Fatiga Multiaxial

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Article
Multiaxial fatigue analysis of

stranded-wire helical springs
International Journal of Damage

Mechanics
0(0) 113
! The Author(s) 2014
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DOI: 10.1177/1056789514560914
ijd.sagepub.com
Hossein Darban1, Mostafa Nosrati1 and

Faramarz Djavanroodi1,2
Abstract
In this paper, finite element method is implemented to model stranded-wire helical springs under different
loading conditions. Finite element results are coupled with multiaxial fatigue criteria such as FatemiSocie
and KandilBrownMiller together with a uniaxial fatigue criterion, CoffinManson, to predict fatigue life
of the stranded-wire helical springs. It is shown that due to damping effects between wires, stranded-wire
helical springs have longer fatigue life compared to their equivalent single-wire helical springs at a similar
condition. It is also demonstrated that fatigue life is longer for loadings with higher initial displacement of
spring head. As practical examples, fatigue life of stranded-wire helical springs with 9 and 15 wires are
estimated and compared. It is shown that the spring with 15 wires gives longer fatigue life. It is also
observed that KandilBrownMiller and FatemiSocie criteria give the least and the highest fatigue life
prediction, respectively.
Keywords
Stranded-wire helical spring, multiaxial fatigue criterion, frictional force, finite element method
Introduction
A stranded-wire helical (SWH) spring is constructed from twisting of several wires together. When
an axial load is applied at the end of a SWH spring, the strand will be subjected to a twisting
moment. In the case of tensile loading, if both of the strand and the coil have the same turn of helix,
the resulting twisting moment tends to tightly stick the wires together (Peng et al., 2012).
Consequently, if the helix of the strand be opposite in direction to the helix of the spring, the
twisting moment tends to unwind the strand adversely. The outstanding characteristic of the
SWH spring is the inherent tendency for damping of high velocity displacement of its coil due to
friction between wires (Min and Wang, 2007; Phillips and Costello, 1979). As a result, SWH springs
have longer fatigue life in comparison with single-wire helical springs (Min and Wang, 2007;
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
Corresponding author:
Hossein Darban, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology, Tehran 16887, Iran.
Email: hossein.darban@yahoo.com
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International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0)
Phillips and Costello, 1979). Hence, SWH springs are used frequently in many industrial cases (Clark,
1961; Costello and Phillips, 1979; Phillips and Costello, 1979). On the other hand, due to manufacturing diculties for SWH springs with more than three wires, the central wires must rstly be constructed and other wires have to be wound around this core. Moreover, the shape of this core depends
on number of wires (Clark, 1961). It is to be noted that, several works have been carried out to
calculate the geometric parameters of SWH springs (Wang et al., 2008, 2010; Zhang et al., 1999).
Wang et al [7] proposed two mathematical models for determination of the twist angle and diameter of
the strands. Kunoh and Leech (1985) showed that for the case of small helix angle, the curvature plays
major role in the cross section shape of a strand and also in the contact position of adjacent wires.
During the past few decades, various fatigue criteria have been proposed to predict the fatigue life
of mechanical elements with assumption of uniaxial stress state. However, in many practical cases,
complicated geometries and loading types do not permit the researchers to analyze the problem in
the framework of uniaxial stress state. Therefore, various methods and criteria have been suggested
to describe and predict fatigue life of dierent materials under practical condition (Brown and
Miller, 1973; Eyercioglu et al., 1997; Fatemi and Socie, 1988; Glinka et al., 1995; Hanumanna
et al., 2001; Jan et al., 2012; Kandil et al., 1982; Kim and Kang, 2008; Lee et al., 2009;
McDiarmid, 1994; Macha and Sonsino, 1999; Navid Chakherlou and Abazadeh, 2011;
Papadopoulos et al., 1997; Varvani-Farahani, 2000; Wang and Yao, 2004, 2006; You and Lee,
1996). These criteria use dierent approaches for prediction of fatigue life. From one aspect, multiaxial fatigue criteria are categorized to stress, strain, or energy based (Kandil et al., 1982). As
another classication, some of them are formulated based on critical plane concept while others
are not (Kandil et al., 1982). The principles of critical plane theory are rstly proposed by Brown
et al. for multiaxial fatigue problems (Eyercioglu et al., 1997). The critical plane is a plane in which a
specic parameter in a fatigue criterion meets its maximum value and other parameters of the
criterion must be calculated in this plane (Chen et al., 1999; Del Llano-Vizcaya et al., 2006; Kim
and Park, 1999; Muralidharan and Manson, 1988; Pan et al., 1999; Wang and Brown, 1993). Del
Llano-Vizcaya et al. (2006) applied several multiaxial fatigue criteria such as FatemiSocie (FS)
criterion (Fatemi and Socie, 1988) and WangBrown criterion (1993) to a single-wire helical spring
and found good agreement between predicted fatigue lives and experimental results.
In the present study, the well-known multiaxial fatigue criteria such as, FatemiSocie (FS) and
KandilBrownMiller (KBM) together with a uniaxial fatigue criterion, ConManson (CM), are
used to investigate fatigue life of SWH springs with 9 and 15 stranded wires with the complete and
comprehensive discussion presented for dierences between the results. Comparison of the results
showed excellent advantages for application of a SWH spring against its equivalent single-wire
helical (ESWH) spring under severe harmonic loadings. Despite the fact that there is no experimental data about fatigue lives of SWH springs in the literature, the reliability of the present method is
