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8-2-2016

Lec 01 Fluid Mechanics

Objectives
The course will introduce fluid mechanics and
establish its relevance in civil engineering
Develop the fundamental principles underlying
the subject
Demonstrate how these are used for the design
of simple hydraulic components

Lec 01 Course Outline


Lectures
Approximately 42 lectures (Prof Novera from
BUET: 21 lectures and Prof Jahid Hasan from
MIST: 21 lectures)
Assessment:
Final Exam: 70%
Attendance + Observation: 10%
Class Tests / Assignments: 20%

Lec 01 Specific Elements/Syllabus


Introduction [Chap 1]
Fluid Properties [Chap 2]

Lec 01 Specific Elements/Syllabus

Continuity equation
Bernoulli Equation

Fluids

vs solids
Viscosity
Surface Tension

Energy equation

Fluid Statics [Chap 3]


Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic forces

Fluid flow concepts and basic equations [Chap 5]

on submerged surfaces

Kinematics of fluid flows [Chap 4]

Momentum Eq and forces in fluid flow [Chap 6]


Steady incompressible flow in pressure conduit [Chap 8]
Laminar

and Trubulent flow


Fluid friction
Pipe flow, pipe networks

8-2-2016

Lec 01 Referrences

Books
1. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Application,
Franzini [Text book]
2. Mechanics of fluids, Shames [Ref. Book]
3. Fluid Mechancis, Subrahmaniyam [Ref. Book]
4. Fluid Mechanics, Vennard and Street
5. Fluid Mechanics, Steeter and Wylie
Only lecture notes are not sufficient, you must read
referrence books available at MIST library

Lec 01 Importance of FM

FM is one of the most important subject in all


science including physics, chemistry, biology
and mathematics

All branches of engineering Civil, Mechanical,


Chemical, Metallurgy, Aerospace etc

Lec 01 Todays Topic

In this introductory lecture, we will discuss


mainly few fundamental concepts and
fundamental properties and fundamental
definitions of fluid mechanics

Lec 01 Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Why are we studying fluid mechanics in a Civil


Engineering course?
Provision of adequate water services such as
supply of potable water, drainage, sewerage
are essential for the development of a society
Fluid mechanics is involved almost all areas of
Civil Engineering either directly or indirectly
Sea

and river (flood) defences


Water distribution/sewerage networks

8-2-2016

Lec 01 Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics


Fluid

mechanics is involved almost all areas of


Civil Engineering either directly or indirectly
Hyduaulic

design of water/sewege treatment works


Dams, Embankments, Spillways
Irrigation
Pumps and Turbines
Water retaining structures
Flow of air in/around buildings
Bridge piers in rivers
etc

Lec 01 Definition of a fluid


What is a fluid? - A substance capable of flowing
If we apply some force, or especially some shear
force it will deform or start to flow
Definition:
Fluid: A substance that deforms continuously when
subjected to a shear stress whether it is liquid or
gas

Lec 01 Fluid Mechanics (FM)


What is fluid mechanics? covers mainly the study
of what is happening when some forces applies on
a fluid (liquid, gas) whether it is at rest or it is in
motion
FM is the study of physics of continuous materials
which deform when subject to a force
FM can mainly be divided into Statics, Kinematics
and Dynamics

Lec 01 Fluid Mechanics (FM)


Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an
active field of research with many unsolved and
partly solved problems
Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex,
and can best be solved by numerical methods,
typically using computers
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is devoted to
this approach to solve fluid mechanics problems
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), an experimental
method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow

8-2-2016

Lec 01 Flow visualization and modeling

Lec 01 Fluid Statics and Dynamics

Fluid statics: if one considers forces without


consideration of motion, for example, water store in a
reservoir or in a tank
Fluid kinematics: the study of motion without
consideration of forces
Fluid dynamics: consideration of motion of bodies
under the action of forces
Fluid mechanics assumes that every fluid obeys the
following:
Conservation of mass
Convervation of energy
Conservation of momentum

Lec 01 Fluids Vs Solids


Fluids flow under the action of a force, and solids
dont, but solids do deform
Fluids lack the ability of solids to resist
deformation
Fluids change shape as long as a force acts

Lec 01 Fluids Vs Solids


Fluids
Deal with continuous streams
of fluid without begin or end
Loosely spaced molecules
Intermolecular forces are
smaller than solids
Fluid deforms continuously
when acted on by a shear
force

Solids
Only consider individual
elements of solids
Densely spaced molecules
Large intermolecular
cohesive forces
Solid will not deform
continuously

8-2-2016

Lec 01 Fundamental Definitions

Control volume: a control volume is a finite region


in space and has definite volume, ie a pipe
between section 1 and 2 containing flowing fluid

Lec 01 Shearing Forces


When a fluid is in motion shear stresses are
developed if the particles of the fluid move
relative to one another
So the adjacent particles have different velocities
Consider water flow in a pipe
At the pipe wall the velocity of the water will be
zero
Velocity will increase as we move towards the
center of the pipe

Lec 01 Fluids in motion

Lec 01 Fluids in motion


Fluid sticks to the wall
Moving away from the wall, velocity increases to a
maximum
Plotting the velocity across the section gives
velocity profile
Change in velocity with distance is
velocity gradient = du/dy

Velocity profile
of uniform flow

Velocity profile
of a pipe flow

8-2-2016

Lec 01 Velocity profile

Lec 01 Uniform flow


Under normal conditions one fluid particle has a
velocity different to its neighbor
Particles next to each other with different
velocities exert forces on each other (due to
intermolecular action)
So shear forces exist in a moving fluid
For uniform flow no velocity gradient, no shear
forces

Lec 01 Liquids vs Gasses


Liquids and gases behave in much the same way,
some specific differences are
A liquid is difficult to compress and often
regarded as being incompressible; whereas a gas
is easy to compress and changes volume with
pressure
A given mass of liquid occupies a given volume
and will form a free surface; whereas a gas has
no fixed volume, it changes volume to expand to
fill the containing vessel, no free surface is formed

Lec 01 Properties of fluids


1. Mass density, = mass of fluid/volume of fluid
Unit: kg/m3, Dimensions: ML-3
2. Specific weight, = g
Unit: N/m3, or kg/m2/s2, Dimensions: ML-2 T-2
3. Specific gravity, s = ratio of density of fluid to
density of water = liquid / water at standard temp
Unit: none, as it is a ratio, Dimensions: 1

8-2-2016

Lec 01 Viscosity

Lec 01 Shear Stress

Viscosity (): The viscosity of a fluid is a measure


of its resistance to shear or angular deformation.
The friction forces in fluid flow result from the
cohesion and momentum interchange between
molecules in the fluid.

Lec 01 Ideal fluid

Ideal fluid: An ideal fluid has zero viscosity or


resistance to flow (no friction)
Incompressible, Laminar,

Ideal

Non-viscous, Parallel streamlines

Real

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