and Thomas M. Cover
74
Satellites and Aerospace
75
Personal and Office

75.1
75.2
75.3
75.4
Daniel F. DiFonzo
Mobile Radio and Cellular Communications William C. Y. Lee

Facsimile Rodger E. Ziemer
Wireless Local-Area Networks for the 1990s Mil Ovan
Wireless PCS Giridhar D. Mandyam
76
Phase-Locked Loop
77
78
Telemetry
Steven L. Maddy
Conrad H. Hoeppner
Computer-Aided Design and Analysis of Communication Systems

William H. Tranter and Kurt L. Kosbar
SECTION VIII Digital Devices

Introduction
79
Logic Elements
79.1
79.2
79.3
79.4
80
Integrated Circuits (RAM, ROM) W. David Pricer

Basic Disk System Architectures Randy H. Katz
Magnetic Tape Peter A. Lee
Magneto-Optical Disk Data Storage M. Mansuripur
Logical Devices
81.1
81.2
81.3
81.4
81.5
82
IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics Gregory L. Moss

Logic Gates (IC) Peter Graham
Bistable Devices Richard S. Sandige
Optical Devices H. S. Hinton
Memory Devices
80.1
80.2
80.3
80.4
81
Richard S. Sandige
Combinational Networks and Switching Algebra Franco P. Preparata

Logic Circuits Richard S. Sandige
Registers and Their Applications B. R. Bannister and D. G. Whitehead
Programmable Arrays Martin Bolton
Arithmetic Logic Units Bill D. Carroll
Microprocessors
82.1 Practical Microprocessors John Staudhammer and Sue-Ling Chen
82.2 Applications Phillip J. Windley and James F. Frenzel
83
Displays
83.1
83.2
83.3
83.4
Light-Emitting Diodes
Liquid-Crystal Diodes
The Cathode Ray Tube
Color Plasma Displays
James E. Morris
James E. Morris
Andr Martin
Larry F. Weber
84
85
Data Acquisition
Dhammika Kurumbalaptitiya and S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole
Testing
85.1 Digital IC Testing Micaela Serra
85.2 Design for Test Bulent I. Dervisoglu
SECTION IX Computer Engineering

Introduction
86
Organization
86.1
86.2
86.3
86.4
87
John V. Oldfield and Vojin G. Oklobdzija
Number Systems Richard F. Tinder

Computer Arithmetic Vojin G. Oklobdzija
Architecture V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko G. Vranesic, and Safwat G. Zaky
Microprogramming Jacques Raymond
Programming
87.1
87.2
87.3
Assembly Language James M. Feldman and Edward W. Czeck

High-Level Languages Ted G. Lewis
Data Types and Data Structures Johannes J. Martin
88
Memory Systems
89
Input and Output

89.1
89.2
89.3
90
Doug Burger, James R. Goodman, and Gurindar S. Sohi
Input Devices Solomon Sherr

Computer Output Printer Technologies Robert C. Durbeck
Smart Cards Witold Suryn and Michel Veillette
Software Engineering
90.1
90.2
90.3
Tools and Techniques Carl A. Argila

Testing, Debugging, and Verification Capers Jones
Programming Methodology Johannes J. Martin
91
Computer Graphics
Evelyn P. Rozanski
92
Computer Networks
Thomas G. Robertzaai
93
Fault Tolerance
94
Knowledge Engineering
94.1
94.2
Barry W. Johnson
Databases M. Abdelguerfi and R. Eskicioglu

Rule-Based Expert Systems Jay Liebowitz
95
Parallel Processors
Tse-yun Feng
96
Operating Systems
Joseph Boykin
97
Computer Security and Cryptography

97.1
97.2
Computer and Communications Security J. Arlin Cooper

Fundamentals of Cryptography Oded Goldreich
98
Computer Reliability
99
The Internet and Its Role in the Future
Chris G. Guy
Gary L. Hawke
SECTION X Systems
Introduction
100
Control Systems
100.1
100.2
100.3
100.4
100.5
100.6
100.7
100.8
100.9
101
R. Lal Tummala
Models William L. Brogan

Dynamic Response Gordon K. F. Lee
Frequency Response Methods: Bode Diagram Approach Andrew P. Sage
Root Locus Benjamin C. Kuo
Compensation Charles L. Phillips and Royce D. Harbor
Digital Control Systems Raymond G. Jacquot and John E. McInroy
Nonlinear Control Systems Derek P. Atherton
Optimal Control and Estimation John S. Bay and William T. Baumann
Neural Control Mo-Yuen Chow
Robotics
101.1 Robot Configuration Ty A. Lasky and Tien C. Hsia
101.2 Dynamics and Control R. Lal Tummala
101.3 Applications Nicholas Odrey
102
Aerospace Systems
102.1 Avionics Systems Cary R. Spitzer, Daniel A. Martinec, and Cornelius T. Leondes
102.2 Communications Satellite Systems: Applications
Abdul Hamid Rana and William Check
103
Command, Control, and Communications (C 3)

G. Clapp and D. Sworder
104
Industrial Systems
104.1 Welding and Bonding George E. Cook, Kristinn Andersen, and
Robert Joel Barnett
104.2 Large Drives Alan K. Wallace and Ren Spe
104.3 Robust Systems Mario Sznaier and Ricardo S. Snchez Pea
105
Man-Machine Systems
106
Vehicular Systems
107
Industrial Illuminating Systems
108
Instruments
109
Navigation Systems
110
Reliability Engineering
Duane McRuer
Linda Sue Boehmer

Kao Chen
John L. Schmalzel
Myron Kayton
R. Rama Kumar
111
Environmental Effects
112
Computer-Aided Control Systems Design
Karen Blades and Braden Allenby
C. Magnus Rimvall and Christopher P. Jobling
SECTION XI Biomedical Systems

Introduction
113
Joseph D. Bronzino
Bioelectricity
113.1 Neuroelectric Principles J. Patrick Reilly
113.2 Bioelectric Events L. A. Geddes
113.3 Application of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Bone and Soft Tissue Repair
C. Polk
114
Biomedical Sensors
115
Bioelectronics and Instruments
Michael R. Neuman
115.1 The Electroencephalogram Joseph D. Bronzino

115.2 The Electrocardiograph Edward J. Berbari
115.3 Pacemakers/Implantable Defibrillators Philip L. Johnson and William M. Smith
116
Medical Imaging
116.1 Tomography M. D. Fox
116.2 Ultrasound Leon A. Frizzell
116.3 Semiconductor Detectors for Radiation Measurements Larry S. Darken and
Ralph B. James
117
Biocomputing
117.1 Clinical Information Systems Luis Kun
117.2 Hospital Information Systems Matthew F. Baretich
118
Computer Design for Biomedical Applications
119
Rehabilitation Engineering, Science, and Technology

119.1
119.2
119.3
119.4
119.5
119.6
Raymond Luebbers
Rehabilitation Concepts
Engineering Concepts in Sensory Rehabilitation
Engineering Concepts in Motor Rehabilitation
Engineering Concepts in Communications Disorders
Appropriate Technology
The Future of Engineering in Rehabilitation
SECTION XII Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants

Introduction
Ronald J. Tallarida
Greek Alphabet
International System of Units (SI)
Conversion Constants and Multipliers
Physical Constants
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
Associations and Societies

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The Electrical Engineering Handbook

2000 by CRC Press LLC

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