Lec 01

Creative Engineering
g
g Design
g
Module 1: Design, Science, Engineering, Creativity
CentreforProductDesignandManufacturing
IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore,India
AmareshChakrabarti
1
OverallGoalofthecourse
This course provides a broad overview of the
generic concepts of design, design thinking and
design research,
research and within the backdrop of this
understanding, focuses specifically on the processes
and techniques for carrying out engineering design
in a creative manner. The course should be useful
for both undergraduate and postgraduate students
of engineering and design.
MajorReferences
Wallace,K.M.IIScLecturesonEngineeringDesign,2007
Pahl,G,andBeitz,W.EngineeringDesign:ASystematicApproach,3rdEd.,Springer,2007
Pahl, G, and Beitz, W. Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, 3rd Ed., Springer, 2007
Pahl,G,andBeitz,W.EngineeringDesign:ASystematicApproach,1st Ed.,Springer,1984
Ulrich,K.,andEppinger,S.ProductDesignandDevelopment,4thEdition,McGrawHill/Irwin,
, ,
pp g ,
g
p
,
,
/
,
2007
Roozenburg,N.F.M.,Eekels,J.ProductDesign,FundamentalsandMethods,Wiley,Chichester,
1995
Cross,N.EngineeringDesignMethods:StrategiesforProductDesign(4thedition),JohnWiley
andSonsLtd.,Chichester,2008
Jones,J.C.DesignMethods,2ndEdition,JohnWileyandSonsLtd.,Chichester,1992
Chakrabarti,A.(ed.).EngineeringDesignSynthesis:Understanding,ApproachesandTools,
Springer,2002
Otto,K.,andWood,K.ProductDesign,PrenticeHall,2000
Terninko
T i k ,J,Zusman,A,Zlotin,B.SystematicInnovation:AnIntroductiontoTRIZ(Theoryof
J Z
A Zl ti B S t
ti I
ti
A I t d ti t TRIZ (Th
f
InventiveProblemSolving),CRCPress,1998
3
OutlineandModules
Module Topic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Introduction:design Thinkingacrossdomains,majorelementsofdesignthinking,
definitionofsystem,design,productdesign, engineeringdesign,creativity,science,
design science (research); Importance of design
designscience(research);Importanceofdesign
Productlifecycle,Structureofsystematicproduct designprocess,Structureof
systematicproductdevelopmentprocess,Importanceofsystematicdesign,,CaseStudy
TaskClarification1:overallprocessandsteps,marketstudy,user/habitatanalysisusing
roleplay,observationsandinteractionwithstakeholders
TaskClarification 2:Problemidentificationusingrequirementchecklists,study of
products andpatents usingInnovationSituationQuestionnaire(ISQ),stepsforcollating
data from multiple sources into a stakeholder requirement list translating stakeholder
datafrommultiplesourcesintoastakeholderrequirementlist,translating
stakeholder
requirementsintotechnicalrequirements, assigningimportancetorequirements
TaskClarification 3: Problem definitiontodevelopsolutionneutralproblemstatements,
problemanalysistodevelopinputoutputtransformation,casestudy
Introductiontoconceptualdesign:Identificationoffunctions,Ideation,Consolidation
intosolutionproposals(Concepts),andtheirsystematicevaluationforselection ofthe
mostpromisingconcept.Detailsoffunctionstructuregenerationandbrainstorming
Conceptual design 2:DetailsofSynectics
Conceptualdesign
2: Details of Synectics method,TriggerWordtechnique,Checklist
method, Trigger Word technique, Checklist
method,Examples
Conceptualdesign3:Consolidationofideasintoconcepts,e.g. withMorphological
charts.UseofTRIZContradictionoridealitytoidentifyandresolve issueswithconcepts
ld
Methodsforsimulation:analytical,virtualandphysical
h d f
l
l
l
l d h
l
Conceptualdesign4:
simulations, forevaluationorimprovement.
Comparativeevaluationandselectionofconcepts:ordinalandcardinalmethods
TOTAL
No of hrs
Noofhrs
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 4
42
OverviewofModule1
Why designisimportant
Examples
E
l fromArt,ArchitectureandEngineering
f
A A hi
dE i
i
Someofthecommonelements
Some of the common elements indesignanddesigning
in design and designing
Whatdesign anddesigning mean
Science
Designinthecontext
D i i th
t t ofSociety,Business,Technology
fS i t B i
T h l
Innovation,ProductDevelopmentandDesign
,
p
g
Designcreativity andhowitcanbesupported
Whatcreativeengineeringdesignmeans
Genesis Space Probe

