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Failedstate
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Afailedstateisapoliticalbodythathasdisintegratedtoapointwherebasicconditionsand
responsibilitiesofasovereigngovernmentnolongerfunctionproperly.Likewise,whenanation
weakensanditsstandardoflivingdeclines,itintroducesthepossibilityofgovernmentalcollapse.The
FundforPeacecharacterizesafailedstateashavingthefollowingcharacteristics:
Lossofcontrolofitsterritory,orofthemonopolyonthelegitimateuseofphysicalforcetherein
Erosionoflegitimateauthoritytomakecollectivedecisions
Inabilitytoprovidepublicservices
Inabilitytointeractwithotherstatesasafullmemberoftheinternationalcommunity
Commoncharacteristicsofafailingstateincludeacentralgovernmentsoweakorineffectivethatithas
littlepracticalcontrolovermuchofitsterritoryandthereisanonprovisionofpublicservices.When
thishappenswidespreadcorruptionandcriminality,theinterventionofnonstateactors,theappearance
ofrefugeesandtheinvoluntarymovementofpopulations,andsharpeconomicdeclinecanoccur.[1]
Thelevelofgovernmentcontrolrequiredtoavoidbeingconsideredafailedstatevariesconsiderably
amongstauthorities.[2]Furthermore,thedeclarationthatastatehas"failed"isgenerallycontroversial
and,whenmadeauthoritatively,maycarrysignificantgeopoliticalconsequences.[2]

Contents
1 Definitionanditsissues
1.1 Criticismsoftheconcept
2 Transnationalcrimeandterrorism
3 Measurement
3.1 Quantitativeapproach
3.2 Qualitativeapproach
4 Seealso
5 References
6 Externallinks

