Stepanov 1

Honors Thesis Proposal

For
The Rhetoric of Inmates: Identification within Prison Settings
Alexandra Stepanov
Thesis Chair: Dr. Stephanie Wheeler
Committee Members: Dr. Marcy Galbreath, Dr. Anthony Grajeda

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Topic Summary
A total of 5,618,000 U.S. adult residents, or about 1 in every 37 U.S. adults, had ever
served time in prisonBetween 1974 and 2001, the prevalence of imprisonment increased by
nearly 3.8 million (Bonczar 1-2). The inmate population within the United States is of a
considerable size. However, the dominant ideology on what constitutes an inmate consists of
words and phrases such as immoral, uneducated, and scary. There is a tendency to
associate an inmate as their crime. Because of this, the power to dictate an inmates identity can
lie with people outside the community. However, the inmate community it is affecting is
challenging this association by reclaiming their agency through writing. Prison newspapers offer
an ideal platform for this reclamation.
This shift in dominant discourses that prisoners are attempting to make leads to a look at
what this conversation becomes in the context of what these inmates are telling their audience.
What do inmates say their identity is? What are they changing the conversation to? Within this
research, I examine how a particular prison newspaper, San Quentin News, has incorporated
rhetorical strategies in changing this identity conversation. I explore their newspaper writing in
order to listen to what is said and participate in the changing of these hegemonic concepts of
inmate identity.
Literature Review
Prison and Prison Newspapers
Given that I will be analyzing a prison newspaper to identify ways in which inmates
construct their identity within the text, it is essential to first examine the literature surrounding
inmates, their identity, and prison newspapers. In order to begin speaking about how inmates

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construct an identity, we must first examine how others have constructed it for this community.
With this, we turn our attention to the ideologies in which prisons as an institution are founded
upon, which lend themselves to how we view this community.
Michel Foucaults Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison establishes a
foundation for the way those outside of the population understand inmate identity. Foucault
provides a run-through of the history of prisons, the development of our system of punishment,
and how the philosophy behind the prison came to be. He discusses a switch in ideology of
punishment from the infliction of pain on the body to infliction on the soul. The philosophy
promotes the idea that disobedience [is] an act of hostility (Foucault 57). At first, the idea
expressed that the person who committed an offence was acting against the sovereign power,
until this attack was perceived to be on society as a whole. With this, the identity of the inmate is
seen as a traitor of society, someone on an opposing side. We find this affecting the sentences of
punishment through the notion that The proportion between the penalty and the quality of the
offence is determined by the influence that the violation of the pact has on the social order
(Foucault 92). From this ideaology, we see the emergence of an inmate identity, as perceived by
society:
the criminal designated as the enemy of all, whom it is in the interest of all to
track down, falls outside the pact, disqualifies himself as a citizen and emerges,
bearing within him as it were, a wild fragment of nature; he appears as a villain, a
monster, a madman, perhaps, a sick and, before long, abnormal individual.
We then create the idea that we need to transform the confused, useless or dangerous
multitudes into ordered multiplicities (Foucault 148). After transforming, inmates are
recognized as having made themselves worthy of it by the change in their conduct and by their

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progress (Foucault 182). Because of our understanding of inmates as madmen and
monsters, the turning of real lives into writing functions as a procedure of objectification
and subjection (Foucault 192). The writing of their biographies becomes a form of Othering
this population. The result of the iterated madmen and monsters notions then takes seed in the
inmate himself, until his identity as an inmate is bound on that notion. The inmate believes
himself to be the monster society thinks he is, leading to a self-sufficient prison where prisoners
exert policing over themselves to transform into a normal, functioning member of society.
Foucault also mentions the formation of chain gangs to protest the mistreatment of
prisoners during the period in which punishment was made public (257). The form of protesting
through the use of whatever means were available are comparable to the prison newspapers that
have risen to the occasion to protest the treatment or conditions in which inmates are kept. There
are several examples of changes occurring because of newspapers, just as the chain gangs were a
part of moving punishment away from the public eye.
One example of this is The Angolite, a prison newspaper from the Louisiana State
Penitentiary, which was able to eliminate the use of electric chairs for executions in the state of
Louisiana in order to avoid the unnecessary additional suffering of an inmate when things did not
go as planned (Morris). In his article Journalism Behind Bars, James Morris gives a history of
prison newspapers in the United States. The birth of this genre is credited to William Keteltas for
writing Forlorn Hope within a debtors prison walls in 1800 (Morris 151). This newspaper was
eventually shut down due to lack of sufficient funding (Morris 152). He was the sole writer of
the newspaper with the original purpose of closing debtors prisons (Morris 152). Keteltas
purpose then became to voice his concerns on the inhumane treatment that he was going through
(Morris 152). Later comes the development of the Prison Mirror. This Minnesota-based prison