discussed by comparing obtained results with experimental data on the fatigue lives of single-wire
helical springs (Del Llano-Vizcaya et al., 2006). The given numerical results as discussed in this
paper would be useful for interpretation of future experimental tests.
Problem definition
Because of extensive application of SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires in industrial equipments under
external harmonic loadings, their fatigue problems are fully studied and discussed in this work.
Figure 1 illustrates the initial conguration of the cross sections and wires diameter used in this
work. As shown in Figure 1, for the case of spring with 9 wires, 3 wires are placed at the center and
other wires are wounded around the core but for SWH spring with 15 wires, the core is constructed
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Figure 1. Initial configuration of the cross sections of SWH springs with (a) 9 and (b) 15 wires.
Table 1. Geometric parameters of the SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires.
Spring type
Number of
coils
Length
(mm)
Average coil
diameter (mm)
Strand
diameter
(mm)
Pitch of the
spring (mm)
Pitch of the
strand (mm)
9 wires
15 wires
24
40
374
797.2
29.5
29.5
7.6
6.5
22
35
88
155
of only 1 wire. Furthermore, it can be seen that the outer wires have larger diameter in comparison
with the inner ones for stability considerations. It should be noted that, constructing SWH springs
without the little gap between outer wires is very dicult and practically impossible. But when
applied loading reaches a specic value, the gap disappears and outer wires will be in contact
with each other. Not only all of the dimensions are derived from the actual SWH springs which
are frequently used in industry, but also some other eective parameters such as material properties,
boundary and loading conditions and contact between wires are modeled very similar to the practical situation. Geometric parameters of the springs with 9 and 15 wires are also given in Table 1.
The wires are made of steel CK101 with mechanical and strain-life properties that are given in
Table 2. In this table, f0 and "0f are axial fatigue strength and ductility coecients while b and c are
axial fatigue strength and ductility exponents, respectively. Respectively, f0 , f0 , b0, and c0 have the
same denition as f0 , "0f , b, and c but for torsional loading.
The mesh patterns used for nite element analysis of SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires are shown
in Figure 2. Since the actual SWH springs are quite long which makes their modeling dicult and
lengthy process, only two coils of each spring have been modeled and other parameters such as
stiness and displacement amplitude have been chosen accordingly. The critical points for the
springs are also illustrated in this gure. Critical point is a point that experiences highest equivalent
stress during a loading cycle. From Figure 2, it can be observed that the critical points are located
in the inner surface of the strands, which is consistent with the experimental reports
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Table 2. Mechanical and strain-life properties of steel CK101 (Muralidharan and Manson, 1988).
Strain-life properties
(M method)
Mechanical properties
Yield stress (MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
Reduction in area
Fracture strain
E (Youngs modulus (GPa))
G (shear modulus (GPa))
1275.000
1570.000
0.200
0.223
205.000
79.500
f0 (MPa)
b b0
"0f
c c0
f0 (MPa)
f0
2983.000
0.120
0.309
0.600
1722.000
0.535
Figure 2. Finite element models of SWH springs with (a) 15 and (b) 9 wires using 3D brick elements.
(Del Llano-Vizcaya et al., 2006). Nearly 850,000 eight-node linear brick elements are used to obtain
appropriate results for SWH spring with 15 wires. The models are created using ABAQUS CAE and
dynamic explicit procedure has been selected for the analysis. In order to justify using this element
type and nite element procedure, it must be pointed out that the levels of equivalent stresses at
critical points for all models are much lower than the yield stress of steel CK101. For instance, as
shown in Figure 2(b), the equivalent stress at critical point is approximately half of the yield stress.
Assuming frictional contact between the wires, penalty approach of contact and friction is applied.
Friction coecients for steel CK101 are equal to s 0.78 and d 0.42. It is assumed that the
spring is placed inside of a cylindrical shield and therefore it is not permitted to buckle.
From Figure 2, it is seen that both the strand and the coils of the modeled springs have the same
turn of helix, which makes the springs suitable for tensile loading. It should be pointed out that the
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springs are stretched before the loading. This puts the springs generally under tension during the
loading cycles. As one of the most important results of the present analysis, due to higher resistant
frictional force as a source of energy dissipation, the SWH spring with 15 wires experiences lower
stresses compared to the spring with 9 wires. In order to support this nding, the friction eect
between the wires is magnied by increasing the friction coecient of wires. It is observed that
higher friction coecient results in bigger dierence between maximum stress in SWH springs with
9 and 15 wires. This point conrms that the frictional force between wires is one of the main reasons
that SWH springs experience lower maximum stress when they are constructed with more wires.
It must be noted that, the fretting eect has not been considered in the modeling. Fretting occurs
when two bodies in contact undergo a small relative displacement, typically in the range of 1030 mm
(Lee et al., 2004). This phenomenon can be aected by many parameters such as contact pressure,
displacement amplitude and coecient of friction that make it dicult to model (Amiri et al., 2011;
Cruzado et al., 2013; Naidu and Sundara Raman, 2005; Shariyat, 2010).
Multiaxial fatigue criteria

