Signal Processing, Analysis & VI

Topics:
Introduction
Conversion form Time to
Frequency Domain
Typical Spectrum
Examples
The Fourier Transform
Discrete Fourier
Transform
Digitization
Spacing of Lines
Resolution
Sampling and Digitization
Problems of Sampling
Signal Analysis:
Cepstrum
Enveloping, HFRT

Effect of Undersampling
How to take care of
Aliasing
Anti-Alias Filter
Windowing
Averaging
Real Time Bandwidth
Coherence
Correlation Coefficient
Auto Correlation
Cross Correlation
Transfer Function
Advanced Signal Processing
Wavelet Transform
Hilbert-Huang Spectrum 1
Virtual Instrumentation

Introduction
Digital Signals:
Sampling, Digitizing, ADC, Multiplexer
Fourier Transform, FFT

Aliasing
Leakage
Windowing
Averaging

Coherence
Correlation
2

Conversion form Time to Frequency Domain

e.g., trying to detect first sounds of

bearing failing on a noisy machine

No masking of smaller ones by larger ones

Typical Spectrum Examples

The Fourier Transform

The transformation from the time

domain to the frequency domain is
based on forward Fourier Transform
X ( ) =

i t
x
(
t
)
e
dt

and back again to time domain from the

frequency domain is based on inverse
Fourier Transform
1
x(t ) =
2

it
X
(

)
e
d

Valid for both periodic and non-periodic signals

Discrete Fourier Transform

To compute Fourier Transform digitally

Instead of getting continuous function, we
get discrete values of the FT
discrete

continuous

Sx ( f ) =

N 1

x(t )e

j 2ft

dt

T
Sx(mf ) =
N

x(nt )e

n =0

N 1

x(t ) =

S x ( f )e j 2ft d

x ( n) =

F ( k )e

2nk
N

k =0

where, m = 0, 1, 2, 3,.

2mn
N

Digitization
N2 Multipln
Vs N log2 N

FT / FFT requires digitized samples of the input for its digital calculations

HOW MANY NUMBER OF LINES??

FFT Transforms these N equally spaced
samples to N/2 equally spaced lines in
7
the Frequency Domain

Spacing of lines ???

Maximum measurable frequency

f max =

Lowest Nonzero Measured Frequency =

N
1
*
2 Period
of Time Record
1
Period of Time Record

= f

This f is also the spacing between the lines of frequency spectrum

To increase the frequency range of our measurement,

sample at faster rate,
so that for same number of lines (N), shorter period of time record

fs
fi = i
N

where,
i=0,1,2,,N/2

e.g., if sampling frequency fs is 5000Hz, for time

record of N=4096 samples, frequency lines are at
8
0Hz, 1.22Hz, 2.44Hz, 3.66Hz,..,2500Hz

Digitizing

Sampler & ADC

Input Voltage

Processing
FFT
Software
Processor
(eg. LabView)

Display

ADC:
High Resolution
and Linearity
For 70dB
dynamic range,
12 bit resolution
required

Resolution

The resolution of Data Acquisition Board

with n-bit resolution is
Resolution = Range/2n
e.g. for 5Volts range with 12-bit system,
we get a resolution of 10/212=2.44mV,
whereas with 16-bit boards, for the same
range, we get a resolution of 0.1528mV

10

Sampling and Digitization

ADC
Multiplexer (MUX)
Input
Analog
Signal

Programmable
Gain Amplifier
(PGA)

Sample
ADC
Conversion
& Hold
Circuitry Output
Circuitry
Digital
Signal

Digitization conversion rate depends on

Channel switching time for the multiplexer (single/multichannel rate)
Gain value of the PGA
Time required at ADC for conversion
11

Problems of Sampling

Two signals are said to alias if

the difference of their
frequencies fall in the frequency
range of interest
12

Effect of Undersampling

13

How to take care of Aliasing

If input frequency in
signal fin is higher
than sampling
frequency fs, a low
alias frequency
(= fin- fs) is
generated