GenesisSpaceProbe
Launched
h d
August2001
Collectparticles
fromsolarwind
1.6millionkm
from Earth
fromEarth
Supposedtolauncha
parachuteuponreentry
p
intoEarthsatmosphere
ImageCredit:http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2002/release_2002_119.html
Slidecredit:KennethM.Wallace,LecturesSeriesonEngineeringDesign,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore,India,2008
8September2004
Imagecredit:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genesis_Capsule.JPG
Oops!
ImageCredit:http://www.donnunn.com/spiel/2004/09/genesis_capsule.html
Error
Back to front switches blamed for space
p
p
probe crash
Cost: $250 million

the most likelyy reason for the accident was that
engineers assembling the Genesis probe more than
four years ago had been misled by faulty designs
StoryoftheGenesisProbe
TwoyearsafterNASAsGenesisprobefailedtodeployherparachute
uponreentryintotheEarthsatmosphere,investigatorshavefoundthe
i
h E h
h
i
i
h
f
d h
culpritbehindthecrash:Adesignflawresultedinthebackwards
installation of two critical sensors Genesis was doomed from the start
installationoftwocriticalsensors.Genesiswasdoomedfromthestart.
Topreservethedelicatesamplesofsolarwind,Genesiswouldnotland
ontheground.Instead,ahelicoptercrewwouldswoopinandpluckthe
probeoutoftheskybyherparachute.Buttheparachutenever
d l d d th G
deployed,andtheGenesistumbledpastthewaitinghelicopter.The
i t bl d
t th
iti h li t Th
craftslammedintotheGreatSaltLakeDesert,85milessouthwestof
Salt Lake City just before 10 a m on September 8 2004
SaltLakeCity,justbefore10a.m.onSeptember8,2004.
http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/3045681
10
StoryoftheGenesisProbe...
therootcauseofthecrashwasanerrorinthecraftsoriginaldesign.
Intheirdesignoftheprobe,subcontractorLockheedMartininverted
g
p
,
thetwoaccelerometersthatweresupposedtotriggerparachute
deployment.Theyinstalled[thesensors]thewaythedesignssaid,
GenesisprojectmanagerDonaldSweetnam says.Buttheywere
backwards.Investigatorshadsuspectedthatthiswasthecausesinceas
early as October 2004
earlyasOctober,2004.
Becauseoftheerror,thesensorsneverrecordedthecrafts
,
deceleration,aneventthatwouldhavesignaledthatthecrafthad
enteredEarthsatmosphere.Thecapsulejustcameinhotand
impactedonthegroundwithoutanythingdeploying,saysSweetnam.
d
h
d
h
h d l
Itwasessentiallylikeabaseballfallingfrom100kilometersaltitude."
http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/3045681
11
StoryoftheGenesisProbe...
DesignisImportant!
es g s po ta t!
12
ExamplesfromArt:St.MatthewI
Carvaggio,ItalianArtistin1516C
PaintingapictureofStMatthew
ForthealtarofachurchinRome
ThesaintdepictedwritingtheGospel
Anangelinspiringhiswriting
TorepresentGospelasthewordofGod
PaintedStMatthewasbald,bare,dusty
Awkwardlygrippingthehugevolume
Anxiouslywrinklinghisbrow
Angelholdinghishandtohelpwrite
ScandalisedRome,paintingrejected!
S d li d
i i
j
d!
ImageCredit:Gombrich,EH:TheStoryofArt,Phaidon,Oxford,1989
Whydidhepaintthisway?
Wh did h
i t thi
?
13
ExamplesfromArt:St.MatthewII
Painteddifferentlynow
StMatthewashowsaintsshouldlook
Angelashowangelsshouldlook
Thistimeitwasaccepted
Noticethegoals
Somemoreimportantthanothers
Multiplealternatives
Somearebetterthanothers(whichone?)
ImageCredit:Gombrich,EH:TheStoryofArt,Phaidon,Oxford,1989
14
ExamplesfromArchitecture:Greek
The Parthenon Athens Acropolis Designed by Iktinos about 450 BC (ImageCredit:Gombrich,1989)