Definitionanditsissues
AccordingtothepoliticaltheoriesofMaxWeber,astatecouldbesaidto"succeed"ifitmaintainsa
monopolyonthelegitimateuseofphysicalforcewithinitsborders.Whenthisisbroken(e.g.,through
thedominantpresenceofwarlords,paramilitarygroups,orterrorism),theveryexistenceofthestate
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becomesdubious,andthestatebecomesafailedstate.Thedifficultyofdeterminingwhethera
governmentmaintains"amonopolyonthelegitimateuseofforce",whichincludestheproblemsofthe
definitionof"legitimate",meansitisnotclearpreciselywhenastatecanbesaidtohave"failed."The
problemoflegitimacycanbesolvedbyunderstandingwhatWeberintendedbyit.Weberclearly
explainsthatonlythestatehasthemeansofproductionnecessaryforphysicalviolence(politicsas
vocation).Thismeansthatthestatedoesnotrequirelegitimacyforachievingmonopolyonhavingthe
meansofviolence(defacto),butwillneedoneifitneedstouseit(dejure).
Typically,thetermmeansthatthestatehasbeenrenderedineffectiveandisnotabletoenforceitslaws
uniformlyorprovidebasicgoodsandservicestoitscitizensbecauseof(variously)highcrimerates,
extremepoliticalcorruption,animpenetrableandineffectivebureaucracy,judicialineffectiveness,
militaryinterferenceinpolitics,andculturalsituationsinwhichtraditionalleaderswieldmorepower
thanthestateoveracertainarea.Otherfactorsofperceptionmaybeinvolved.Aderivedconceptof
"failedcities"hasalsobeenlaunched,basedonthenotionthatwhileastatemayfunctioningeneral,
politiesatthesubstatelevelmaycollapseintermsofinfrastructure,economyandsocialpolicy.Certain
areasorcitiesmayevenfalloutsidestatecontrol,becomingadefactoungovernedpartofthestate.[3]
Thereisnorealconsensusonthedefinitionofa"failedstate"thesubjectivenatureofindicatorsthatare
usedtomeasurestatefailure,haveleadtoanambiguousunderstandingoftheterm.[4]Somescholars
focusonthecapacityandeffectivenessofthegovernmenttodetermineifastateisfailedornot.[5]Other
indicessuchastheFundforPeacesFailedStateIndexunderlinethedemocraticcharacterofstate
institutionsinordertodetermineitsleveloffailure.[6]Finallyotherscholarsfocustheirargumentonthe
legitimacyofthestate,[7]onthenatureofthestate,[8]onthegrowthofcriminalviolenceinastate,[9]on
theeconomicextractiveinstitutions[10]oronthestatescapacitytocontrolitsterritory.[11]RobertH.
Batesreferstostatefailureasthe"implosionofthestate",wherethestatetransforms"intoaninstrument
ofpredation"andthestateeffectivelylosesitsmonopolyonthemeansofforce.[12]
Aspartofthedebateaboutthestatefailuredefinition,CharlesT.Call(2010)attemptstoabandonthe
conceptofstatefailurealtogetheras,heargues,itpromotesanunclearunderstandingofwhatstate
failuremeans.[13]Indeed,oneofthemaincontributionstothetheorizationofthe"failedstate"isthe
"gapframework"developedbyCall(2010).Thisframeworkbuildsonhisprevious(2008)criticismsof
statefailure,asaconceptusedasacatchalltermfordiversestateswithvaryingproblemsandasa
baseandexplanationforuniversalpolicyprescriptions.[14]Itunpackstheconceptof"statefailure"
focusingonthreegapsthatthestateisnotabletoprovidewhenitisintheprocessoffailure:capacity,
whenstateinstitutionslacktheabilitytoeffectivelydeliverbasicgoodsandservicestoitspopulation
security,whenthestateisunabletoprovidesecuritytoitspopulationunderthethreatofarmedgroups
andlegitimacy,whena"significantportionofitspoliticalelitesandsocietyrejecttherulesregulating
powerandtheaccumulationanddistributionofwealth."[15]The"gapframework"seemstobemore
usefulthanotherdefinitions.Insteadofattemptingtoquantifythedegreeoffailureofastate,thegap
frameworkprovidesathreedimensionalscopeusefultoanalysetheinterplaybetweenthegovernment
andthesocietyinstatesinamoreanalyticalway.Calldoesnotnecessarilysuggestthatstatesthatsuffer
fromthechallengesofthethreegapsshouldbeidentifiedasfailedstatesbutinstead,presentsthegap
ideaasanalternativetothestatefailureconceptasawhole.[15]AlthoughCallrecognizesthatthegap
conceptinitselfhaslimits,sinceoftenstatesfacetwoormoreofthegapchallenges,hisconceptual
propositionpresentsausefulwayformorepreciselyidentifyingthechallengeswithinasocietyandthe
policyprescriptionsthataremorelikelytobeeffectiveforexternalandinternationalactorsto
implement.

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ArelevantcontributiontothefieldoffailedstatesanditsattributeswasmadebyJ.Goldstoneinhis
papercalled"PathwaystoStateFailure".Whatdiffershimfromotherdefinitionsisthefactthattohim,
astateisfailedifitlostbothitseffectivenessandlegitimacy.Effectivenessmeansthecapabilitytocarry
outstatefunctionssuchasprovidingsecurityorlevyingtaxes.Legitimacymeansthesupportof
importantgroupsofthepopulation,itisdissociatedfromdemocracyasagovernment/leadercanbe
legitimateintheeyesofhispeoplewithoutbeingelected.Goldstonecoupledpathwaystostatefailureto
hisconceptionofalackofbotheffectivenessandlegitimacy.Astatethatretainsoneofthetwoaspects
isn'tfailedassuch,howeveritisingreatdangeroffailingsoonifnothingisbeingdone.Fivepossible
pathwaystostatefailureare:1.Escalationofcommunalgroup(ethnicorreligious)conflictsExamples:
Rwanda,Liberia,Yugoslavia,Lebanon2.Statepredation(corruptorcronycorrallingofresourcesatthe
expenseofothergroups)Examples:Nicaragua,Philippines,Iran3.Regionalorguerrillarebellion
Examples:Colombia,Vietnam4.Democraticcollapse(leadingtocivilwarorcoupdetat)Examples:
Nigeria,Madagascar,Nepal5.SuccessionorreformcrisisinauthoritarianstatesExamples:Indonesia
underSuharto,IranundertheShah,theSovietUnionunderGorbachev
AlthoughGoldstoneidentifiedpathwaystostatefailureheisquicktowarnaboutsimplifyingtheissue.
Often(re)buildingeitherlegitimacyoreffectivenessimpliesatradeoffwiththeotheraspectofthe
state.Sincethesestatesaremissingoneofthetwopillarstostability,itisdangeroustoinitiatesucha
tradeoffasittakestimetorebuildtrustfromthepopulation.AlthoughStateFailurehasbeenstudiedfor
decadesbynumerousscholars,itremainsacontestedconceptvulnerabletopolitical,ideologicaland
economicalagendas.