If fs>2*fmax, the alias

products will not fall
within fmax

14

Anti-Alias Filter

In practice, input signal may contain

some spurious unknown
frequencies that are greater than fs

A low pass filter (Anti-Alias Filter)

after the sampler that filters all f
above fmax followed by sampling @
fs>2*fmax, will avoid aliasing

Minimum Sample Rate requirement

is called Nyquist Criterion that is
stated as,
fs2*fmax

15

Three Classes of Frequency Response

16

Time Record

FFT Assumption time record

repeated throughout all time

17

Time Record

Input signal periodic

in time record

Input signal NOT

periodic in time record

18

Windowing

Windowing helps FFT ignore the

discontinuities at the ends and
concentrate at the middle

19

Problem:
Improper Time Record
Effect: Leakage
Solution: Windowing

Sharp phenomenon in one domain

convolved in other domain

20

Types of Windowing Function

Hanning Window
Commonly used for most
signals (periodic and
random)

Uniform Window
Weighs all of the time
record uniformly
Used for transient signals

Flattop Window
To take care of rounded
top of the Hanning window
Used where accurate
amplitude is essential
But at the cost of
frequency resolution

21

Other Windowing Function

Hamming
Blackman
Extra Blackman
Blackman Harris
Triangle
Cosine Tapered , etc

Self Windowing Functions

These functions generate

no leakage in the FFT

22

Averaging
In practice, signals are mix of deterministic
component and noise component
Desired signal is to be separated/extracted from
significant level of noise
Averaging: RMS Averaging, Linear Averaging
RMS Averaging:
T

x RMS

1 2
=
x (t )dt

T 0
23

Linear Averaging
Synchronizing signal reqd.
Several time records
added to reduce noise
effects
The more averages we
take,
the closer the noise
comes to zero and we
keep improving
the signal to noise ratio

24

Real Time Bandwidth

Real Time Operation:
Time Record 1

Recall that

Time Record 2

Time Record 3

FFT 1

FFT 2

f max

N
1
= *
2 Period of Time Record

The frequency span where the time record is equal to the FFT
computation time is called Real Time Bandwidth

25

Coherence
Measure of Linearity

Measures power in the response that is

caused by the power in the input/reference
It is the output power that is coherent with
input power
Coherence value ranges between 0 and 1
1 : All the o/p power at a freq. is caused
by
the input
0 : no o/p power is due to input

(f)=
2
xy

Gxy ( f )

Gxx ( f )G yy ( f )

26 of x
Extraneous uncorrelated noise in measurements
and/or y cause coherence to approach 0

Correlation Coefficient

27

Correlation
Correlation is a measure of the similarity between two
quantities (vibration waveforms/signals)
correlation coefficient is a normalized measure of the strength of the linear
Autocorrelation: similarity between a
relationship between two variables.
signal and time-shifted version of itself

1
T T

Rxx ( ) = Lim

f x (t ) f x (t + )dt

Rxx ( ) = F 1 S x ( f ) S x* ( f )
Here, Sx(f) is Fourier Transform of fx(t)

28

Auto Correlation

Autocorrelation Function as a function of time shift

29

Correlation
Detection of periodicity (mostly desired signal) buried in Noise.

Noise

Sine Wave

Important difference between autocorrelation

and averaging is that synchronizing trigger is
not required for the former
Hence useful in Signal identification
problems like Radio astronomy and passive
30
sonar

Cross Correlation
Cross Correlation Function
To determine to what extent a signal measured at one point originates
from a particular source, and with what time delay.
To detect the existence of a signal (not necessarily periodic) buried in
extraneous noise
T

1
Rxy ( ) = Lim f x (t ) f y (t + )dt
T T
0

Cross Power Spectrum

frequency transform of the cross correlation function

Used for measurement of Transfer Function

Gxy ( f ) = F ( Rxy ( ) ) = S x ( f ) S *y ( f )
31

Cross Correlation
Measure of similarity between two different
non-identical signals is cross correlation
function
The cross correlation can be used to detect
the presence of one signal in another signal.
If the same signal is buried in both the
waveforms, it will be reinforced in the cross
correlation function, whereas the noise
which is uncorrelated will be reduced
Practical Examples: Radar, Active Sonar,
Room Acoustics, Transmission Path Delays,
in which input stimulus can be measured
and used to remove contaminating noise
from the response by cross correlation
The frequency transform of the cross
correlation function is Cross Power
Spectrum
32

