Ahmad shah-1748 to 1754

His period witness attacked by abadali. Therefore Punjab in1749

and NWFP 1751 were given to abdali but still attack is continued.
But administration is control by queen mother udambai, but both
emperor & queen mother were killed by wazir ..
[imad],who had also forced 2nd nawab of Safdarjung [also known
as nawab wazir because tey were acting as wazir for mughal
emperor] to back to awadh.where he was facing fight with rohilah
whose chief is ahamad han bangus is tough leader, therefore
safdarjung enter to subsidiary alliance to Maratha with leader like
Malhar Rao,jayapa sindiya by 1754.he also entered with alliance
with jat leader, So on one had Punjab was being overrun by
afghan on other side Maratha is visible force in north Indias they
had acquired malwa, overrun Gujarat, plunder bhihar,WB,Orissa
also ran rajputana, by 1752 they had acquired outpost in ganga
doab region.Imad put on throne Aziz-ud-din Alamgir II [17541759],all power in tis time was concentrated on imad,who went to
sign subsidiary treaty with Maratha, in which important role is
played by malhar rao, raghunath.now Maratha was given
responsibility of security NWFP & mughal empire against attacked
by ahmad shah, who during his frequent evasion recognize
almagir II & imad as wazir, also appointed
Rohilla
chief Nazibudaula as Mir Bakshi [The head of the military was
called the mir baksh] & supreme agent.abadali envasion is pain
ful for many religious including Mathura,those these place of
governership
of
Maratha,only
jatt
leader
offer
some
resistance,from Delhi Maratha force under malhar rao march into
Punjab, they only reappointed adina baigh as mughal governer of
Punjab, they also expel Timur Shah son of abdali from Lahore,they
had already expel khan from delhi, thereby creating sufficient
condition for abdali, Maratha force under sadha shiva rao bhau,
nana shaheb symbolic command under peshwas son vishwas
Rao.

Maratha troop under Ibrahim khan Gardi, they had artillery trainee
under French general. But Maratha have no single friend alliance
in north; they have number of difference within their rank. two
fatal mistakes committed by Maratha along the line of
communication cut & abandoning traditional war [gurulla] trait. so
panopat war is disatar of high magnitude but it was decisive
because for abdali it was empty victory, his successor were busy
to fight rebellion back home & sikkha army broke afghan out of
Punjab, so in term of analysis it can be said that Maratha polity
was already cracking up before 1761 they had week basic of
home government, they were not having stable revenue system
to sustain empire there was no binding principle among different
Maratha chief e.g. when raghav ji bhosle extracted charge from
Easter part of India including Orissa he came with conflict with
baji rao similar balaji baji rao also criticized him. The matter is
more significant than panipat is already fought that is battle of
plasi [1691] which have long term consequence. Imad kill Aziz-uddin Alamgir II place on throne shahajahan II. however came to
throne price ali gauhar or shahaalam II

Shahalam II [1759-1786]
He was forced to live at mercy of different forces because he was
expecl from delhi by imad.shahalam II was given shelter by
shujauduala of awadh who was third nawab. Who never any step
against Afghani, defeated of battle of buxor [bihar,1764]& with
him British sign a treaty of Allahabad 1765 & took away from
district of Allahabad & kora, also we had different alliance with
British, company troop maintained & subsidized by nawab,1772
got agreement with rohilla who are expecting Maratha invasion
they promise suja 40 lakes if he succeed in compelling them to
withdraw. Another treaty of Allahabad 1765 was sign with
shahaalm II who are given two districts Allahabad & kora. Annual
tribute of 26 lakes of dewani rights that is right of revenue

administration.in tis perod there was of mass production of old

script including name of original artist, there was royal stamp
paste them to look like them authentic copy.
3rd panipat Maratha was defaetd abdali appointed nazim khan as
supreme regulator of affairs,after him was his son influence zabita
khan than grandson ghula khan ,there was a person najafkhan
who had military experience in Bengal with English also control
affaris of delhi,1770 all this happening when Maratha leader
mahajiv sindhiya place shalalam II back to delhi, Delhi was
influence of Maratha till 1803 when it was capture by British ,was
shahaalma II was 1 st emperor to give pension till he passed away
1806.
1806-1837 Akabar II [phool walo ki sher- secularism ]
This period reflected rule of Akbar 2 nd confine to red fort, who was
asked by lord hesting give all ceremonial title which proclaim
supremecy of mughal emperor over the company . akbar II send
raja ram mohan sendt England as ambesdor.
1837-1858 Mirza Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur
Shah Zafarwas the last Mughal emperor , poet of urdu
patronized mirza galib another urdu poet [asha dula begh]. He
zafar was proclaimed as mugal of Hindustan as rebel,
revolutionary 1857,he was caught at humaun tomb,put on
military trial & exile to rangur [mynamar],later mughal period
symbolized weaking of centralized mughal empire disperseing of
power,that is transfeomation of polity rather than completety
collapse,beacsue mugal authority is visible in no. of way, mughal
governor acquired formal recognition from mughal rule only.
Though they functioned independent manner.
In terms of literature a new style is emerged in 18 th century
known as sharre show having its roots in Turkish & Persian
literature ,during Aurangzeb time & afterward some important
poet were zafar zatalli, meerja sauda,meer takim among other.

Vernacular language it was Italian who started Hindi language

,Maratha spiritual poetry also retain its position when supported
by peswa like famous poet tukaram who known for devotion
poetry known as abhanga poetry.
In term of social economy & culture ideas during mughal india is
already knowning hand loom weaving, sericulture, plant crafting,
cultivation of saffron, cherry in J & K, Cu, Ag, Au mining, pearl
harvesting [hyd] there was no coal mining, spices in Malabar
region, potassium nitrate (saltpeter),purtagal started regular use
of fire arm, India have also ship building industry, no mention of
maize cultivation in aine akabar .english introduce glass item
telescope,sand watch,spectale,hour glass,
During jahagir time a faestival similar to holy.
In terms of sport chaugan [polo], chess,hockey,boxing,wrestling,
badminton and