Criticismsoftheconcept
Thespreadoftheterm"failedstate"hasbeencriticizedbypolicyresearchersforbeingarbitraryand
sensationalist.OlivierNay,WilliamEasterlyandLauraFreschihavearguedthattheconceptofstate
failure"hasnocoherentdefinition",andonlyservesthepolicygoalsofWesternstatestomilitarily
interveneinotherstates.[16]TheBritishwriterAnatolLievendrawsadistinctionbetween"genuinely
failedandfailing"statesinSubSaharanAfricawithstatesinSouthAsia,whoserulershesays"havenot
traditionallyexerciseddirectcontrolover...mostoftheirterritoryandhavealwaysfacedcontinual
armedresistancesomewhereorother".AlthoughheconcedesthatPakistanmightbeconsidered"failed"
whencomparedtotheindustrializedstatesofWesternEurope,hecriticizeshowcommentatorsusethe
WarinNorthWestPakistantobrandPakistanas"failed",whilenotdoingthesamefortheinhis
opinionproportionallymoreseriousNaxaliteinsurgencyinIndiaortheSriLankanCivilWar.[17]
Call(2008)arguesthatthelabeloffailedstatehasbeenappliedsowidelythatishasbeeneffectively
rendereduseless.[18]Astherehasbeenlittleconsensusoverhowtodefinefailedstates,the
characteristicscommonlyusedtoidentifyafailingstatearenumerousandextremelydiverse,from
humanrightsviolations,poverty,corruptiontodemographicpressures.[19]Thismeansthatawiderange
ofhighlydivergentstatesarecategorisedtogetherasfailed(orfailing)states.Thiscanconcealthe
complexityofthespecificweaknessesidentifiedwithinindividualstatesandresultinonesizefitsall
approachtypicallyfocusedonstrengtheningthestatescapacityfororder.Furthermore,theuseofthe
term'failedstate'hasbeenusedbysomeforeignpowersasajustificationforinvadingacountry,or
determiningaspecificprescriptivesetofforeignpolicygoals.Following2001,CallnotesthattheUS
statedthatfailedstateswereoneofthegreatestsecuritythreatsfacingthecountry,basedonthe
assumptionthatacountrywithweakornonexistentstateinstitutionswouldprovideasafehavenfor
terrorists,andactasabreedinggroundforextremism.
Call(2008)suggeststhatinsteadofbrandishingcountriesasfailedstatestheycouldbecategorisedin
morerelevantunderstandableterms.Forexample,a'collapsedstate'wouldrefertoacountrywherethe
stateapparatuscompletelyfallsapartandceasestoexistforacoupleofmonths.Thiswouldonlyapply
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toacountrywhereabsolutelynobasicfunctionsofthestatewereworking,andnonstateactorswere
carryingoutsuchtasks.A'weakstate'couldbeusedforstateswherebyinformalinstitutionscarryout
moreofthepublicservicesandchannellingofgoodsthanformalstateinstitutions.A'wartorn'state,
mightnotbefunctioningbecauseofconflict,butthisdoesnotnecessarilyimplyitisacollapsedstate.
Rotburgarguedthatallfailedstatesareexperiencingsomeformofarmedconflict.However,the
challengestothestatecanbeverydifferentdependingonthetypeofarmedconflict,andwhetherit
encompassesthecountryasawholeandlargeterritories,orisspecificallyfocusedaroundoneregional
area.Anothertypeofstatethathasbeentraditionallyputundertheumbrellaterm'failedstate'couldbe
an'authoritarianstate'.Whileauthoritarianleadersmightcometopowerbyviolentmeans,theymay
wardoffoppositiononceinpowerandassuchensurethereislittleviolencewithintheirregime.Call
(2008)arguesthatthecircumstancesandchallengesfacingstatebuildinginsuchregimesarevery
differenttothoseposedinastateincivilwar.Thesefouralternativedefinitionshighlightthemany
differentcircumstancesthatcanleadastatetobecategorisedundertheumbrellaterma'failedstate',and
thedangerofadoptingprescriptiveonesizefitsallpolicyapproachestoverydifferentsituations.
Inadditiontothepreviouscritiquesofthe'failedstate'concept,AlexMaroyaarguesthattheterm'failed'
islimitedinitsapproach.Hesuggeststhat"itisthemodelofstatehoodbasedonterritoriallysovereign,
extensivecentralgovernmentthathasfailedmuchoftheworld,andthefrontierareasoftheformer
Europeanempiresinparticular."[20]RatherthanproducingstatesthatmirrortheWesternsystem,these
statesshoulddeveloptheirownmodelofstatehood,whichdoesnotusecoercionasaformofrule.The
authorinfactarguesformoreradicallydecentralisedconceptsofthestate,insteadoftherigidborders
whichhavecontributedtoconflictandinstability.In2003,Maroyaarguedthatcertainsocalled"failed
states"mightbebetteroffunderadecentralizedgovernment.Insteadofmerelylabellingthesestatesas
'failed'andalmost'doomed'toperpetualconflict,theliteratureshouldfocusonalternativessuchas
multiplelevelsofgovernanceandregionalintegration.Inotherwords,"theinternationalrelations
discourseneedstomoveawayfromblithetalkof'statefailure'andtowardsacriticalunderstandingof
thekindsofstatesthathavedevelopedinformerfrontierregions."[20]
Theconcepthasbeencriticisedforbeingteleological,ahistoricalandreflectingaWesternbiasofwhat
constitutesasuccessfulstate.[18]Inherentintheconceptofthefailedstateistheassumedassociation
withterrorismandothertransnationalthreats.Theyaresometimesdescribedasincubatorsfor
internationalterrorism.[21]