Cross Correlation

33

Transfer Function

Defined as the complex ratio of the output

to the input of the system as a function of
frequency
S y ( f ) S x* ( f ) G yx ( f )
H( f ) =
=
* *
=
S x ( f ) S x ( f ) S x ( f ) Gxx ( f )
Sy ( f )

Impulse Response
h(t ) = F

[ H ( f )]
34

Decomposition of time domain

signal in frequency domain
1.2

1.0

Amplitude

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Frequency (Hz)

Drawback: Time information is lost

Problem not serious for stationary signals
Important for signals having non-stationary characteristics
Ex. Drift, trends, abrupt changes, beginnings & end of events

35

Fourier Analysis

To find different frequency components

Amplitudes of different components

36

Fourier Analysis

Breaking down a periodic signal into its constituent sinusoids of

different frequencies

1
F (k ) =
N

N 1

n =0

2nk
j
( n )e N
37

Cepstrum Analysis
Cepstrum is defined as inverse Fourier
transform of the logarithm of the power spectrum

c( ) = F 1{log S X ( )}
If one or more periodic structures appear in a
spectrum, each one appear as a distinct peak in
cepstrum
38

Cepstrum of gear
box vibration signal

Cepstrum for Spectrum

Quefrency for Frequency
Rahmonics for Harmonics
Gamnitude for Magnitude

39

Example of cepstrum of gear box

vibration signal

40

Quefrency domain analysis

Mechanical Vibrations: S S Rao

41

 Spectral analysis of gear faults gives a

rather confusing picture
Cepstrum analysis is better suited in such
type of faults and gives a clearer picture

42

High Frequency Resonance Technique (Shiroishi et al.)

MFRT utilizes the fact that much of the energy resulting from a
defect impact manifests itself in the higher resonant frequencies of
the system. Defect frequency if periodic, presents in the spectra of
the enveloped signal. ALE enhances the spectrum of enveloped43
signal by reducing broadband noise

44

Wavelet Analysis

Wavelet Transforms Why & When?

Basic Theory
Simple Examples
Case StudiesFFT not able to detect
CWT proved very effective

45

Time domain & its

Frequency Domain
Representation

1
0.8
0.6

0.2
0

0.7

-0.2

0.6

-0.4
-0.6

0.5

-0.8
-1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

A 20Hz sinusoidal signal

Amplitude

Amplitude

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

50

100

150

200 250 300

Frequency (Hz)

350

400

450

46

500

1
0.8

Short Duration Transient Signal

0.6

0.2
0
-0.2

0.05
-0.4
-0.6

0.04

-0.8

0.03

-1

0.02
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

Pure Sine Wave

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.01

Amplitude

Amplitude

0.4

0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05

0.2

0.4

0.6
0.8
Time (sec)

1.247

1.4

Fourier Transform fails to

detect clearly, event of
disturbance is lost

0.5

-0.5

0.7
-1

0.6
-1.5

0.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Resultant Sine wave +

Transient disturbance

Amplitude

0.4

0.3

0.2

Perturbations/minute
changes localised in
time are not revealed
in FDS

0.1

0
0

50

100

150

200 250 300

Frequency (Hz)

350

400

45048500

Signal w/o Transient

Signal with Transient

Wavelet Transform Locates the
disturbance in Time-Frequency
Representation

49

Short Time Fourier Transform

Analyzing a small section of the signal at a time with Fourier Transform

Same Basis Functions (sinusoids) are used
Window size is fixed (uniform) for all frequencies
so all spectral estimates have same (constant) bandwidth
50

Short Time Fourier Transform

Maps a signal into a twodimensional function of time

and frequency

Technique is called windowing

the signal

A compromise between the

time- and frequency- based
views of the signal

Provides some info @ both

when & at what frequencies a
signal event occurs
51

Can we have something better?

NEED?