The CM criterion, which has been widely used to estimate fatigue life of mechanical elements under
uniaxial loading, is given as follows
0
" f
2Nf b "0f 2Nf c For axial loading
2
E
0
f
2Nf b0 f0 2Nf c0 For torsional loading
2
G
where ", , and Nf are the strain range in axial fatigue, the shear strain range in torsional fatigue
and the number of cycles to failure respectively. The other parameters in this equation are already
claried. Although CM criterion is very frequent in use, it leads to incorrect fatigue life for mechanical elements under complicated harmonic loadings. For this reason, several multiaxial fatigue
criteria have been proposed (Brown and Miller, 1973; Eyercioglu et al., 1997; Fatemi and Socie,
1988; Glinka et al., 1995; Hanumanna et al., 2001; Jan et al., 2012; Kandil et al., 1982; Kim and
Kang, 2008; Lee et al., 2009; McDiarmid, 1994; Macha and Sonsino, 1999; Navid Chakherlou and
Abazadeh, 2011; Papadopoulos et al., 1997; Varvani-Farahani, 2000; Wang and Yao, 2004, 2006;
You and Lee, 1996). Among these criteria, those, which are based on critical plane concept, are more
attracted by the researches. Having suitable denitions for equivalent stress and strain factors for
simulation of complicated problems by their equivalent uniaxial problems is the main goal of these
criteria. This obviously helps to reduce the mathematical complication and the amount of numerical
analysis. Therefore, major dierences between dierent multiaxial fatigue criteria are the denition
of the equivalent parameters that aects the location and orientation of the corresponding critical
planes.
The KBM criterion introduces critical plane as a plane in which the maximum shear strain range
max occurs. As it can be observed from equation (2), KBM criterion is strain based in which the
maximum shear strain range max and normal strain range "n play major role and have great
inuences on the results (Kandil et al., 1982)
f0
max
S"n 2Nf b "0f 2Nf c
2
E
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where S is the material constant which has been suggested to be equal to 1 for KBM criterion.
Values of max and "n in this equation can be calculated from equations (3a) and (3b) as follows
(Varvani-Farahani, 2000)
max "1 "3 "1 "3