Transnationalcrimeandterrorism
AccordingtoTrialAttorneyofU.S.DepartmentofJusticeDanE.Stigall,"theinternationalcommunity
isconfrontedwithanincreasingleveloftransnationalcrimeinwhichcriminalconductinonecountry
hasanimpactinanotherorevenseveralothers.Drugtrafficking,humantrafficking,computercrimes,
terrorism,andahostofothercrimescaninvolveactorsoperatingoutsidethebordersofacountrywhich
mighthaveasignificantinterestinstemmingtheactivityinquestionandprosecutingthe
perpetrator".[22]
AstudyoftheCligendaelCenterforStrategicStudies[23]explainswhystatesthataresubjecttofailure
serveassanctuaries(usedtoplan,execute,support,andfinanceactivities)forterroristorganisations.
Whenthegovernmentdoesnotknowaboutthepresenceoftheorganisationorifitisnotabletoweaken
orremovetheorganisation,thesanctuaryisreferredtoasa"TerroristBlackHole".However,nextto
governmentalweaknessthereneedtobe"TerroristComparativeAdvantages"presentforaregiontobe
consideredasa"TerroristBlackHole".Accordingtothestudy,socialtensions,thelegacyfromcivil
conflict,geography,corruptionandpolicyfailure,aswellasexternalfactorscontributetogovernmental
weakness.Thecomparativeadvantagesare:religionandethnicity,thelegacyfromcivilconflict,
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geography,economicopportunities,economicunderdevelopmentandregionalstimuli.Onlythe
combinationsofthetwofactors(governmentalweaknessandTerroristComparativeAdvantages)
explainwhatregionsterroristsuseassanctuaries.
ResearchbyJamesPiazzaofthePennsylvaniaStateUniversityfindsevidencethatnationsaffectedby
statefailureexperienceandproducemoreterroristattacks.[24]Contemporarytransnationalcrimes"take
advantageofglobalization,tradeliberalizationandexplodingnewtechnologiestoperpetratediverse
crimesandtomovemoney,goods,servicesandpeopleinstantaneouslyforpurposesofperpetrating
violenceforpoliticalends".[25]
Moreover,"problemsofweakenedstatesandtransnationalcrimecreateanunholyconfluencethatis
uniquelychallenging.Whenacriminaloperatesoutsidetheterritoryofanoffendedstate,theoffended
statemightordinarilyappealtothestatefromwhichthecriminalisoperatingtotakesomesortofaction,
suchastoprosecutetheoffenderdomesticallyorextraditetheoffendersothatheorshemayface
punishmentintheoffendedstate.Nonetheless,insituationsinwhichagovernmentisunable(or
unwilling)tocooperateinthearrestorprosecutionofacriminal,theoffendedstatehasfewoptionsfor
recourse".[22]

