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Introduo
x,y V , T ( x + y ) = T ( x ) + T ( y )
Se T linear, ento T (0 V ) = 0 W .
Se T (0 V ) 0 W , ento T no linear.
jT (u j )
j =1
IV ( x ) + IV ( y ) = x + y
Conclui-se que I V ( x + y ) = I V ( x ) + I V ( y ).
Exemplo 5: Seja o vector no nulo u = (u1, u2 ) 2 . A transformao
T : 2 2 definida por
T ( x, y ) = ( x + u1, y + u2 )
define a translao de um ponto no plano descrita pelo vector u .
Esta transformao no uma transformao linear.
0 < 2 ,
transformao
linear
3
Sejam , e g = (g1, g 2, g3 ) e h = (h1, h2, h3 ) 3 :
Conclui-se que T ( g + h ) = T (g ) + T (h ).
df
=f ' , f V
dx
T (f ) = w =
c f (t ) dt
, f V e c x d
T ( A) + T (B ) = AT + B T
Conclui-se que T ( A + B ) = T ( A) + T (B ) .
Ncleo
Contradomnio
Determinao do contradomnio de T : V W :
i) Os elementos y W para os quais a equao T ( x ) = y , em que
x V , possvel pertencero a T (V) , ou seja, y T (V) ;
ii) Os elementos y W para os quais a equao T ( x ) = y
impossvel no pertencero a T (V) , ou seja, y T (V) .
obtm-se
I V (V) = {y V : y = I V ( x ) , x V} = V
obtm-se
O(V) = {y W : y = O( x ) , x V} = {0 W } W
Ncleo:
N(T ) = x 3 : T ( x ) = (0,0,0) 3
+ z = 0
x
T ( x, y , z ) = ( x + z, y + z, x + y ) = (0,0,0)
y + z = 0
x + y
= 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
0
0 0 1 1
0 1 1
0
1 0 1
0
0 0 1 1
0 0 2
0
0
x = 0
0 y = 0
z = 0
0
N(T ) = {(0,0,0)} 3
SN = Base N(T ) = {
e dimN(T ) = 0
Contradomnio Processo I:
T ( 3 ) = w 3 : w = T ( x ) , x 3 3
+ z = w1
x
T ( x, y , z ) = ( x + z, y + z, x + y ) = (w1,w 2,w 3 )
y + z = w2
x + y
= w3
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0
w 2
w 3 w1
w1
x = 2 (w1 w 2 + w 3 )
w1
w2
y
( w1 + w 2 + w 3 )
=
w 3 w1 w 2
1
z
=
(w1 + w 2 w 3 )
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 2
1 0 1
w1
w 2 0 1 1
0 1 1
w 3
T ( 3 ) = 3
dimT ( 3 ) = dim 3 = 3
Ncleo:
N(T ) = x 3 : T ( x ) = (0,0,0,0) 3
T ( x ) = (0,0,0,0) T ( x, y , z ) = ( x + y + z, x + z, x z, y + z ) = (0,0,0,0)
x + y + z
x
+z
z
x
y + z
= 0
x = 0
y = 0
= 0
= 0
z = 0
0 = 0
= 0
e dimN(T ) = 0
Contradomnio:
T ( 3 ) = w 4 : w = T ( x ) , x 3 4
T ( x, y , z ) = ( x + y + z, x + z, x z, y + z ) = (w1,w 2,w 3 ,w 4 )
x + y + z
+z
x
z
x
y +z
0
0
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
= w1
= w2
= w3
= w4
1
1
0 1
1
w1
w 2
w3
w4
x = w1 w 4
y = w1 w 2
w1 w 2
w1 + w 2 + w 4
z = w1 + w 2 + w 4
0 = 2w + w + w + 2w
2w1 + w 2 + w 3 + 2w 4
1
2
3
4
w1
O sistema possvel (e determinado) e w T ( 3 ) , se
2w1 + w 2 + w 3 + 2w 4 = 0 w 2 = 2w1 w 3 2w 4
T ( 3 ) = w = (w1,2w1 w 3 2w 4,w 3,w 4 ) 4 =
= {w = w1(1,2,0,0) + w 3 (0, 1,1,0) + w 4 (0, 2,0,1) , w1,w 3,w 4 } 4
ST = Base T ( 3 ) = {u1, u2, u3 } = {(1,2,0,0),(0, 1,1,0),(0, 2,0,1)}
T ( 3 ) = L(U)
O conjunto U linearmente independente:
1 0 1
U = 0 1 1 = 2 0
1 1 0
Ento
U = Base T ( 3 ) e dimT ( 3 ) = 3
T ( 3 ) = 3
A transformao linear sobrejectiva e
dim N(T ) = dim 3 dimT ( 3 ) = 3 3 = 0
N(T ) = {(0,0,0)} 3
T ( 3 ) = L(U)
O conjunto U linearmente independente:
1
1
U=
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 1
e r (U ) = 3
0 1 2
0 0 2
0 0 2
0 1
1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
0 0 0
U = Base T ( 3 ) e dimT ( 3 ) = 3
T ( 3 ) 4