Varying window size

To determine more accurately either time or frequency

Wavelet Analysis A windowing technique with

variable sized regions
Allows use of long time intervals where we need
more precise low-frequency information
& use of shorter regions where we want highfrequency information
52

Wavelet Transform
Fourier Transform
signal broken into sinusoids
that are global functions
Wavelet Transform
signal broken into a series of
local basis functions
called wavelets, which are
scaled and shifted versions of
the original (or Mother) wavelet

53

Comparison of
Transforms

Event (time)
information lost

Frequency
information not
available
Simultaneous
High resolution
in both Time &
Freq. domains
NOT possible
Short data window of time T B/W
of each spectral coeff is 1/T - wide

54

Wavelet
Sine waves basis functions for Fourier Analysis extends from
+ to -
Wavelets have limited duration that has an average value of
zero
Sinusoids are smooth & predictable, Wavelets tend to be
irregular & asymmetric

Morlet wavelet (blue dashed) as a Sine curve (green)

modulated by a Gaussian (red)

55

Wavelet

Morlet Wavelet

Wavelet means a small wave

The function that defines a

(t )dt = 0
wavelet integrates to zero
It is local in the sense that it
decays to zero when sufficiently
far from its center

(t ) = e t cos
2

2
t
ln 2

Scaling &
shifting

It is square integrable, i.e., it has

finite energy

Mother Wavelet

| (t ) | 2 dt <

Son/daughter wavelets
56

Wavelets
Signals with sharp sudden changes could be better
analyzed with an irregular wavelet than with a
smooth sinusoid
In other words, local features can be better captured
with wavelets which have local extent

57

Scaling

Scaling a wavelet means stretching (or compressing) it

58

Scaling

59

Shifting

Shifting a wavelet means delaying or hastening its onset

60

Continuous Wavelet Transform

Ensures energy stays

same for all s&b
Sum over all time of the signal multiplied by scaled and shifted versions of the wavelet
61

Continuous Wavelet Transform

290Hz
120Hz

50Hz
20Hz

62

Process of CWT
Sweep over the
entire span of the
signal

Dilate the mother wavelet

Redo the above sweeping

63

Relation between scale & frequency

Fc
Fa =
s
Fa = pseudo frequency ( for the scale value s )
= sampling time
s = Scale
Fc = central frequency of mother wavelet in Hz.
Central frequency of the Morlet wavelet is 0.8125Hz
It is the freq. that maximizes the FFT of the wavelet or is
the leading dominant frequency of the wavelet
64
Matlab Help Module

Experimental Results
NO RUB

RUB
65

CWT of the Signals

NO RUB

RUB

66

PARTIAL/INTERMITTENT RUB
NO RUB

Partial
RUB
67

CWT of Partial Rub

68

ROTOR RUB DETECTION

Localized (in time) rubbing is detected
using wavelet transform
Intermittent rub is better detected
High frequency components are also
localized in a cycle of rotation

69

Gear Fault detection using Wavelets

Difficult to evaluate the spacing and evolution of sideband families
Several gear pairs
other mechanical components
Contribute to the overall vibration.
Local faults in gears
produce impacts
transient modifications in vibration signals.
Signals have to be considered as non-stationary
Most of the widely used signal processing techniques are based on the
assumption of stationarity and globally characterize signals.
Not fully suitable for detecting short-duration dynamic phenomena.
Wavelet transform (WT) is better suited in such situations.

70

Experimental study conducted by Dalpiaz

From the above WT map of TSA vibration, it is possible to clearly

distinguish the transient effects introduced by the cracked tooth.
Moreover, such a procedure makes it possible to localize the damage in most
of the cross-sections.
71

WAVELET TRANSFORM
Wavelet Transform is an excellent tool for
detection of non-stationary vibration
signals
Features that are obscured during Fourier
Transformation are revealed with better
clarity
Time information is preserved
72

Acoustic
Emission
Technique
AE is the phenomena of transient elastic wave
generation due to a rapid release of strain energy
caused by a structural alteration in a solid material
under mechanical or thermal stresses. The most
commonly measured AE parameters are peak
amplitude, counts and events of the signal.
Some studies indicate that Acoustic emission
measurements are better than vibration
measurements and can detect a defect even before
it appears in vibration acceleration.