Measurement
Themeasurementmethodsofstatefailureisgenerallydividedintothequantitativeandthequalitative
approach.

Quantitativeapproach
Quantitativemeasurementofstatefailuremeansthecreationof
indexesandrankingsunderlyingcertainindicators.Tomeasure
statefailuretheFragileStatesIndex(FSI),formerlycalled
FailedStatesIndex,theFragilityIndex(FI)andtheState
FragilityIndex(SFI)areparticularlyimportant.However,a
numberofotherindexesaregenerallyusedtodescribestate
weakness,oftenfocusingonthedevelopmentallevelofthestate.
Examplesare:theFreedomHouseIndex(FHI),theHuman
DevelopmentIndex(HDI)ortheWorldBankGovernance
Indicators.Additionally,regionalevaluationmightgiveconcrete
detailsabout,interalia,thelevelofdemocracysuchasthe
ReportofDemocraticDevelopmentinLatinAmerica(Informe
dedesarollodemocrticodeAmricaLatina).[27]However,the
FragileStatesIndexhasreceivedcomparativelymuchattention
sinceitsfirstpublicationin2005.Editedbythemagazine
ForeignPolicy,therankingexamines178countriesbasedon
analyticalresearchoftheConflictAssessmentSystemTool
(CAST)oftheFundforPeace.[28]

FragileStatesaccordingtothe
"FragileStatesIndex2015"[26]
10Sustainable
40Stable
70Warning
100Alert
NoInformation/
DisputedTerritory

TheFragileStatesIndexpublisheditseleventhannualreportin2015,preparedbytheFundforPeace
andpublishedbyForeignPolicyMagazine.TheIndexcategorizesstatesinfourcategories,with
variationsineachcategory.TheAlertcategoryisindarkred,Warninginorange,Stableinyellowand
Sustainableingreen.

