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Air Pollution:
1. Meteorology and Dispersion Modeling
2. Air Pollution Control
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson the students should
be able to;
Understand apply the meteorological
aspects and dispersion of air pollutant
Engineering assessment and application
of various methods in controlling air
pollution
3. Atmospheric stability
Once pollutants are emitted into the air, the weather (atmospheric
stability) largely determines how well they disperse. Turbulence mixes
pollutants into the surrounding air. For example, during a hot summer
day, the air near the surface can be much warmer than the air above.
Sometimes large volumes of this warm air will rise to great heights.
This results in vigorous mixing.
Air Mixing
The direct effect of wind speed is to influence the
concentration of pollutants.
Atmospheric stability determines the extent to which
vertical motions will mix the pollution with cleaner air
above the surface layers.
The vertical distance between Earth's surface and the
height to which convectional movements extend is called
the mixing depth.
Generally, the greater the mixing depth, the better the air
quality.
Stability
Dry adiabatic lapse rate temperature
decreases due to lower pressure (ideal gas law)
dT
=
= 1.00 C/100 m = -5.4 F / 1000 ft
dz
Ambient (actual) lapse rate
< (temperature falls faster) unstable or
superadiabatic
> (temperature falls slower) stable or
subadiabatic
= (same rate) neutral
Neutral Conditions
Unstable Conditions
Stable Conditions
Example
Z(m)
2
318
T(C)
-3.05
-6.21
T T2 T1 6.21 ( 3.05)
=
=
= 0.0100 C/m
z z 2 z1
318 2
= 1.00 C/100 m
Since lapse rate = , atmosphere is neutral
Example
Z(m)
10
202
T(C)
5.11
1.09
T T2 T1 1.09 5.11
=
=
= 0.0209 C/m
z z 2 z1
202 10
= 2.09 C/100 m
Since lapse rate is more negative than ,
(-1.00 C/100 m), atmosphere is unstable
Example
Z(m)
18
286
T(C)
14.03
12.56
T T2 T1 12.56 14.03
=
=
= 0.0055 C/m
z z 2 z1
286 18
= 0.55 C/100 m
Temperature Inversions
Extreme case of stability when lapse rate
is actually positive, i.e. temperature
increases with altitude
Resulting temperature inversion prevents
nearly all upward mixing
UNSTABLE
STABLE
www.u.arizona.edu/ic/nats1011/lectures
Inversion
E
y
1
1
H
( x, y,0, H ) =
exp exp
s y s z u 2 s y 2 s z
Ts Ta
2
d
1.5 + 2.68 10 (P )
z2
u2 = u1
z1
Example
A stack in an urban area is emitting 80 g/s
of NO. It has an effective stack height of
100 m. The wind speed is 4 m/s at 10 m.
It is a clear summer day with the sun
nearly overhead. Estimate the ground
level concentration at a) 2 km downwind
on the centerline and b) 2 km downwind,
0.1 km off the centerline.
Example
1. Determine stability class
Assume wind speed is 4 km at ground
surface. Description suggests strong
solar radiation.
Stability class B
Example
2. Estimate the wind speed at the effective stack
height
Note: effective stack height given no need to
calculate using Hollands formula
z2
100
u2 = u1 = 4
10
z1
0.15
= 5.65 m/s
Example
3. Determine y and z
y = 290
z = 220
220
290
Example
4. Determine concentration using Eq 11-12
a. x = 2000, y = 0
2
2
80
1 0
1 100
C (2000,0) =
exp
exp
(290)(220)(5.6)
2 290
2 220
Example
b. x = 2000, y = 0.1 km = 100 m
2
2
80
1 100
1 100
exp
C (2000,100) =
exp
(290)(220)(5.6)
2 290
2 220
Adsorption
Adsorption :
Control of principal polluting gas such as
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, CO2 and
hydrocarbons
Passing stream of effluent gas through solid
porous material (adsorbent). The surface of
porous material attract and hold the gas by
physical or chemical adsorption
Adsorption
Absorption
Absorption
Absorption also known as scrubbing bringing
contaminated gas (absorbate or solute) into
contact with liquid absorbent (solvent)
One or more of the constituents of the effluent
gas are removed, treated or modified by the
liquid absorbent
The amount of gas absorbed will depend on
the properties of both gas and solvent
Absorption
Combustion
Particulates are
burned down by
having four basic
elements : oxygen,
temperature
(650oC), turbulence
(for mixing of
oxygen) and time
Cyclone
Dust laden gas
enters tangentially
Under influence of
centrifugal force
generated by
spinning gas, solid
particles thrown onto
walls and slide down
the walls into the
hopper
Filtration
Fabric filter system,
particulate laden gas
passed thru a woven
filter fabrics
Particulates are
trapped
Fabric must be
cleaned regularly to
remove trapped
particulates material
If not cleaned filter
can explode due to
build up of pressure
Electrostatic Precipitator
Low voltage two
staged units or High
Voltage single stage
unit
Particulate are given
negative charge and
attached themselves
to positive electrodes
and collected there
Extremely efficient up
to 99% removal
Liquid Scrubber
http://www.apt.lanl.gov/projects/cctc/factsheets/puair/adflugasdemo.html
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
A catalytic converter is a vehicle emissions control
device which converts toxic byproducts of combustion in
the exhaust of an internal combustion engine to less toxic
substances by way of catalyzed chemical reactions.
The specific reactions vary with the type of catalyst
installed.
Most present-day vehicles that run on gasoline are fitted
with a three-way converter, so named because it
converts the three main pollutants in automobile exhaust:
carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of
nitrogen.
The first two undergo catalytic combustion and the last is
reduced back to nitrogen.
END