2
2
2
1
2
3a
"n "1 "3 "1 "3

2
2
2
1
2
3b
In the above relations, "1 and "3 are rst and third principal strains, respectively. Moreover, 1
and 2 show the cyclic loading limits. It is obvious that positive normal stress opens microcrack faces
and consequently leads to early fatigue failure. From equation (4), in the FS criterion maximum
normal stress is used instead of normal strain (Fatemi and Socie, 1988). As it can be seen, for
positive normal stresses, the left hand side of equation (4) increases and therefore the criterion
predicts smaller fatigue life. Furthermore, additional hardening and mean stress eects in the FS
criterion are considered through the normal stress. In addition, the FS criterion has the same
approach as the KBM criterion in obtaining the critical plane. The FS criterion is given below

f0
max
max
1K n
2Nf b "0f 2Nf c
2
y
E
where nmax is the maximum normal stress, y is the yield strength and k is a material constant which
can be obtained from uniaxial and torsion fatigue tests, but for most of the materials, it can be
considered equal to 0.6 (Fatemi and Socie, 1988). On the other hand, since the fatigue tests are very
dicult and costly, Muralidharan and Manson (1988) have respectively presented M and MM
methods to approximately attain the material fatigue constants from monotonic tension test data.
Table 3 gives the relations between the strain-life and monotonic properties in which Rm and ef are
the ultimate tensile strength and the true fracture strain, respectively.
On reliability of the method

In this study, nite element method is rstly used to nd the critical point. In this manner, a loading
cycle is divided to several increments, then critical points of increments are compared with each
other and nally, the largest equivalent stress is introduced as the critical point. At the next step,
stress information of the critical point is introduced to the computer to predict the fatigue life.
Table 3. The M and MM methods for calculation of the strain-life properties Muralidharan and Manson (1988).
Strain-life parameters
Constants
Axial case
M method
MM method
Constants
Torsional case
Fatigue
Fatigue
Fatigue
Fatigue
f0
b
"0f
c
1.9 Rm
0.12
0.76 ef0.6
0.6
0.623 Rm0.823 E0.168

0.09
0.0196 ef0.155 (Rm E1)0.53
0.56
f0 30.5 f0

b0 b
f0 30.5 "0f
c0 c
strength coefficient
strength exponent
ductility coefficient
ductility exponent
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It must be noted that, because of using the shear strain increment to nd the critical plane in FS and
KBM criteria, the computer program calculates this parameter in all directions around the critical
point for 1 rises in and as shown in Figure 2. Hence, in this procedure, the shear strain range is
calculated and compared for 360 sequential planes around the critical point. In order to assess the
accuracy and applicability of the described method in fatigue problems, this method is used to
predict fatigue life of a single-wire helical spring with specic geometry and material parameters
which is experimentally investigated by Del Llano-Vizcaya et al. (2006).
Figure 3 depicts the single-wire helical spring used as sample by Del Llano-Vizcaya et al. (2006) in
experimental tests. Number of coils, length, wire diameter, and outside coil diameter were N 9.5,
L 153.6 mm, d 5.7 mm, and D 44.4 mm, respectively. Wires of the spring were made of high
carbon steel AISI MB, with mechanical and strain-life properties which are tabulated in Table 4.
The tests were carried out under mean stress m 254.9 MPa with variable stress amplitude a. The
strain-life properties obtained using M method, since this method provides better results than the
MM method (Del Llano-Vizcaya et al., 2006).
Figure 4 shows good agreement between the experimental results and those predicted by the
present method. It must be noted that despite the FS criterion, the CM criterion overestimates
the fatigue life of the spring due to the positive normal stress at the critical point. In addition,
the KBM criterion gives conservative results for all loading conditions.
As an important outcome, deviation of the KBM criterion results from the real situations
increases at higher stress amplitudes so that for a 141 MPa the deviatoric error is equal to 0.18
but for a 148 MPa is equal to 0.37. It is also observed that the FS criterion gives the most reliable
results for most of the loading conditions.
Figure 3. Geometric parameters of a single-wire helical spring.
Table 4. Mechanical and strain-life properties of high carbon steel AISI MB (Del Llano-Vizcaya et al.,
2006).
Strain-life properties
(M method)
Mechanical properties
Yield stress (MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
Reduction in area
Fracture strain
Youngs modulus (GPa)
Shear modulus (GPa)
1350.000
1670.000
0.325
0.393
177.000
68.600
f0 (MPa)
b b0
"0f
c c0
f0 (MPa)
f0
3173.000
0.120
0.434
0.600
1832.000
0.751
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149
Experimental results [31]
S tress am p litu d e (M P a)
148
FS criterion results
CM criterion results
147
KBM criterion results
146
145
144
143
142
141
5
10
10
Number of cycles to failure
Figure 4. Verification of the results for different criteria with previous experimental data.
FS: FatemiSocie; CM: CoffinManson; KBM: KandilBrownMiller.
Results and discussions

As a comprehensive and comparative study, Figures 5 and 6 depict the number of cycles to failure
with respect to the displacement amplitude for SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires subjected to initial
head displacement of 10 mm and 15 mm, respectively. Generally, it is seen in these gures that for
most of the loading conditions, the KBM criterion gives the lowest fatigue lives. As it is shown
previously, the SWH spring with 15 wires has lower stress magnitude and therefore would have
longer fatigue life in comparison with the SWH spring with 9 wires. Consequently, at similar loading
condition, the spring with 15 wires has longer fatigue life than a spring with 9 wires. For example,
according to the FS criterion, fatigue life of a SWH spring with 15 wires subjected to initial residual
displacement and additional displacement amplitude of 10 mm is approximately equal to 3e5 cycles
but for a SWH spring with 9 wires the fatigue life is approximately equal to 1e4 cycles. Hence,
considering this fact that the frictional force between the wires decreases the stress intensity in SWH
springs, it is concluded that using more wires to construct SWH springs, increases resistance of the
springs against the fatigue failure.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrate that the FS criterion predicts higher fatigue life than CM criterion. This
is because, for FS criterion, sign of normal stress on the critical plane has signicant inuence on the
estimated fatigue life.
Also, it can be seen from Figures 5 and 6 that the initial head displacement of the spring extensively changes spring fatigue life. For illustration of this fact, Figure 7 shows the inuences of initial
head displacement on fatigue life of SWH spring with 15 wires for dierent displacement amplitudes.
It is shown that increase in the initial head displacement causes substantial rise in fatigue life of the
spring. For example, at displacement amplitude of 7.5 mm, fatigue life of the spring subjected to
15 mm of initial head displacement is 20 times greater than the spring with 10 mm of initial head
displacement. It is to be noted that the SWH springs in this study are designed to sustain tension and
therefore, are stretched before the loading. It is understood that for higher amount of initial displacement, the spring experiences higher level of tension during the loading. It means that the wires
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(b) 22.5
12
10
D isp lacem en t am p litu d e (m m )
Displacem ent am plitude (m m )
(a) 14
8
6
4
2
0 2
10
10
10
10
10
20
17.5
15
12.5
10
7.5
10
10
10
Number of c ycles to failure
10
Figure 5. Illustrative plots for fatigue life of SWH springs with (a) 9 and (b) 15 wires subjected to initial displacement of 10 mm.
(b) 20
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
10
10
10
10
Displacement ampl itude (mm )
(a) 11
18
16
14
12
10
8
6 3
10
10
10
10
10
10
Figure 6. Illustrative plots for fatigue life of SWH springs with (a) 9 and (b) 15 wires under initial displacement of
15 mm.
are stuck together more rmly and consequently, more energy is dissipated due to friction between
the wires. This energy dissipation reduces the intensity of stress in the wires and as a result, the
spring gives longer fatigue life. However, the spring experiences both tension and compression
during a loading cycle in case the displacement amplitude is bigger than the initial displacement
of spring head. In this case, the wires are unwound during the compression and each of them
sustains a portion of the loading separately without any contact with the other wires. This reduces
the eciency and fatigue life of the SWH spring. Hence, it seems that introducing initial head
displacement is benecial for the fatigue lives of SWH springs. This nding can be considered for
installation of the SWH springs in practical applications.
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10

18
initial displacement of 10 mm
initial displacement of 15 mm
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
10
10
10
10
10
Number of cycles to failure (FS criterion)