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TheFSItotalscoreisoutof120,andin2015therewere178statesmakingtheranking.Initially,theFSI
onlyranked75countriesin2005.TheFSIusestwocriteriabywhichacountryqualifiestobeincluded
inthelist:firstofall,thecountrymustbeaUnitedNationsmemberstate,andsecondly,theremustbea
significantsamplesizeofcontentanddataavailableforthatcountrytoallowformeaningfulanalysis.
Therearethreegroupings:social,economicandpoliticalwithoveralltwelveindicators.[29]
SocialIndicators:
DemographicPressures
RefugeesorInternallyDisplacedPersons
GroupGrievance
HumanFlightandBrainDrain
EconomicIndicators:
UnevenEconomicDevelopment
PovertyandEconomicDecline
PoliticalandMilitaryIndicators:
StateLegitimacy
PublicServices
HumanRightsandRuleofLaw
SecurityApparatus
FactionalizedElites
ExternalIntervention
Theindicatorseachcountfor10,addinguptoatotalof120.However,inordertoaddupto120,the
indicatorscoresareroundedupordowntothenearestonedecimalplace.[30]Inthe2015Index,South
Sudanrankednumberone,Somalianumbertwo,andtheCentralAfricanRepublicnumberthree.
Finlandiscurrentlythemoststableandsustainablecountryinthelist.[31]
WhileitisimportanttonotethattheFSIisusedinmanyresearchesandmakesthecategorizationof
statesmorepragmatic,itoftenreceivesmuchcriticismduetoseveralreasons.Firstly,itdoesnotinclude
theHumanDevelopmentIndextoreachthefinalscore,butinsteadfocusesoninstitutionstomeasure
whatareoftenalsoconsideredhumanaspectsfordevelopment.Secondly,itparallelsfragilityor
vulnerabilityofstateswithunderdevelopment.Thiscomparisonfirstlyassumesthatunderdevelopment
(economic)createsvulnerability,thusassumingthatifastateis"developed"itisstableorsustainable.
Thirdly,itmeasuresthefailure(orsuccess)ofastatewithoutincludingtheprogressofotherareas
outsidethesphereofthe12indicators,thusexcludingimportantmeasuresofdevelopmentsuchasthe
declineinchildmortalityrates,andincreasedaccesstocleanwatersourcesandmedication,amongst
others.Nonetheless,whendiscussingfailedstatesitisimportanttomentiontheFSInotjustforitsuse
bygovernments,organisations,educatorsandanalysts,butalsobecauseitprovidesameasureof
assessmentthattriestoaddresstheissuesthatcausethreats,bothdomesticallyandinternationally.

Qualitativeapproach
Thequalitativeapproachembracestheoreticalframeworks.Normally,thistypeofmeasurementapplies
stagemodelstoallowacategorisationofstates.Inthreetofivestages,researchersshowstatefailureasa
process.Notableresearchers,interalia,areRobertI.RotbergintheAngloAmericanandUlrich
SchneckenerintheGermansphere.
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UlrichSchneckeners(2006)stagemodeldefinesthreecoreelements,monopolyofviolence,legitimacy
andruleoflaw.Thetypologyisbasedonthesecurityfirstlogicandthus,showstherelevanceofthe
monopolyofviolenceincomparisontotheothertwowhileatthesametimeactingastheprecondition
forafunctioningstate.Hisfourstatehoodtypesare:(1)consolidatedandconsolidatingstates,(2)weak
states,(3)failingand(4)collapsed/failedstates.Thefirsttypeisdirectedtowardsfunctioningstatesall
corefunctionsofthestatearefunctioninginthelongterm.Inweakstates,themonopolyofforceisstill
intact,buttheothertwoareasshowseriousdeficits.Failingstateslackthemonopolyofforce,whilethe
otherareasfunctionatleastpartially.Finally,collapsedorfailedstatesaredominatedbyparastatal
structurescharacterisedbyactorstryingtocreateacertaininternalorder,butthestatecannotsufficiently
servethethreecoreelements.[32]
Bothresearchapproachesshowsomeirregularities.Whilethequantitativeapproachlackstransparency
concerningitsindicatorsandtheirbalancingintheevaluationprocessofcountries,thequalitative
approachshowsadiversityofdifferentfoci.Oneofthemajordiscrepanciesisthequestionwhetherall
thestageshavetobetakencontinuouslyorifastatecanskiponephase.Schneckenerstressesthathis
modelshouldactuallynotbeinterpretedasastagemodelas,inhisopinion,statesdonotnecessarily
undergoeverystadium.RobertI.Rotbergsmodelunderliesanordinallogicandthus,impliesthatthe
statefailureprocessisachronologicalchainofphases.[33]

