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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

The main objectives of this chapter are:

To study early through internet resources, reference books and individuals to

confirm the selected concept.

The source sought are related to the type of material, cost, working principles,
design features and more.

2.1.2

Motorcycle

Motorcycle is a kind of two-wheeled vehicles powered and can be

licensed for use on the road. A motorcycle capable of carrying a rider and a
pillion. Motorcycles are usually driven by a small gasoline engine whether 2stroke or 4-stroke engine with a capacity of 50 cc up to 2000 cc for. Most
motorcycles have teardrop fuel tank at the top of the front of a motorcycle
handle bar and seat of the rider, but Scooter and Moped motorcycle had the fuel
tank under the seat.
Motorcycle moving gyro-based law as a bicycle. Through this law,
the motorcycle will only upright when moving. When cornering, the resulting
centrifugal force will affect the stability of the motorcycle; the rider must ride
the inclined slightly in the direction of the bend to balance the centrifugal force.

In addition to stability, the main disadvantage of a motorcycle is no

protection against bad weather and motorcyclists are very vulnerable to the risk
of road accidents. However, the motorcycle is a form of transportation that
remain attractive to some motorists as fuel-efficient, inexpensive, easy to own
and riders can intervene when roads are congested.

Types of Motorcycle

Standards, also called naked bikes or roadsters, are versatile, general purpose
street motorcycles. They are recognized primarily by their upright riding position,
partway between the reclining rider posture of the cruisers and the forward leaning
sport bikes. Foot pegs are below the rider and handlebars are high enough to not force
the rider to reach far forward, placing the shoulders above the hips in a natural
position. Because of their flexibility, lower costs and their engines of moderate output,
standards are particularly suited to motorcycle beginners.
Standards usually do not come with fairings or windscreens, or if they have
them, they are relatively small. Standard is often a synonym for naked bike, a term that
became popular in the 1990s in response to the proliferation of fully faired sport bikes.
The standard seemed to have disappeared, fueling nostalgia for the return of
the Universal Japanese Motorcycle, which were admired for their simplicity, quality,
and versatility.
Muscle bike is a nickname for a motorcycle type, derived from either a standard
or sport bike design that puts a disproportionately high priority on engine power.
Roadster is an older term, equivalent to standard or naked.

Sport Bike

Sport bikes emphasize speed, acceleration, braking, and cornering on paved

roads, typically at the expense of comfort and fuel economy in comparison to less
specialized motorcycles. Because of this, there are certain design elements that most
motorcycles of this type will share. Sport bikes have comparatively high performance
engines resting inside a lightweight frame. Inline-four engines dominate the sport bike
category, with V-twins having a significant presence, and nearly every other engine
configuration appearing in small numbers at one time or another. The combination of
these elements helps maintain structural integrity and chassis rigidity. Braking systems
combine higher performance brake pads and multi-piston calipers that clamp onto
oversized vented rotors. Suspension systems are advanced in terms of adjustments and
materials for increased stability and durability. Most sport bikes have fairings, often
completely enclosing the engine, and windscreens that effectively deflect the air at very
high speeds, or at least reduce overall drag.
Sport bikes have high foot pegs that position the legs closer to the body to
improve ground clearance when cornering, and a long reach to the hand controls, which
positions the body and center of gravity forward, above the fuel tank. The rider leans
forward into the wind, the force of which can comfortably support the rider's weight at

speeds near 100 mph (160 km/h), but at lower speeds leaves too much weight on the
arms and wrists, causing fatigue.

Street fighters are derived from sport bikes, originally being customized sport
bikes with the fairings removed and higher handlebars replacing the low clip-on
handlebars. Since the 1990s, factory street fighters have been produced. As with naked
bike and muscle bike (below), the name street fighter is used to help clarify the middle
ground occupied by designs that blend elements of both sport bikes and standards.

2.2

Motorcycle driving for disabled drivers

Many disabled people may think that, depending on their disability, that
they will never be able to ride a motorcycle.
Advances in technology have now made the possibility of many
disabled drivers taking control of a motorcycle a reality. If you need to carry
mobility equipment with you, such as a wheelchair, fold up mobility scooter or
crutches, it is worth considering the practicality of attaching a side car to your
motorcycle. This will not only offer greater stability, but enable you to take your

mobility equipment with you wherever you travel. Some sidecars have ramps
fitted at the back to make getting a wheelchair in and out easier.

Lack of leg or foot mobility

If you have a disability that means you have a lack of mobility in your legs, or
have had an amputation, it is possible to have your motorcycle's controls converted
from foot operation to ones that can be hand operated.
If the disability affects your right leg it is possible to adapt your bike so that rear
brake control pedal can be operated from the handlebar. This can be either a lever,
operated by your thumb, or a lever mounted on your handlebar in tandem with another
lever, such as a front brake or clutch lever. It may also be possible to locate the brake
pedal on the left side of your motorcycle.

Lack of arm or hand mobility

If your left leg is affected it is possible to have push buttons installed on your
handlebars to make gear changes. It may also be possible to locate the gear pedal on the
right side of the motorcycle. A hand operated lever can also be fitted, enabling you to
operate the bike stand.

If you have had an arm amputated it may, depending on which arm, be

necessary to have the handle bar brake and acceleration controls etc. moved from one
side to the other. If you still have the use of your arms, but find it difficult to operate
the twist type accelerator, it may be possible to install an accelerator that can be
operated by the thumb.

2.2.1

Riding a motorcycle in a wheelchair

For those people who want to drive while in their wheelchair there is the
option of a 3 wheel motorcycle. This can have a ramp at the rear that allows you
to drive your powered wheelchair inside the vehicle. The driving controls,
situated on the handlebars, are just like those found on a 2 wheel motorcycle

and you can obtain the same speed as a conventional 2 wheeler, although there
may a limit on how powerful such purpose built machines are.

