The Palestinian territories are facing critical situation concerning the

achievement of
sustainable development. Several problems have contributed to the
continuous deterioration
of the political, economic, social and environmental conditions and hindered
development
initiatives. The lack of a Palestinian infrastructure for close to four decades
has impede any
realistic progress on the energy front. Renewable energy market is strongly
affected
by the political stability in the region, economic situation of the people, rising
demand on
energy and availability of the indigenous resources. The environment of
political risk and
uncertainty has inhibited investors from making large scale energy or
industrial investments.
In spite of all these challenges, Palestine has gone forward to utilize its
natural resources for
rehabilitation and construction. due to the absence of fossil fuel resources,
Palestine has to import
all its needs (100%) of petroleum products from Israeli market and about 92%
of electrical energy
from the Israeli Electric Corporation, a total energy bill of more than 385 M
per year. Local
energy resources in Palestine are limited in solar energy for photovoltaic and
thermal applications
(mainly for water heating),biomass (wood and agricultural waste) for cooking
and heating in rural
areas. wind energy is not yet utilized in Palestine. Biogas also not yet utilized.
(Yaseen E. B., 2006)

energy is the ability or capacity to do work. Also it can be explained as the

amount of work of

performed by a force. There are many types of energy resources .firstly,

Commercial Fuels : e.g.
coal, lignite, petroleum products, natural gas and electricity. Secondly, Noncommercial Fuels
like as fuel wood, agricultural waste. The third one Conventional Resources
e.g. fossil fuels (coal,
petroleum and natural gas), water and nuclear energy. Non-conventional
Resources (or Alternate
energy) solar, bio, wind. The forth one is Renewable Resources of Energy
Renewable sources of
energy are those natural resources which are inexhaustible and can be used
to produce energy
again and again. Examples are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal
energy, tidal energy, water
energy and bio energy. The last one is Non-Renewable Resources of Energy .
Those natural
resources which are exhaustible and cannot be replaced once they are used.
Such as coal, oil and gas which together supply 98% of the total world energy
demand today. (A, Renewable energy sources., Nov 11, 2013, p. 2)
coal is a non-renewable energy as mentioned above . Coal is the prime
source of energy and
accounts for about 67 percent of the India commercial energy requirement.
Thermal power
produced from low-grade coal accounts for 52 per cent of total installed
generating capacity of
electricity in india Coal consists of volatile matter , moisture and carbon
besides ash
content. Petroleum is an inflammable liquid composed primarily of
hydrocarbons (90 to 98 per
cent) and the rest organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur
and traces of
organometallic compounds. Petroleum and petroleum products are used
mainly as motive power,

lubricating agents and a source of raw material for manufacturing various

chemicals required in
industries. Natural gas is found both alone or in association with crude oil ;
but most of the
output comes from associated sources. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are
the chief sources of
thermal power. These sources are of mineral origin and are also called as
fossil fuels. Surface
water because of its potential energy in certain areas, provides the cheapest,
neat and clean
resource of energy. Electricity produced from water represents hydro power
(A, Renewable energy sources., Nov 11, 2013, p. 3).

Biomass is the fourth largest energy source after coal, oil and natural gas - is
the largest and most
important renewable energy option at present and can be used to produce
different forms of
energy . As a result, it is capable of providing all the energy services required
in a modern
many other aspects, important advantages of biomass as an energy source.
Moreover, compared
to other renewables, biomass resources are common and widespread across
the globe. (A, Renewable energy sources., Nov 11, 2013, p. 5).
Energy production and use produce some of the most lasting and significant
environmental
effects. Some of these are discussed in detail in the Atmospheric System.
Each source of energy
brings with it some impacts. Here we summarize the overall nature of the
impacts Fossil fuels
cause some of the largest impacts. In order for a typical 500-Megawatt plant
to produce about
158 Terawatt-hours (tera = 1012) of electricity per year, it takes 1.5 million
tons of coal and 0.15

million tons of limestone. It produces emissions to the air of 1 million tons of

carbon as carbon
dioxide, plus 10000 tons of ash and 193000 tons of scrubber sludge -- both of
which contain large
quantities of sulfur. Global climate change, resulting from atmosphere
increases in CO2, is
described in detail in the Atmospheric System. Even seemingly slight
temperature changes can
cause changes in weather patterns, climate, melting of polar ice caps, and
sea-level rise.

Fiqure 1. Industry Emissions, in thousands of short tons.