Seealso
FundforPeace
Roguestate
Ochlocracy
Fragilestate
CrisisStatesResearchCentre
Violentnonstateactor
Pariahstate
Bananarepublic
Examplesofstatecollapseanarchy
Mafiastate
Societalcollapse
Listofongoingarmedconflicts

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9.Rotberg,R.(2004)WhenStatesfail.Causesandconsequences.PrincetonUniversityPress,US.
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12.Bates,RobertH.StateFailure.AnnualReviewofPoliticalScience,Vol.11,pp.112.
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14.CallC.T.(2008)TheFallacyofthe"FailedState".ThirdWorldQuarterly,Vol.29,No.8,pp.14911507.
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16.NayOlivier."FragileandFailedStates:CriticalPerspectivesonConceptualHybrids",InternationalPolitical
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failedconcept".Aidwatchers.com.Retrieved20110612.
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19."TheFailedStatesIndex2013".Retrieved29January2015.
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21.StewartPatrick(2006)'WeakStatesandGlobalThreats:FactorFiction?'
22.DanE.Stigall,UngovernedSpaces,TransnationalCrime,andtheProhibitiononExtraterritorialEnforcement
JurisdictioninInternationalLaw(http://www3.nd.edu/~ndjicl/V3I1/Stigall.pdf).February3,2013.TheNotre
DameJournalofInternationalandComparativeLaw1(2013)
23.Korteweg,RemEhrhardt,David(2006).TerroristBlackHoles:Astudyintoterroristsanctuariesand
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24.JamesA.Piazza,IncubatorsofTerror:DoFailedandFailingStatesPromoteTransnationalTerrorism?
(http://www.politicalscience.uncc.edu/jpiazza/Terrorism%20and%20Failed%20States%20ISQ%202008.pdf),
InternationalStudiesQuarterly,2008,3:469488,p.470:"Statesratedhighlyintermsofstatefailures,
irrespectiveofthetypeofstatefailureexperienced,aremorelikelytobetargetedbyterroristattacks,more
likelytohavetheirnationalscommitterroristattacksinthirdcountries,andaremorelikelytohostactive
terroristgroupsthatcommitattacksabroad."
25.BruceZagaris,RevisitingNovelApproachestoCombatingtheFinancingofCrime:ABraveNewWorld
Revisited(http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1210&context=vlr).Villanova
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lat.org/2013/downloads/iddlat2013.pdf).
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alsProblemderinternationalenPolitik',inSchneckener,Ulrich,(2004),ed.,StatesatRisk.FragileStaaten
alsSicherheitsundEntwicklungsproblem,SWPStudieBerlin,http://www.swp
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in:Rotberg,RobertI.,WhenStatesFail:CausesandConsequences(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress).

Externallinks
The"failedState"andinternationallaw
(http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jq6u.htm)DanielThrer,International
ReviewoftheRedCross(December12,1999)
Foracriticalapproach,see:
[1](http://www.gsdrc.org/go/fragilestates/chapter3measuringandassessing
fragility/measuringfragility)GSDRC,AppliedKnowledgeServicesGuide:FragileStates,
Chapter3
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Whyfailedstatesshouldntbeourbiggestnationalsecurityfear
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/whyfailedstatesshouldntbeourbiggestnational
securityfear/2011/04/11/AFqWmjkD_story.html).ByStewartPatrick.TheWashingtonPost,
April15,2011.
GlobalBlackSpots:ThreatsfromGovernancewithoutGovernments
(http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/documents/Summer%202011%20NSFR/Summer%202011
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