2.2.2

Using stabilizer on motorcycle

If stability when riding your motorcycle is a problem for you, it may be

worth considering the use of a third wheel motorcycle or a side car. For people
who want to ride a 2 wheel motorcycle without the addition of a side car there is
also the option of using a drop down stabilizer.

2.2.3

Three-wheeler motorcycle
A three-wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels. Some are motorized
tricycles, which may be legally classed as either automobiles or motorcycles,
while others are tricycles without a motor, some of which are human powered
vehicles and animal powered vehicles.

Three-wheeler configurations

Two front

A configuration of two wheels in the front and one wheel at the back presents
two advantages: it has improved aerodynamics, and that it readily enables small
lightweight motorcycle power plant and rear wheel to be used. Alternatively, a more
conventional front-engine, front wheel drive layout as is common in four-wheeled cars
can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal stability (further front location
of CG) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one).
With two wheels in the front (the "tadpole" form or "reverse trike") the vehicle
is far more stable in braking turns, but remains more prone to overturning in normal
turns compared to an equivalent four-wheeled vehicle, unless the center of mass is
lower and/or further forward. Motorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the
weight being towards the rear of the vehicle.

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For lower wind resistance (which increases fuel efficiency), a teardrop shape is
often used. A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back. The threewheel configuration allows the two front wheels to create the wide round surface of the
vehicle. The single rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back

Two rear

Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces the cost of the
steering mechanism, but greatly decreases lateral stability when cornering while
braking.
When the single wheel is in the front (the "delta" form, as in a child's pedal
tricycle), the vehicle is inherently unstable in a braking turn, as the combined tipping
forces at the center of gravity from turning and braking can rapidly extend beyond the
triangle formed by the contact patches of the wheels. This type, if not tipped, also has a
greater tendency to spin out ("swap ends") when handled roughly.

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2.3

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT USED

Each of material used in our component has good quality. It is to ensure

that our project or machines can be work in good condition for a long term.

2.3.1

Steel pipe

Figure 3.4.3: Steel Pipe

Steel pipe (or black iron pipe) was once the most popular choice for
supply of water and flammable gases. Steel pipe is still used in many homes and

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businesses to convey natural gas or propane fuel, and is a popular choice in fire
sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. In commercial buildings, steel
pipe is used to convey heating or cooling water to heat exchangers, air handlers,
variable air volume (VAV) devices, or other HVAC equipment.
Beyond domestic or light commercial settings, steel pipe is often joined by
welding, or by use of mechanical couplings made by companies such as
Victaulic or Anvil International (formerly Grinnell) that hold the pipe joint
together via a groove pressed or cut into the ends of the pipes.

2.3.2

Angle Bar
Angle bar are used as a bracket.

2.3.3

Steel plate

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Figure 3.4.4: Metal Sheet 6mm

Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat

pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be
cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are
constructed with sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin
thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in)
are considered plate.
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by
running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter. The thickness of sheet
metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its
gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used
steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between
ferrous (iron based) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper;
copper thickness, for example are measured in ounces (and represent the
thickness of 1 ounce of copper rolled out to an area of 1 square foot).

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2.3.4

Axle

The axle act as central shaft that is fixed to the vehicle with the wheel
rotating around the axle.

2.3.5

Bolt and Nut

Bolt and nuts contain two elements as above. Bolt will functioned as an

attached part and nuts as tighten parts.

2.3.6

Bearing
Ball bearing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the wheel to

rotate around the axle.

2.3.7

Motorcycle Wheel (front)

Used as support to the motorcycle arm.

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2.3.8

Mud guard (LC V2)

To protect the motorcycle rider from getting dirt.

2.3.9

Welding machine
Welding is a part of equipment used to fabricate the project. It is
classified as power tools because the equipment required current to make it
functioning. The purpose of welding is to make the joint between metal. There
are few types of welding which is arc welding, tungsten inert gasses welding
and metal inert gasses welding. Each of them have their advantages and
disadvantages. Below are the explanation of three types of welding.

I.

Arc welding
Arc welding is a type of welding used an electrode to perform it. This
types of welding is very inexpensive than the other and portable equipment.
It can be readily applied to any kind of application and the wide choices of
an electrode.

II.

TIG welding
Tungsten inert gasses are also known as TIG welding is an electric arc
welding process produces a spark between non consumable tungsten
electrode arcs with the material to be weld. Commonly, this weld used in
industries such as manufacturing, automotive and chemical industries. This is
because, stainless steel is rarely used in the industries. A.K.Laksminarayanan

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found that gas tungsten arc welded joints of stainless steel have superior
tensile and impact and that is why the TIG welding only suitable for thin
material to weld because it has lower power of current than arc welding. The
TIG welding are more expensive than MIG and arc welding.

III.

MIG welding
MIG welding also known as metal inert gasses is a welding process in
which an electric are forms between consumable wire electrodes. MIG is a
kind of welding which is much easier to learn than others. Originally this
welding is used to weld aluminum and soon after the steel can be weld using
MIG because it is provide faster welding. It is used smaller diameter of
electrode and constant voltage power source which is developed by H. E
Kennedy. From the source we found it can minimize the cost of wire
electrode because the process of works the electrodes is automatically
replaced. The welding stick can be work though it has rusty or dirty material.
It will not affected the stick to perform the work. As have been describe
before, the MIG welding is suitable for variation of materials which required
to weld.

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Based on the three explanation, we decided to use Arc welding

as our power tool in this project because it will reduce the cost, easy to
handle the machine and also suitable for all materials we used to fabricate, it
is also provide faster welding.