TheParthenon,Athens,Acropolis,DesignedbyIktinos,about450BC
(Image Credit: Gombrich 1989)
15
ExamplesfromArchitecture:Roman
Needalwaysexistedforcoveringspaces
Withlightandair
With light and air
Oneofthefirstideaswasbeams(Greece)
One of the first ideas was beams (Greece)
Stonebeamshadlimitedspan(andlook)
RomansinventedArches(compression)
Romans invented Arches (compression)
Combinedseriallyintotunnels(pathways)
Combinedradiallyintohalls(theatres)
y
(
)
Crossedthemintovaults(multientrance)
Combinedtocoverlargespaces
Butheavyandgloomy(whyboth?)
Onlysquareorcircularfloorblocks
16
ExamplesfromArchitecture:Roman
(ImageCredit:Gombrich,1989)
17
Exaamp
plesffromArch
hiteccturee
Interior of
Pantheon in
Rome
built around
130 AD
Painting by
eighteenth C
painter G.P.
Pannini
Washington
National
G ll
Gallery
off
Art
Image Credit:
Gombrich, 1989
18
ExamplesfromArchitecture:Gothic
Romanesquearchesheavytotakeload
Verylittlelightduetosmallwindows
Limitedshapesofthedoorsandceilings
Li it d h
f th d
d ili
Localisedloadbearingpillars(buttresses)
Localised load bearing pillars (buttresses)
Wallsthendidnotneedthefeeling
Canbefilledwithglasses(light!)
Can be filled with glasses (light!)
Pointedarches(lessloadsideways!)
Flyingbuttresses(supportside
Flying buttresses (support sideload
loadbetter)
better)
Noticethegoals
g
Somemoreimportantthanothers
Multiplealternatives
Somearebetterthanothers
19
ExamplesfromArchitecture:Gothic
SainteChapelle,Paris(ImageCredit:Gombrich,1989)
NotreDame,Paris
(ImageCredit:Gombrich,1989)
20
ExamplesfromEngineering
Holdingabunchofpaperstogether
Earlyonesareholeswithstrings
Damagesthepaper
D
th
Difficulttostringtogether
Pinswithpointedendtopierce
Roundheadtopreventcomingouteasily
Round head to prevent coming out easily
Butunsafe
Getlost,rusted,enlargeholeswithtime
Get lost, rusted, enlarge holes with time
ImageCredit:Petroski,H.TheEvolutionofUsefulThings,Vintage,1994
21
ExamplesfromEngg:VaalersClip
Norwegian Johan Vaalers first American
patent dated June 4, 1901
The first patent on paper clip
The version labelled Figure 12 suggests
the beginnings of what will become known
as Gem paper clip
Papers
p
are to be held together
g
by
y the
arms of the clip
Clips do not hang together
Lie flat on paper without bending them
But sharp end scratch or tear papers held
Image Credit: Petroski,
Petroski 1994
22
ExamplesfromEngineering:Konaclip
Cornelius Brosnans American patent in
1900: Konaclip
Regarded as the inventor of the first
successful bent wire paper clip
Constructed
C
t t d ffrom a single
i l llength
th off wire
i
Bent to form an elongated frame
With an end portion forming an eye for
insertion without scratching the paper
Papers may not get damaged using this
Clips do hang together
Papers do slip out of the clip!
Image Credit: Petroski, 1994
23
ExamplesfromEngg:GemClips
Initial Gem paper clips had the same
shape as the one shown here
Gave non-scratch entry onto the papers
Papers still slipped out; entry was difficult
This variant shown is patented by American
Clarence Collette in 1921
With sharply pointed projections
For keeping papers together
Papers get damaged using this
Papers
p
do not slip
p out,, but entry
y still difficult
ImageCredit:Petroski,1994
24
ExamplesfromEngg:Gothicclips
Henry Lankenau of Verona, New Jersey
patented this Gothic clip in 1934
V-shape
V shape claimed to provide wedge action
Slight protrusion at the v-end provides better
entry onto the paper pile
Gave non-scratch entry onto the papers
Papers still slipped out
Entry was easy
Notice the goals
Some are more important than others
Multiple alternatives
ImageCredit:Petroski,1994
Some are better than others (in some respect)