From the mining and processing of the fuels to the production stage, nuclear
power requires the
handling of radioactive material. The potential for accidental release of these
materials and
exposure to people, and the problem of long-term disposal of radioactive
wastes, are the main
environmental concerns of nuclear power. Hydroelectric power causes
disturbances in
(http://environ.andrew.cmu.edu/m3/s3/11sources.shtml)rapidly declining
populations in the remaining species of salmon in the Pacific Northwest. The
Three Gorges Dam project currently underway in China requires the
displacement of one million
people, in addition to the devastation of land and ecosystems. But the
People's Republic of China

has made rapid industrialization a national priority, and this requires an

enormous development of power production systems. (p. Impacts of Energy
Production and Use).

Energy Energy
Source production

Usage

Environmental
Impact

38% of
world's
consumptio
n in 2000
Oil,
Easily
Petroleu Non renewable
transported
m
Large
portion in
transportati
on industry

Refining and
consuming
produce air,
water, and solid
waste pollutants

Natural
Gas

20% of
world's
consumptio
n in 2000
Flexible for
Non renewable
use in
industries,
transportati
on, power
generation

Produces fewer
pollutants than
oil and coal, and
less CO2

Coal

Produces CO2
Primary
and other air,
Non renewable resource for
water and solid
electricity
waste pollutants

Biomass
: Wood
and
organic

Renewable
In terms of
timber, it is
easily

Low energy
potential
relative to
other

Burning emits
CO2 and other
pollutants
Possible toxic

waste
includin
g
societal
waste

harvested and
abundant in
certain areas;
but it takes a
long time to
grow a tree.

resources

byproducts from
societal waste
Loss of habitat
when trees
harvested,
unless
sustainable tree
farms

Hydroelectric

Renewable
Clean
resource with
high efficiency
Influenced by
climate and
geography

Low
economic
cost,
though high
start up
costs

Destruction of
farmlands,
dislocation of
people, loss of
habitat,
alteration of
stream flows

Technology
Renewable
is already in
High
use for
economic cost remote
particularly in applications
terms of start- and nonup
centralized
Dependent on uses where
Solar
climate and
it is
Power
geographical
economicall
(photoLarge land use
location
y
voltaics
Need a
competitive
)
storage system with
for the energy alternatives
to ensure
Unlimited
reliability
resource
Not advanced that is
enough for
clean,
global use
efficient,
safe, and
renewable
Solar
Power (solar

Renewable
Centralthermal

Solar
energy
technology

systems to
convert solar
energy directly
to heat
More
competitive
thermal
economically
)
than
photovoltaics
Dependent on
climate and
geographical
location

not
advanced
enough for
global use
Many
industrial
plants use
solar

Extracts heat
from
underground
masses of hot
rock.
Geo Technology is
thermal
still
undeveloped.
Can be
geographically
dependent

Consumptio
Disrupts natural
n is
geyser activity
localized
Efficient

Wind
Power

Renewable
Economic
Unlimited
cost
resource that is comparable
a very clean
to current
process, no
technologie
pollutants
s
System
must be
designed to
operate
reliably at
variable
rotor
speeds

Technology
not

Aesthetic issues
Needs lots of
land
Possible
impacts on birds
and their
migration
patterns
Some noise
pollution

advanced
enough for
global
societal us
Byproduct is
highly
radioactive and
highly toxic
Non
Produces
renewable
radioactive
resource U-235
wastes that have
(uranium)
a long lifetime
Highly
Nuclear
Disposal
technological
Fission
solution complex
infrastructure
Currently
Strong
technically and
necessary for
accounts for
nuclear
politically
safe operation 10-12% of
forces
Safety issues in
Production of the world's
in
terms of
nuclear energy electricity
nuclear
operating a
has a high cost
bonds
facility with the
due in part to
potential to
regulations
release radiation
High water
to the
usage for
atmosphere
cooling
Public
perception
problem in terms
of radiation, etc.
Technology is
not yet viable
and requires
Nuclear research
investment
Fusion
Technology
Weak
nuclear still not
developed
force
enough to
make this a
viable source

Possibility high
for water
pollution
because of
radioactive
tritium

Table 1: Energy Sources and related information.

(http://environ.andrew.cmu.edu/m3/s3/11sources.shtml, p. Impacts of Energy
Production and Use).

: References
Eng. Basel T. Q. Yaseen. (2006). 1-, 2015 Renewable Energy Applications in .
-Palestine1
-http://environ.andrew.cmu.edu../. (2015 ).2

.Sugantha Priyan A.. (Nov 11, 2013). 3-Renewable energy sources

References: