17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

for Planning and Development
of
Commercial Ports and Harbours

Prof. Manasa R. Behera

Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT BOMBAY

Site Selection
Following factors need consideration:
a)

Access Rivers, canals, highways and railways.

b)

Size and Depth Adequate size of area, sea front and depth without

excessive

dredging should be available

c)

d)

Physical and Topographical Features

1.

Sheltering from winds and ocean waves

2.

Subsoil conditions

3.

Dredging

4.

Shoreline stability

5.

Upland drainage

Hydrographic and Hydrological Factors

a)

Tides

b)

Current (< 4 knots)

e)

Meteorological Factors

f)

Construction Material

g)

Strategic and Security Conditions

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Harbour and Operational Facilities:
a)

Harbour Depth

b) Navigational Channel
c)

Wind, Wave and Current

d) Harbour basin
e) Piers and wharves,
f)

Storage areas and sheds and storage of hazardous cargo

g)

Open storage area

h) Other functional and operational buildings

i)

Roads and port railways

j)

Fire protection measures

Layout and Functional Requirement

Harbour Depth
D = D+(H/3)+D

Dmin = D + (0.6 to 0.75 m)

where,
D = the draft of the largest ship to be accommodated
H = the maximum height of the storm waves
D = the allowance for squat
Squat: The squat effect is the hydrodynamic phenomenon by which a
vessel moving quickly through shallow water creates an area of lowered
pressure that causes the ship to be closer to the seabed than would
otherwise be expected.

Squat effect (the speed of the ship)2

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Navigation Channel Alignment
The channel should be
- Straight as far as possible
- Located in areas of maximum natural depth
- Entrance to the harbour basin should be located on the lee side
Navigation channels or waterways can be divided into:

W > 10 B
B = beam of the largest ship to navigate at all state of tide

Layout and Functional Requirement

Navigation Channel Alignment
Curves and Bends:
For vessels without tug assistance minimum radius

> 3L
> 5L
> 10L

up to 25
25 - 35
beyond 35

L length of the largest vessel

Guide for radius of curvature

Rmin
= 1200 m for ship less than 150 m long
= 2000 m for 150 long
= 2000 to 3000 m for 150 m 210m long
Stopping distance:
Stopping distance is part of the navigation channel inside a harbour. It should be long
enough for ships to stop.
Minimum stopping distance = (7 ~ 8) L in loaded condition
= (3 ~ 5) L in ballast

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Water Depth in Navigation Channel
The water depth in the navigation channel, berth basin and in front of the berth
structure should be sufficient for safe manoeuvring of ships, where the nominal
water depth is the level above which no obstacle to navigation exist.
The rough guide for the minimum underkeel clearance is
UKC = (Depth of water + height of tide) Static deep draft

0.5m Soft material bottom

Net underkeel clearance
1.0m Rock bottom

0.30D Open sea area

0.25D Exposed channel

Gross underkeel clearance 0.20D Exposed berthing area

0.15D Pr otected berthing area

D is the max imum draft of the design ship

Layout and Functional Requirement

Water Depth in Navigation Channel

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Width of Navigation Channel
The minimum width of the navigation
channels primarily depend on the size of
the ships, type of the channel, wave,
current and wind characteristics.

As a rule of thumb:
Width of manoeuvrin g ( 1.8 to 2.0 ) B
Width of clearance ( 0.75 to 1.5 ) B
( 3.3 to 5.0 ) B
Width of channel
( 5.1 to 8.0 ) B

Single lane
Double lane

B is the beam width of the design ship

TWO LANE CHANNEL

ONE LANE CHANNEL

Layout and Functional Requirement

Width of Navigation Channel

Allowance due to currents

or cross wind

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Wind
For convenience of berthing, the berth line should be aligned as parallel as possible
to the prevailing wind direction.
Wind information is often expressed into the windrose diagram showing yearly
distribution of the wind directions and speed.
Wind intensity is expressed either by wind speed or by the Beaufort wind scale.
The mean wind speed and direction should be recorded 10m above the mean water
level in not less than 10 minutes.

Layout and Functional Requirement

Wind
Gust ratio with respect to 1 hour
mean wind velocity
Duration (s)

Gust Ratio

3 seconds

1.56

10 seconds

1.48

1 minute

1.28

10 minutes

1.12

30 minutes

1.05

1 hour

Rough operation guidelines for ships

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Wave
Waves can enter into the harbour through the entrance by diffraction, through the
breakwater by penetration and overtopping.
The waves are normally the main cause of ship movement/instability.
Acceptable wave height inside harbour depends on
the ship size
Wave direction
Wave period
It increases with the increasing ship size.
Waves against the ships can be classified into
Head-on wave
Beam wave
Quartering wave
Acceptable wave height is highest for the head sea and lowest for the beam sea
condition.