25
Allofthesehavebeendesigned!
Alldesignshavemultiplegoals(theyinventnew reality)
Usuallysomearemoreimportant thanothers
Usuallymanyalternative proposalsofhowtoattainthegoals
Someareusuallybetter thantheothers(insomeaspects)
26
Design(Noun)
g
Blueprintofsomething aplanforchange
Undesirablesituation(current) + Implementedplan Desirablesituation(future)
Whetherasituationisundesirableandwhat
Whether a situation is undesirable and what
aspectsaredesirable:mattersofperception
Whose perceptionplaysanimportantrole
perception plays an important role
Thesamecarmaybestylishtooneandboringtoanother
Onemayfinditcheap,anothermayfinditexpensive
Where itisperceivedplaysanimportantrole
AmbassadorcarpopularinpartsofIndia(withbadroads)duetostability
Inotherparts,itisconsideredtooheavy,slow,inefficient
When itisperceivedplaysanimportantrole
Thesamecarthatwasstylishbecomeboringwithtimeforthesameperson
The same car that was stylish become boring with time for the same person
27
Design(verb)
g
Understanding&solvingaproblem:termedDesigning
Problemunderstanding:Processoractivitiesforidentifying
undesirablesituationsanddesirablesituations
Problemsolving:Developingaplanwiththeintentofchanging
undesirablesituationstodesirablesituations
d i bl i
i
d i bl i
i
28
Henceforth called Designing

HenceforthcalledDesigning
Involvesboth problemunderstanding&
p
problemsolving
g
Planningisdifferent fromdesigning
Designingbecomeseasier
D i i b
i whenproblemis
h
bl
i
understood
29
Improving situations with design

Improvingsituationswithdesign
ImplementedPlan
CurrentSituation
DesiredSituation
30
EXAMPLE 1: Cooking
EXAMPLE1:Cooking
Imagecredit:ASelectionofIndianHomeCookedFoodsbyPallaviDamera
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/pallavi_damera/2536005489/)
undesirablesituationfoodtasteless
undesirable
situation food tasteless
plan addadequatesalt
implementation saltadded
desirable situation tastyfood
desirablesituation
tasty food
31
EXAMPLE2:Cycling
y g
Image credit: Bicycle diagram-en (edit).svg

from wikipedia the free encyclopedia
undesirablesituation
d i bl it ti
ti
timeandeffortlarge
d ff t l
incyclingtoreachdestination
plan tocheckandreplenishairintyres
implementation
implementation checkandreplenishair
check and replenish air
desirablesituation reacheddestinationin
shortertimewithlesseffort
32
EXAMPLE 3: Electric Sockets

EXAMPLE3:ElectricSockets
ImageCredit:Electricalsocketcovers
BabyDanTwistingPlug SocketCover safetots.co.uk
undesirablesituation opensocketsaccessibleto
children,unsafe
hild
f
p
plan tocoversockets
implementation makeandusesocketcover
desirablesituation
d i bl i
i
socketcovered,safe
k
d f
33
WhatisDesign?
g
Meaningasnoun:a design
Aplan
A
plan forchangefromexistingtoadesiredsituation
for change from existing to a desired situation
Anengineeringdrawing,CADmodel,flowchartetc.
For Change: includes things agents how to install & use
ForChange:includesthings,agents,howtoinstall&use
Planforachairtoimprovecomfort,notetaking,ingress
Meaningasverb:theactofdesigning
Meaning as verb: the act of designing
Processes throughwhichdesignsaredeveloped
Constructingthechange
Constructing the change needed(Problemunderstanding)
needed (Problem understanding)
Existinganddesiredsituations
e.g.currentpensdonotwritesmoothly,forlongenough
Constructingtheplan forthechange(Problemsolving)
e.g.notjustpen,buthowthepenwillbemade,used,reusedetc.
Planforthelifecycleeffectingthechange
Plan for the lifecycle effecting the change
34
What is design?
Goal
Undesired
Sit ti
Situation
Desired
Sit ti
Situation
Implemented and utilized as intended
Village women walk to water source

Large distance away from home
Carry clothes which become heavier
Also carry water back
F safety
For
f t go in
i groups
Roads to water source bad
Washing is effort and time consuming
Plan
Women cycle to water source

Carry clothes on cycle
Also washing machine
Pedal cycle to power washing
Less effort, faster washing
Less effort, faster to water source
Design: Plan of a system, its implementation and utilisation for attaining a

goal: change undesired to desired
Designing: How a design is developed: both goal and plan
Designs can be for: technical systems (power plant), educational systems
(Montessori Method), aesthetic systems (logo designs, advertisements), legal
systems,
t
social,
i l religious
li i
or cultural
lt l systems,
t
theories,
th i Models,
M d l etc.
t
35
Essential Features of Design

Design:Intentionalconstructions;Plansforachievinggoals
Designing:goalorientedprocess:how
g g g
p
designsaredeveloped
g
p
Initially:Predominantlyonlygoals areknown
Finally:Bothgoalsandplans areknownandmoreclearly
Coevolution:both goalsandplansevolvetogether,oneinfluencing
theother
Multiplegoals:somegoalsaremoreimportant thanothers
Multipleplans:someplansarebetter
Multiple plans: some plans are better thanothers
than others
But:
But:DesigningdoesNOT
Designing does NOT guaranteethatdesignswillwork:some
guarantee that designs will work: some
designingmaybebetterthanothersinachievinggoals
36
How can we develop good designs?

Multiplegoals:somegoalsaremoreimportantthanothers
Multiple goals: some goals are more important than others
Multipleplans:someplansarebetterthanothers
Howtoidentifythegoals?
Howtoassesshowimportantthesegoalsare?
o to assess o
po ta t t ese goa s a e
Howtoageneratepossiblealternativeplans?
g
p
p
Howtomodifybetterplansbasedonthisknowledge?
Howtoassesswhichonesarebetter?
37
DesignThinkingProcess
Findgoals orneed
Evaluategoals orneed
Generateproposals tosatisfygoals
Evaluateproposals
Improvegoals andproposals
38
EvolutionofEngineeringDesigns
Next 30% off time:
N
i
Specify
S if ideas,
id
spatial
i l
layouts and sub-assemblies of the design
Next 20% of time: Specify the interface

details in the sub-assemblies
First
i 20% off time:
i
understand
d
d the
h problem
bl
and identify the constraints
Next 30% of time: Specify detailed dimensions,

materials and manufacturing tolerances 39
WhatisScience(i.e.Research)?
(
)
Process
Processofcreatingnew,purposeful,genericandvalid
of creating new purposeful generic and valid
knowledge:Systematicstudyofphenomenaofinterest
Todevelopknowledge:Outcomeofresearchisknowledge
T d l k
l d O t
f
hi k
l d
Purposeful: improves(understandingof)phenomena
New:notbefore(differentfromexistingknowledge)
Generic: appliestomultiplethings,cases,people,highreuse
value
l
Valid: Hassomesenseoftruth;canbedemonstratedtobe
true/false (observable and falsifiable)
true/false(observableandfalsifiable)
40
WhatisPhysics?
y
Systematicstudyofphysical phenomena
Developknowledge
Purposeful:
p
Describes/explains/predictsphysicalsystembehaviour
/ p
/p
p y
y
Howobjectswithmassbehave NewtonianMechanics
Howheatflowsfromoneobjecttoanother Thermodynamics
New: Notbefore
P=m.fcouldpredictquantitativevaluesoffduetoPapplied
1st lawofthermodynamics:lawofconservationof(heatandwork)energy
law of thermodynamics: law of conservation of (heat and work) energy
Generic: Appliestomultiplethings,cases,people
Appliedtoallsystemswithinertia
pp
y
Appliedforalltypesofheatflow,forallkindsofsystems
Valid: Hassomesenseoftruth
Predictionmatchedobservation(withinacceptablelimit)
41
WhatisBiology?
gy
Systematicstudyofbiological phenomena
Developknowledge
Purposeful: Describes/explains/predictsbiologicalsystembehaviour
Howlivingsystemsevolve DarwinianTheoryofEvolution
Howe.g.signalsflowfromoneneurontoanother Neuroscience
New:
New: Notbefore
Not before
Theoryofevolutionexplainedqualitativelyhowspeciesevolved
Neurosciencecouldexplainsomeaspectsoftheworkingofthebrain
Generic:Appliestomultiplethings,cases,people
Appliedtoalllivingspecies
Appliedforallhumanbrainsornerves
A li d f
ll h
b i
Valid:Hassomesenseoftruth
Explanationmatchedobservation(withinacceptablelimit)
Explanation matched observation (within acceptable limit)
42
WhatisDesignResearch(Science)?
g
TwodifferentviewsofDesignresearch
1. Userresearch:NOTfocusofDesignScience
User research: NOT focus of Design Science
Userstudyduringtheinitialphaseinadesignproject
Whoistheuser?
Howmanyusers?
Whatdoesuserwant?
H
Howmuchcantheypay?...
h
th
?
2 Researchintodesign(Scienceofdesign):Focus
2.
R
hi
d i (S i
fd i ) F
43
WhatisDesignResearch?
g
Systematicstudyofdesign phenomena(i.e.phenomena
associatedwithdesign)
i d i hd i )
Developknowledge
Purposeful: Describes/explains/predictsdesignsystembehaviour
Whatcharacterizestechnicalsystems(TS) e.g.TheoryofTS(Hubka,1984)
Howdesigninfluencesnoveltyofdesigns
How design influences novelty of designs Creativity
Creativityresearch(
research (Srinivasan &Chakrabarti,
& Chakrabarti
2010)
New:Notbefore
Whatdistinguishestechnicalsystemsfromnon
What distinguishes technical systems from nontechnical
technicalsystems
systems
E.g.levelofabstractionofdesignoutcomesinfluencedesignnovelty
Generic:Appliestomultiplethings,cases,people
Appliestoalltechnicalsystems
Appliedforalltechnicalsystemdesignsatearlystagesofdesigning
Valid:
Valid: Hassomesenseoftruth
Has some sense of truth
description/explanationmatchedobservation(withinacceptablelimit)
44
FacetsofDesign
g
People
Processes
Macroeconomy
Mi
Microeconomy
Product
design
E l
Ecology
Methods tools knowledge

Methods,tools,knowledge
Organization
Designingisplanningforchangingexisting,undesiredsituationsintopreferredones
i i i l
i f
h i
i i
d i d i
i
i
f
d
Influencedbypeople,product,process,tools,organization,economyandecology
Multidisciplinary:usesknowledgefromhuman,natural,engg.,ecological,etc.sciences
Developsnecessaryknowledgewhenknowledgeisnotavailablefordesigning
D l
k
l d
h k
l d i
t
il bl f d i i
45
DesignResearch(DR)
g
People
Anthropology
Ergonomics
y
gy
Psychology
Aesthetics
Sociology
NaturalSciences
Natural
Sciences
EngineeringSciences
Product
Processes
Macroeconomy
Macro
economy
Systems
Engineering
Economics
Microeconomyy
design
Ecological
Sciences
Ecology
gy
KnowledgeManagement
SoftwareEngineering
Methods,tools,knowledge
Management
Sciences
Organization
DRdevelopsknowledgetoinformandsupportpracticeandeducationofdesign
Knowledgeaboutdesignphenomena
Knowledge about design phenomena phenomenaassociatedwithdesign
phenomena associated with design
facetsofdesignandtheirrelationshipstodesign
Multidisciplinary:researchmethodsused,dependingonwhichfacetsareexplored
fromhumansciences:sociology,psychology,aesthetics,economics,managementscience
fromnatural,engineeringorecologicalsciences
Typicallyareaofresearchwillbeacombinationoffacets
Researchmethodsfromthefacetareashavetobecombined,adapted
46
Design Research
DesignResearch
Developsknowledgeintheformof
Theories/models: TheoryofTechnicalSystems,IntegratedModelofdesigning
Guidelines: Design for Manufacture and Assembly (Boothroyd Dewhurst)
Guidelines:DesignforManufactureandAssembly(BoothroydDewhurst)
Methods:WeightedObjectivesmethodforcomparativeevaluation
Tools:Sketchpad atoolforsketchingusingGUI(Sutherland,1963)
Standards:IDEF0standardsforrepresentingprocesses
Materials:Ferromagneticcompositematerialforlight,conductingaircraftbody
Processes: CNC processes for computer aided machining
Processes:CNCprocessesforcomputeraidedmachining
Technologies:GraphicalUserInterfaces(GUI);micropressuresensors
Tohelpdevelopsuccessfulproductsbymakingdesigning
Moreeffective:betterproducts novelty,quality,reliability
Moreefficient:lessresources lesstimetomarket,iterations,cost
47
DesignResearch
g
Twokindsofoutcomes
Theories providingunderstandingofthepresent
Support tohelpmakedesigningbetter
Focusdifferentfromsciences
Sciences:how(well)systems(products,people,organisations)work
Designresearch:
Theory:how(well)productsarecreated/developed(takingintoaccountwholelifecycle)
Th
h ( ll)
d
d/d l
d ( ki i
h l lif
l )
Support:howtocreate/developbetterproducts(takingintoaccountthewholelifecycle)
Product
Product usedheretomean
used here to mean
Anysystemdesignedtochangeexistingsituationstopreferredones
Hardware,software,servicesystems,combinations
,
,
y
,
48
Society,Business,Technology
Technology
Business
value
profit
Society
Value=Performance/Price
Value Performance / Price
Profit=Price Cost
Profit=(Performance/Value) Cost
Winwin:BothSocietyandBusinesswinifboth ProfitandValueincrease
Forthistohappen:Performancemustincreaseand/orCostmustdecrease
49
AndDesign
Society
Business
Design
Domainandprocessknowledge
d
k
l d
Technology
DesigndrawsknowledgefromSociety,BusinessandTechnology
Develops or integrates technology to provide value to society to fulfil its needs
Developsorintegratestechnologytoprovidevaluetosocietytofulfilitsneeds
50
Society:Value
DamianMycroft:SeniorDesignManager,
Nokia
Whenwalkingthroughbusystreetsof
,
y y g
India,Isawaboytryingtolistentohis
musiconamobileamidstloudnoise;I
askedWhynotmakealoudermobile
phone?
NewslimspeakersinNokiaX6
N
li
k i N ki X6
Mustunderstandtheneedsoftheuser;
needtoimmerse intheusercontext
Need
domainknowledge:ofuser
Processknowledge:ofhowtofindtheir
P
k
l d
f h t fi d th i
needs
Focusgroups
InnovationsituationQuestionnaire
Immersion
Image Credit:
ImageCredit:
http://archives.thestar.com.my/archives/2010/2/18/lifeliving/f_11damian.jpg
51
Design Values
DesignValues
Products must perform (function) and be:
Safe
Reliable
Economic
Sustainable
Ergonomic
Aesthetic
52
Drivers for New Products

MARKET PULL
Performance
Cost
Safetyy
Clearer phones
Cheaper motor cars
Safer aircraft
TECHNOLOGY PUSH
Materials
Processes
Inventions
CFRP
Micro-electronics
Nexus bicycle Hub
53
Derailleur Gears
ImageCredit:http://bikebarn.com/howto/howtoadjustyourrearderailleurpg192.htm
54
Nexus Bicycle Hub
ImageCredit:http://www.hubstripping.com/shimanointer8/SG8C20.jpg
8 Speed + Internal brake + gear shift when stationary

8Speed+Internalbrake+gearshiftwhenstationary
55
Nexus Bicycle Hub
Imagecredit:https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTqBdgzUoMN_HBQVgYeTlrbgffLFs0us4iKEOnbJymYj7837VAw
56
IncreasingConcerns
57
58
Business:Profit
MobileArmSupport
DevelopedatCUEDforpeoplewith
MuscularDystrophy
Providesgreaterverticalarmmobility
d
l
bl
Providedperformance
Butnotatanaffordablecostorprice
p
Need
Need:
U
Userscouldnowmovetheirhandover
ld
th i h d
keyboardinfewseconds
Previouslytookfiveminutes
Couldnotpayastypicallyunemployed
Finallyneededgovernmentsubsidy
Domainknowledgeofcostsofthe
materials,manufg.Andetc
Processknowledgeofcostmodelling
Lifecyclecosting
Conceptcosting
Costtotheenvironment
59
Technology:Feasibility
RollsRoyceTrentturbineengine
Preventiceformationonturbinecone
Damages blades
Damagesblades
Heatthecone
Expensive(50degreesc)
i (
d
)
wigglemotor?
Lowcost
Conemadeofflexiblematerials
d f fl bl
l
Wigglesfromenginevibration
Noenergyneeded:evenlowercost
Need:
Imagecredit:KennethM.Wallace,UniversityofCambridge,UK
Domainknowledgeofvarioustechnologies,
principles from sciences
principlesfromsciences
Processknowledge:howtocreateideas
Brainstorming
TRIZ
Stimulifromnature:shrug,tail,sneeze
60
Design Creativity
Processoractivityofdeveloping
Ideas,solutionsorproductsthatare
Novel
Valuable
Sarkar,P.,andChakrabarti,A.,AssessingDesignCreativity,DesignStudies,32(4),348383,2011
61
Whatisaproduct?
p
Productsaresystems
Products
are systems (artefactsorprocesses)conceived,
(artefacts or processes) conceived
produced,transactedandusedbypeoplebecauseof
their properties and functions they may perform
theirpropertiesandfunctionstheymayperform
(Roozenburg)
y
j
p
Asystemisasetofobjectswithinterrelationships
betweentheirattributes
Asystemisconnectedtoitsenvironmentviasystemboundary
Interactionisthroughinterfaces(inputsandoutputs)
Asystemcanhavesubsystems
O
S2
S1
62
Whatisasystem?
y
F1
box
a
F3
F2
stone
F4
ground
box
beam
F1
beam
F3
stone
stone
box
F2
F4
human
63
Whatisproductdesign?
p
g
Agoaldirectedproblemsolving
g
p
g activity(Archer,1965)
y(
,
)
Acreative activity involvesbringingintobeingsomething