73

Results on test rig simulating very slow speed

rolling bearings of Air Preheater (1.3-1.4rpm)

74

AE Technique useful for detecting fault initiation

75

HILBERT HUANG TRANSFORM

BASED ON
EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION

76

Empirical Mode Decomposition - Procedure

Step 1:
Identify all the local
extrema (i.e. maxima
and minima), and
then connect all the
local maxima and
minima
by
cubic
spline lines.
Contd
77

Empirical Mode Decomposition - Procedure

Mean

Step 2:

h1

From upper and lower

envelopes
of
the
vibration data find mean
of it. Find difference (h1)
between the original
signal and mean.
Contd
78

Empirical Mode Decomposition

- Procedure
After three
shifting, still h3

h3

is not an IMF

After nine
shifting, an IMF
is obtained.

IMF

Step 3:
If h1 is not an
is
IMF,
h1
treated as the
original signal
and
above
procedure is
repeated. After
repeated
shifting, i.e. up
to k times, h1k
becomes an
IMF (c1).
Contd
79

Empirical Mode Decomposition - Procedure

Step 4:
Subtract c1 from the original signal to obtain residue (r1).
Now, the residue is considered as signal and step 1 to
step 3 are repeated to get next IMF.
Step 5:
The decomposition procedure is repeated until the residue
becomes monotonic function, from which no more IMFs
can be extracted.
Contd
80

Empirical Mode
Decomposition
- Procedure

81

Hilbert-Huang Transform based on EMD

Hilbert transform
Analytic signal

zi (t ) = ci (t ) + jH [ci (t )]= ai (t )e jf i (t )
Where,

ai (t ) =

ci2 (t ) + H 2 [ci (t ) ],

H [ci (t ) ]
f i (t ) = arctan
ci (t )
Instantaneous frequency

df i (t )
wi (t ) =
.
dt

Contd
82

Hilbert-Huang Transform based on EMD

Signal: x = 0.5*sin(2*pi*0.1*t)
+ 2*sin(2*pi*0.01*t)
Sampling frequency = 1Hz
No. of samples = 1000
Contd

83

Hilbert-Huang Transform based on EMD

Signal: x(t) = sin(8 t) for t 5
x(t) = sin(4 t) for 5 < t 10
dt = 0.005;

sampling frequency = 1/dt = 200Hz

Contd
84

Hilbert-Huang Transform based on EMD

a = 58-106
(i.e. 1.53Hz
to 2.8Hz)
a = 28-52
(i.e. 5.8Hz to
3.12Hz)

f = fs*fc/a
fc = 0.8125Hz
fs = 200Hz

f = 200*0.02
= 4Hz
f = fs*norm. freq
fs = 200Hz

f = 200*0.01
= 2Hz
85

Contd

Use of HHT for analysis of rolling bearings

Outer race defect:
Characteristic frequency;

Theoretical estimated
frequency = 263-267Hz

Time interval between

consecutive impacts =
3.5 4.0ms
Estimated characteristics
frequency = 250 286Hz
86

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION

87

9Historical Perspective
9Introduction to Virtual Instrumentation
9Capabilities and functionalities
9Case studies

88

COMPUTERS IN INTRUMENTATION

Early days: Process monitoring and control limited to large

plants
Computer Hardware: Computing power, Bus-based
computers

89

Advancements in Hardware:
Mainframes Miniframes Personal Computer (desktop)
Bus based computer architecture
PC and AT buses like VESA & EISA
In 1993, Intel came up with a standard called
Peripheral Components Interconnect (PCI)
most commonly used even today
PCs came with Interrupt (IRQ) and Direct Memory Access (DMA)
structure permitting fast data transfers with peripherals
90

91

Development of Buses allowed easy interfacing

Buses are shared data highways on which data, commands,

etc., move and are shared by various components, making it
possible to add additional modules in a simple and systematic
manner.
Buses: Internal to computer (UNIBUS, PCI, ISA,etc.)
or External (e.g., GPIB, USB, Firewire, etc).

Earlier each interface problem was unique; i.e., to connect 12

instruments to 5 different computers required 12x5=60 unique
ways.
92

SOFTWARE
Earliest operating systems such as VAX-VMS dominated the control
applications
UNIX and its variants HPUX control applications
Microsoft:
DOS: Integration of device drivers in OS big
Advantage
Windows: S/W for additional user hardware
integrated into the overall system
through drivers developed for specific devices.
GUI based OS:

1990.

93

INTERFACES
Different types of devices require interfaces of different
capabilities
Led to development of various buses and interfaces for
different purposes coexisting in the same system
In computer interfacing Internal computer buses and
interface standard play a role
Internal bus: used to integrate add-on h/w into PC and act as
platform for standardized h/w.
3 Buses are extended to cater to instrumentation
VME extended to VXI (VEM extension for instrumentation)
PCI extended to PXI (PCI extension for instrumentation)
SCSI bus for peripherals SCXI standard

94

INTERFACE STANDARDS
To connect external devices to the computer
Serial Connection: Sequential transfer of data
Recommend Standard No. 232 (RS232C),
Universal Serial Bus (USB), Firewire, etc.
GPIB Connection: separate line for each bit,
transfer is fast

95

CRUX OF THE VI
Progressively moving the intelligence of the instrument
into software
H/w reduced to
actual sensors (thermocouples, accelerometers, etc.) and
actuators (switches, motors, valves, etc)

All signal handling, analysis and control done through s/w

96

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT is defined as

Industry standard computers

PC Based,
All major OS

equipped with user-friendly application software,

cost effective hardware

Powerful GUI for

quick development
& implementation
of test, meas. &
control solutions

Use of General Purpose Data Acquisition

hardware as against custom hardware

and driver software

Cheap & freely available from all
instrument manufacturers

Cutting edge H/W, low

cost
Reliability & reduced
obsolescence
97

that together perform the function of traditional instruments.

VI Compatible Instrument
Any instrument with computer interface (most commonly
RS232C or GPIB)

VI Based Instruments
required computer to operate & their operating capabilities
are built around host computer

98

Typical Modern Day DAS

99

EVOLUTION STAGES - STAGE I

Transducer

PROCESS

Physical
Parameters
Signal Conditioning

Signal Manipulation

Data Display

Data
Record/storage
Example:

100
Thermocouple CRO or
Accelerometer Charge Amplifier CRO or Vibration Meter

STAGE II:
Continuous Record: Data Logger / Data Recorder
Data logging on a hardcopy devices such as paper tape
Permanent Record
Primarily for checking anomalies, keeping track
(trending)

Example: Temperature / pressure recorders in power

plants, nuclear reactors, process industries, etc.
101

STAGE III:

Paper tape replaced by Magnetic tape, etc., (Analog Recording)

Can replay the original recorded signal

Ex. ECG recorders.

102

STAGE IV:
Digital Processing of the signal comes on the scene
Microprocessor based instruments
Signal manipulation and display on display devices
Dedicated microprocessor in the instrument

Eg. FFT analyzer, Digital oscilloscope.

103

STAGE V:
Digital instrument interfaces with the computer
The Microprocessor in the instrument - controlled by the computer
Display could be on instrument screen
Microprocessor design could include
Remote Control
Accept predefined control commands
Remote functionality gets enhanced with time
The original instrument is gradually robbed of processing power.

104

STAGE VI:
Computer processor replaces the instrument microprocessor
Computer screen replaces instrument display
Instrument control panel is translated to screen controls
Only bare minimum primary
signal conditioning
(if required) is done
outside the computer
The result of this is
software is the instrument
(VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT)

105

SOFTWARES FOR VI
LabView LabWindows from National Instruments
HP-VEE From Hewlett Packard (now Agilent)
DasyLab from Advantech

Genie etc.

LabView is extensively used in the Industry and academia

It provides a powerful and integrated environment for the
development of instrumentation application.

106

LabVIEW
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench
National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA
1986- interpreted package on Apple Mac
1990- compiled package improved performance
1993- LabVIEW3 for Mac, Sun-Sparc & PC
1999- LabVIEW on Linux platform
Version 5- networking support on smaller systems
Version 6- Highly network oriented (LabVIEW 6i)
Version 7- Expanded and simpler, use of Express utilities,
Assistants, supports embedded systems, PDA, etc.

