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NON SPESIFIK
IMUNNITY
Prodi D4 Gizi
Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Malang
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Chemical factors
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Chemical factors
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Biological factors
The normal flora of the skin and in the
gastrointestinal tract can prevent the
colonization of pathogenic bacteria by
secreting toxic substances or by competing
with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or
attachment to cell surfaces.
Complement system
Coagulation system
Lactoferrin and transferrin
Interferons
Lysozyme
Interleukin-1
Complement system
The complement system is the major humoral non-specific defense mechanism
Coagulation system
For example, beta-lysin, a protein produced by platelets during coagulation can lyse many Gram
positive bacteria by acting as a cationic detergent.
Lactoferrin and transferrin
By binding iron, an essential nutrient for bacteria, these proteins limit bacterial growth.
Interferons
Interferons are proteins that can limit virus replication in cells.
Lysozyme
Lysozyme breaks down the cell wall of bacteria.
Interleukin-1
Il-1 induces fever and the production of acute phase proteins, some of which are antimicrobial
because they can opsonize bacteria.
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System/Organ
Active
component
Effector Mechanism
Skin
GI tract
Columnar cells
Lung
Tracheal cilia
Flushing, lysozyme
Phagocytic cells
NK cells and K-cell
LAK
Serum
Iron binding
Interferons
Antiviral proteins
TNF-alpha
Lysozyme
Peptidoglycan hydrolysis
Fibronectin
Complement
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated
killer (LAK) cells
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs, figure 4) are recruited to the site of infection
where they phagocytose invading organisms and kill them intracellularly.
Macrophages
Tissue macrophages (figure 5, 6, 7) and newly recruited monocytes (figure 4 and
8), which differentiate into macrophages, also function in phagocytosis and
intracellular killing of microorganisms. In addition, macrophages are capable of
extracellular killing of infected or altered self target cells. Furthermore,
macrophages contribute to tissue repair and act as antigen-presenting cells, which
are required for the induction of specific immune responses.
Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells
NK and LAK cells can nonspecifically kill virus infected and tumor cells. These cells
are not part of the inflammatory response but they are important in nonspecific
immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils (figure 6a and b) have proteins in granules that are effective in killing
certain parasites.
Phagocytic cells
Neutrophiles/Polymorphonuclear cells
Monocytes/Macrophages
Response of phagocytes to infection
Initiation of Phagocytosis
Fc receptors
Complement receptors
Scavenger receptors
Toll-like receptors
Phagocytosis
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Reaction
Enzyme
Superoxide dismutatse
Catalase
How do NK and LAK cells distinguish a normal cell from a virusinfected or malignant cell? NK and LAK cells have two kinds of
receptors on their surface a killer activating receptor (KAR) and a
killer inhibiting receptor (KIR). When the KAR encounters its ligand,
a killer activating ligand (KAL) on the target cell the NK or LAK cells
are capable of killing the target. However, if the KIR also binds to its
ligand then killing is inhibited even if KAR binds to KAL. The ligands
for KIR are MHC-class I molecules. Thus, if a target cell expresses
class I MHC molecules it will not be killed by NK or LAK cells even if
the target also has a KAL which could bind to KAR. Normal cells
constitutively express MHC class I molecules on their surface,
however, virus infected and malignant cells down regulate
expression of class I MHC. Thus, NK and LAK cells selectively kill
virus-infected and malignant cells while sparing normal cells.
Bagaimana sel NK dan LAK membedakan sel normal dari sel yang
terinfeksi virus atau ganas ? sel NK dan LAK memiliki dua jenis
reseptor pada permukaannya - pembunuh mengaktifkan reseptor (
KAR ) dan pembunuh menghambat reseptor ( KIR ) . Ketika KAR
pertemuan ligan , pembunuh mengaktifkan ligan ( KAL ) pada sel
target sel NK atau LAK mampu membunuh target . Namun, jika KIR
juga mengikat ligan maka pembunuhan terhambat bahkan jika KAR
mengikat KAL . Ligan untuk KIR adalah molekul MHC kelas I .
Dengan demikian , jika sel target mengekspresikan kelas I MHC
molekul tidak akan dibunuh oleh sel NK atau LAK bahkan jika target
juga memiliki KAL yang bisa mengikat KAR .
Sel-sel normal konstitutif mengekspresikan molekul MHC kelas I
pada permukaannya , namun, terinfeksi virus dan sel ganas turun
mengatur ekspresi dari kelas I MHC . Dengan demikian , sel NK dan
LAK selektif membunuh sel yang terinfeksi virus dan ganas
sementara hemat sel normal
The mucous membranes of the eyes are bathed in tears, which contain an enzyme called lysozyme
that attacks bacteria and helps protect the eyes from infection.
The hairs and mucus in our nose trap inhaled particles, and the walls of our respiratory tract are
lined with cells that secrete mucus to trap particles and pathogens.
The cells lining the respiratory tract have cilia, hair-like projections that beat in a coordinated way
to sweep mucus and entrapped particles up to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed or
expectorated.
Coughing and sneezing can be thought of as mechanical means of expelling pathogens and noxious
chemicals
Our digestive tract also provides barriers. Acid in the stomach and enzymes in the intestine destroy
pathogens. The gastrointestinal tract also has cells that secrete mucus, which acts as a barrier.
The gastrointestinal tract is also surrounded my smooth muscle cells that propel the
gastrointestinal contents in a wavelike fashion referred to as peristalsis. Noxious gastrointestinal
contents can be expelled by diarrhea, which involves both increased flushing from secretion of fluid
into the GI tract and increases peristalsis. Vomiting is a complicated reflex that provides another
means of expelling noxious materials
The urethra is periodically flushed by urine.
The acidic pH of the vagina makes it inhospitable for many pathogens.
Biological barriers: The normal bacteria on our skin and in our respiratory, digestive, and uro-genital
tracts protect us by competing with pathogens for attachment and essential nutrients.
Innate Immunity