Layout and Functional Requirement

Wave
Effect of wave period
The wave periods also influence the general acceptability of wave heights
Fishing boats and small ships short period waves (<= 8 seconds) are dangerous
Large ships

long period waves (>= 20 seconds) are dangerous

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Wave
Rough guideline for the acceptable significant wave heights inside harbours with wave
periods in the range of 7~12 seconds.

Layout and Functional Requirement

Currents
Currents can arise inside a harbour due to wind, tide, flow from river estuary, etc.
The magnitude and direction of current are important to evaluate any influence on the
berthing and deberthing operation of ships.

Limit of current speed for the large ship operation inside harbour

Visibility
Visibility is affected by fog, heavy rain and snow. In general, the visibility of 500 to 1000
meters is required for the ship operation inside harbours.

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Layout:
The harbour receiving wide range of ships should be divided into at least two zones (one
for larger and the other for smaller ships).
Berths for dangerous cargo like oil and gas should be located at a safe distance and
clearance from other berths.
Dimensions and layout should be examined for short and long period resonance.
Turning basin should be located at the head of the navigation channel and central area.
Anchorage area should be close to the harbour entrance but well clear off the channel
traffic.
Water Area:
Berthing area + Passage and manoeuvring area + Turning basin + Anchorage and
Offshore moorings

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Berthing area
Berthing area length: 1.1 L 1.2 L or minimum 15m
Berthing area width: Minimum 1.15 B
Passage and manoeuvring area
Width : 2.0 L for berths at 90
1.5 L for berths at 45
0.6 L for parallel berths
Anchorage and Offshore moorings
Using ships anchor and chain
R = 165 + 1.5L
Using mooring buoy
R = 1.5L + r
r = radius of swing of buoy

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Entrance:
The width of the entrance should be wide enough for navigation and narrow enough to
protect from waves.
Width of entrance =
100 150 m

for medium vessels (up to 150 m)

200 250 m

for large vessels

Thumb rule: (0.7 ~ 1.0) L;

where L is the length of the design ship.

Where the entrance is between sloping breakwaters, the width should be measured for
the maximum draft of the largest vessel at bed level.

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Turning area:
The turning area should be in the central area of the harbour basin. Its size depends on
the time permitted for the execution of the turning manoeuvre.
Minimum diameter of turning area

=4L
=2L

Without tug boats

With tug boats

Anchorage area:
The anchorage area is the place where ships can wait for
their turn at berth or for more favourable weather condition.
The size of anchorage area depends on: number, type and
size of ships also the type f mooring system available.
Water depth at an anchorage area should not exceed approx.
60 m due to the length of the anchor chain of the ships.
The bottom condition should not be too hard for the anchors
to stick in.

10

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Berthing area:
Where more than one ship has to be accommodated along the berth, a clearance of at
least 0.1 times the length of the largest ship should be provided between adjacent
ships.

Pier or Jetty Berthing:

It will provide more berthing space
than quay type berthing.
The length of pier or wharf meant for a
single vessel should be 50 to 60 m
more than the LOA of the design ship.

L + 50 to 60 m

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Width of Pier:
The minimum width of pier is decided on the basis of area required for transit shed,
number of railway tracks, truck lanes, apron width, etc.
Deck elevation:
The required deck elevation of cargo terminal is related to optimum position of cargo
transfer equipment in two extreme conditions:
- Largest vessel in light DT at high water
- Smallest vessel loaded DT at low water
Minimum = HHWS + H/2 + clearance of 1 m.
Land area behind berth:
Depends on type of berth and cargo.
General cargo = 2.5 to 3.0 ha
Container berth = 8.0 to 12.0 ha

11

17-02-2016

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Clearance from wharf edge:
Outer rail of the crane track shall be laid as far away from the quay edge as possible
without reducing the capacity of cranes to guard against damages likely to occur due
to vessels colliding with wharf cranes.
Minimum distance of quay edge inclusive of fixed fenders from the outer crane track
is 2.65 m.

Utility services:
Lighting

: 5 lux in apron and 20 lux in working area

Water supply

: 600 to 900 l/min @ 50 m from center line

Fuel supply

: 100 to 150 tonnes/hr

Layout and Functional Requirement

Design of Harbour Basin
Fire Protection:

- Non-combustible construction
- Automatic sprinkler, dry mains and fire hydrants
- Fire fighting equipment
- Fire Alarm
100 m c/c
- Water supply for fire fighting
4500 - 6000 l/min
- First Aid
- Proper maintenance of electric circuits and accessories.

12

17-02-2016

Thank you

13