107

JUST AS YOU CAN CONVENIENTLY

Type a document in MS Word
Make a spreadsheet in Excel
Make a presentation in powerpoint
Make a scientific program in Fortran
Maintain a database in FoxPro

Similarly you can conveniently

DEVELOP A VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT IN A VIRTUAL

INSTRUMENTATION SOFTWARE

108

SALIENT FEATURES OF LABVIEW

Intuitive Graphical Development for test, measurement, and
control
Fast development with interactive configuration and graphical
programming
Tight integration of real world I/O, measurement analysis and data
representation
Built-in tools for data acquisition, instrumentation control,
measurement analysis, report generation, communication and
more
Application templates and thousands of example programs
Compiled for fast performance
Can operate on Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac OS
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ADD ON TOOLS
Very popular for specific needs of the user
IMAGE PROCESSING
JOINT TIME FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
OCTAVE ANALYSIS
PID CONTROL, FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
NUMBER OF OTHER TOOLBOXES
Control & Simulation, Sound & Vibration, Machine Vision
& Motion Control, Signal Processing
Latest version of s/w can develop stand alone executables
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Allied Products
LabVIEW RT
For real time applications
Stable timing performance
BridgeVIEW
Industrial Control Applications
support for multi-level security, passwords,
optimised for large number of sensors &
transducers
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LIMITATIONS
Inherent limitations of Digital Signal Processing
Not 100% real time
Sampling delays are present
Computation delays limits the Max. Freq.(control purposes)
Information between samples is lost.

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Efforts to overcome these challenges

Computer based instruments

Labview program downloaded to DSP Card

Use of Newer and Faster Buses

VXI (HP), PXI (NI), SCXI (for signal conditioning)
and Faster versions of GPIB
IEEE 488.1 transfer rates up to 1.8 MB/s (Std.) and
7.2 MB/s (HS488) using NI

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DIFFERENT ROUTES
9Computer based Instruments
9Communication with Instruments Through GPIB
9Use Data Acquisition Cards

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LabView: G programming language

Program Window

Panel Window

Available Facilities : Control Elements

Function Elements
Using G Program, one can
Build the panel, Controls and Displays
Assign signal manipulation and signal analysis tasks
Wire the control functions and the displays
Make connectivity with the A/D card I/O channels
Execute the commands in Real Time on the signal

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A VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT PERFORMS THE SAME JOB

AS REAL INSTRUMENT
Virtual Data Logger

Virtual Signal Generator

Virtual CRO

Virtual Multimeter

Virtual FFT Analyser

Virtual Frequency Meter

But, additionally, it gives more

Flexibility

User defined Controls

Removes Obsolescence

Low Cost

Actual numerical values are available anytime for import/export

Add on Software for control and specific requirements
Avoid redundancy

Reusability

Reconfigurability

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SOME TYPICAL TASKS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED ON THE

SIGNAL
Measurement:
AC, DC Amplitude and frequency estimate
Amplitude and phase spectrum
Harmonic Analyser
Transfer Function

Signal Generation:
Arbitrary Wave
Amplitude and Phase Spectrum
White Noise
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Impulse, Ramp and chirp pattern

Windowing: All commonly used types, Hamming, Hanning,

Uniform, Flat
Filters: Bessels, Butterworth, Chebyshev, etc
Statistical Estimation, Mean, Mode, Std.Deviation, Chi sq.
distribution, T-distribution
Signal Processing:
Convolution

Cross Power Derivative

Integral

Hilbert, Fourier Transforms

Peak Finding, Power Spectrum
Curve Fitting: Linear, Nonlinear, Exponential
Linear Algebra: Linear Complex Equations, Eigen Value
analysis

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References

www.ni.com
Measurement and Automation: Catalogue 2005 National
Instruments
HP application Notes
Matlab User manual

Virtual Instrumentation using LabVIEW - Sanjay Gupta

& Joseph John, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
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