newand useful thathasnotexistedbefore(Reswick,1965)
Theimaginativejumpfrompresent
The
imaginative jump from present factstofuture
facts to future possibilities
possibilities
(Page,1966)
Aniterative,decisionmaking activitytoproducetheplans by
whichresourcesareconvertedpreferablyoptimallyintosystems
ordevices thatmeethumanneeds (Woodson,1966)
Initiationofchangeinmanmadethings
Initiation of change in man made things (Jones,1971)
(Jones 1971)
64
p
g
Processofdevisingandlaying
downtheplansneededfor
manufacturingaproduct
ImageCredit:Roozenburg andEekels,1996
Perceived
need
P d td i
Productdesign
Informationabout
product from
productfrom
whichitcan
bemade
65
p
g
Need:Illdefined,illstructured
iterative
goaldirected
decisionmaking
Plan:Welldefined,wellstructured
(shapes materials processes)
(shapes,materials,processes)
66
WhatisEngineeringdesign?
g
g
g
Engineeringdesign
g
g
g istheprocess
p
ofconverting
g
anideaormarketneedintothedetailed
information fromwhichatechnicalsystem
(productorprocess)canbeproduced
67
WhatisEngineeringdesign?
g
g
g
Need:Illdefined,illstructured
Plan:Welldefined,wellstructured
technicalsystem
(shapes,materials,processes)
Material(beans)
Material
(beans)
Energy(ElectricalE)
Signal
Technicalsystem
(CoffeeMill)
Material(groundcoffee)
M
t i l(
d ff )
Energy(Heat)
Signal
68
Productdesignanddevelopment
g
p
ProductDevelopment
IndustrialInnovation
d
i l
i
Production
planning
Distribution
planning
Product
planning
Product
design
Marketing
Distribution
production
operation retirement
planning
andsale
Use
planning
Retirement
R
ti
t
planning
69
Whyisinnovation
y
important?
p
Lifecycleofaproduct
70
Whyisinnovation
y
important?
p
CompanyTurnoverandproducts
71
Whyisdesignimportant?
y
g
p
Industrial innovation process

Industrialinnovationprocess
Productdevelopment
p
Productdesign
Productdesignisanessentialpartoftheindustrialinnovationprocesswhichis
importantforbothsocietyandbusiness henceimportant
72
Whyisdesign
y
g important?
p
Productdevelopmentstages
%costcommitted
%costincurred
Productdesignisanearlystageofproductdevelopmentwhere Itis
inexpensivetomakechanges,butconsequencesofchangesissubstantial
73

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Creative Engineering

Genesis Space Probe

Cost: $250 million

The Parthenon Athens Acropolis Designed by Iktinos about 450 BC (ImageCredit:Gombrich,1989)

Some are better than others (in some respect)

Henceforth called Designing

Improving situations with design

Image credit: Bicycle diagram-en (edit).svg

EXAMPLE 3: Electric Sockets

Village women walk to water source

Women cycle to water source

Design: Plan of a system, its implementation and utilisation for attaining a

Essential Features of Design

How can we develop good designs?

Next 20% of time: Specify the interface

Next 30% of time: Specify detailed dimensions,

Methods tools knowledge

Drivers for New Products

Nexus Bicycle Hub

8 Speed + Internal brake + gear shift when stationary

Nexus Bicycle Hub

Acreative activity involvesbringingintobeingsomething

Industrial innovation process

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