Figure 7. Influence of initial displacement on the fatigue life of SWH springs with 15 wires.
FS: FatemiSocie.
(b) 900
(a) 1500
Experimental results
Interpolated line
Experimental results
Interpolated line
800
700
y = 3.9893*x - 98.799
500
F orce (N )
F orce (N )
1000
600
y = 1.1341*x + 366.97
500
400
300
0
50
100
150
200
Deflection (mm )
250
300
350
100
200
300
Deflection (mm )
400
500
Figure 8. Experimental results of the stiffness test for the SWH springs with (a) 9 and (b) 15 wires.
Additionally, to show the advantages of the springs constructed from more than one wire over the
ordinary springs in fatigue analysis, an ESWH spring is dened. The wire diameter is chosen as a
dominant parameter for denition of an ESWH spring. The wire diameters of the corresponding
ESWH springs were calculated based on equality of its stiness with that of a SWH springs. Other
geometric and material parameters for the ESWH spring are equal to those of SWH spring. Stiness
of single-wire helical springs K can be calculated from equation (5) in which all parameters are
predetermined. Experimental work has been performed to obtain SWH springs stiness. In this
manner, dierent tensile force is applied to the ends of SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires and the
corresponding deections were measured. Figure 8 shows the obtained forcedeection plots for
SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires in which slope of each interpolated line indicates the stiness of the
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Darban et al.
(b) 1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Displacement amplitude (mm)
Displacement amplitude (mm)
(a) 1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10
0.2 5
10
10
10
Number of c ycles to failure
10
Figure 9. Fatigue life of SWH springs with (a) 15 wires and (b) their ESWH springs subjected to 3 mm of initial
displacement.
corresponding spring. As it can be observed from this gure, stiness of SWH spring with 9 and 15
wires are equal to 3.9893 N/mm and 1.1341 N/mm, respectively.
By substitution of K, G, D, and N into equation (5), the wire diameters of the corresponding
ESWH springs are obtained equal to 3.97 mm and 3.26 mm for SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires,
respectively.
d4 G
5
8D3 N
Predictably, under similar conditions, ESWHS springs show higher equivalent stresses at the
critical points so that it is about 2 and 6 times greater than the SWH springs with 9 and 15
wires, respectively.
Figure 9 shows the fatigue life for SWH spring made of 15 wires and its ESWH spring with respect
to the displacement amplitude under 3 mm of initial head displacement. This gure reveals advantage
of SWH spring in fatigue problems. Unlike single-wire springs, the fatigue life of SWH springs can be
innite in some cases. As an illustrative example, for displacement amplitude of 1 mm, fatigue life of
ESWH spring is approximately 4e5 cycles but this value for SWH spring is 3.8e9 cycles.
K
Summary and conclusions

In the presented work, two multiaxial fatigue criteria together with a uniaxial strain-life fatigue
criterion are applied to the SWH springs and their ESWH springs. Loading conditions, geometry,
and material parameters are selected near to practical industrial situation. Finite element method is
employed to nd the stress distribution and its related critical points in the springs body. Finite
element results are coupled with multiaxial fatigue criteria such as FatemiSocie (FS) and Kandil
BrownMiller (KBM) together with a uniaxial fatigue criterion, ConManson (CM) to predict
fatigue life of the SWH springs. Afterward, an ESWH spring is dened with consideration of the
stiness equality. It is demonstrated that the friction force between the wires in SWH springs act as
resistance force and reduces the stress magnitudes.
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It is shown that longer spring fatigue life is achieved with increasing the number of strands and
this enhancement in fatigue lives of the SWH springs is directly related to the frictional force
between the wires. As another nding, it is concluded that fatigue life is increased for higher initial
head displacement. This result can be applied for installation of the SWH springs in practical
applications. It is also shown that the KBM criterion gives more conservative results in comparison
with other criteria. It is also observed that the KBM criterion is not suitable for single-wire springs
under severe loading. In addition, it is seen that the sign of normal stress plays a signicant role in
FS criterion so that for positive normal stresses, the predicted fatigue life reduces while the trend
inverses for negative normal stresses. Comparing the results, fatigue life predicted by FS criterion is
closer to real situations.
Funding
This research received no specic grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-prot
sectors.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
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Chen X, Xu S and Huang D (1999) Critical planestrain energy density criterion of multiaxial low-cycle fatigue
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Multiaxial fatigue analysis of

International Journal of Damage

Hossein Darban1, Mostafa Nosrati1 and

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International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0)

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Table 1. Geometric parameters of the SWH springs with 9 and 15 wires.

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International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0)

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Multiaxial fatigue criteria

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On reliability of the method

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Figure 3. Geometric parameters of a single-wire helical spring.

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International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0)

KBM criterion results

Number of cycles to failure

Results and discussions

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D isp lacem en t am p litu d e (m m )

Displacem ent am plitude (m m )

KBM criterion results

Displacem ent am plitude (m m )

Displacement ampl itude (mm )

KBM criterion results

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International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0)

Displacem ent am plitude (m m )

Number of cycles to failure (FS criterion)

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Displacement amplitude (mm)

Displacement amplitude (mm)

Summary and conclusions

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International Journal of Damage Mechanics 0(0)

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