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newspaper is one that began in 1887 and is still in existence (Morris 155). In its initial years, it
was attacked for criticizing a warden of the penitentiary, but was not shutdown (Morris 156).
Through Morris article, the purpose, setbacks, and commonalities of prison newspapers
are observed throughout history. Morris states that Prison journalists over the last hundred years
have tried to clarify that perception [the public perception of prison life] and focus attention on
what they consider the many injustices of the system (Morris 161). San Quentin is listed among
this history with a quote from one of its editors, stating that After all, if the prisoner is not
championed by his own people, just who the hell can he expect to do anything for him...And how
else, except through the prison paper, is his side to be brought forward? (Morris 161). It is
within this article that we learn that federal prison newspapers are non-existent and that the
majority of current local prison newspapers have not survived. Is it possible that the voice of this
community is being further silenced, or do inmates no longer see purpose in these publications?
With the history of the creation of prison newspapers, there is also the history of their
deterrence and silencing. In the corrections field, Wilbert Rideau (a co-editor of The Angolite)
and Linda LaBranche (a correctional officer) give a breakdown of this in their piece Can a Free
Press Flourish Behind Bars? They give a history of several U.S. based prison newspapers,
detailing that most of them have been shut down (Rideau and LaBranche). They state that the
effects that prison newspapers have had in the past have usually been positive for the inmate
(Rideau and LaBranche).
In her article Heaven, Hell, and Here: Understanding the Impact of Incarceration
through a Prison Newspaper, Dr. Eleanor Novek depicts the lifespan of a womens prison
newspaper a voice that has been even smaller in quantity which she helped to establish.
Within this article, Novek analyzes the ways in which the making of a prison newspaper affects

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inmates, what they write, and how this affects their inmate identity with the purpose of looking at
fantasy themes1. She discusses the ways in which this form of communication have changed the
dynamics between inmates.
From heading the newspaper, she found that there were inmates that held animosity
towards the journalists among them, feelings as though these inmate journalists were snitches
(Novek 286). She states that journalists are also under a constant threat of retribution from
custodial officers when they report on the happenings of their particular institution (Novek
285). However, Novek also notes the unifying sense the newspaper allows the inmates, as well as
the outlet that it provides. She states, the rhetorical vision created by one newspaper, produced
at a state prison for women, allows inmates to create or sustain survivor identities and build
community with one another under the most oppressive conditions (Novek 288). Through this
analysis, she finds that Inmate newspapers construct a public forum that allows incarcerated
people to challenge societys definition of them with oppositional meanings rich in lived
experience, self-expression, and group vision (Novek 298).
This shows an exigency for this research. This community is not being listened to
rhetorically. They have an identity that weve constructed for them and then forced them to wear.
Is that how they view themselves? We cant be sure as a society because this community lacks a
voice. This lack of agency is remedied by prison newspapers, which is why it is critical that we
listen and share the identity that this often unheard community is creating for themselves.

1 a fantasy theme is a dramatizing message in which characters engage

symbolically in acts and settings somewhere other than the here-and-now of the
people involved in the communication (as cited in Novek 292).

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Identity Rhetoric
In order to begin discussing the ways in which inmates create identities through prison
newspapers, we must first look closely at identity rhetoric and how society constructs identities
on a daily basis. Identity construction often relies on steps of developing the identity in question.
Rhetoricians have created formulaic steps for determining the processes of creating an identity
(Burke; Fernheimer).
Kenneth Burke provides a basic framework for the research that is being worked towards.
Burke defined the idea of identification, which Fernheimer builds off of to create more specific
and inclusive terms. In A Rhetoric of Motives, Burke makes an argument to switch the
framework of rhetoric from persuasion to identification (20). He defines identification as using
others to create a self or using yourself to create others through the use of a common ground.
Burke says that In pure identification there would be no strife. Likewise, there ' would be no
strife in absolute separateness, since opponents can join battle only through a mediatory ground
that makes their communication possible, thus providing the first condition necessary for their
interchange of blows (25). With this, he shows us that we must begin at a common ground in
order to create any sort of identity or argument. For example, if two people are arguing about
whether or not Lady Gaga includes intentional messages in her work, they are both agreeing and
identifying that Lady Gaga is a popular musician and that her works have messages. With this
concept creating a common ground and nothing more, there would be no argument. Thus,
identification does not cause strife. It is the subtle differences that create the disruption. In the
previous example, the difference would arise in the intentionality of the messages.
Using this idea along with others from Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, Fernheimer
creates an argument that furthers the concept of identification. She dissects the identity creation

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of one particular group. She makes the point that if the identity of a group are the very terms
which are being questioned, how can anything really get accomplished with no stable common
ground? She then offers a solution through interruptive invention, which is her theory suggesting
that there are half steps to identification. These half steps work together to produce an
inventional opportunity, which is created when an argument clears the way for furthering the
conversation and allows for a space within the community that acknowledges the issue. These
half steps consist of:
-

Interruptive identification: New terms or aspects are associated with an accepted

term, idea, or notion but not yet accepted by the group for whom they are new

(Fernheimer 57).
Inventionary identification: When a new identification is accepted by the larger

group (Fernheimer 57).

Disruptive dissociation: When the connecting links are broken and a new
association is made, but the new association is not (yet) fully accepted into the
symbolic structure by a wide enough audience to fully shift the symbolic terms that

structure reality (Fernheimer 57).

Uncomfortable communion: A process by which a rhetor uses terms familiar to his
or her audience but redefines them or reinterprets them in ways that cause the
audience to ponder, perhaps uncomfortably, the differences between the
interpretations the rhetor offers and those the audience would otherwise tacitly and
automatically accept (Fernheimer 58).

These half steps that have just been defined, along with the original idea of identification, will be
how I will go about analyzing the data I gather to find a formal construction of inmate identity
within prison newspapers. Through my textual analysis of the San Quentin News, I will be able

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to go through and see/identify these moves taking place to create a better understanding of how
this community views themselves.
The only reason for this identity creation is the fact that individuals are entering a
community. This community is contained within the walls of a prison. Because prison has its
own culture and location, a look at how cultural spaces affect identity is useful for the research I
plan on conducting. Thinking about inmate identity construction in terms of identity rhetoric
within a cultural space that has its own set of dynamics combines identity, location, and culture.
Different aspects of cultural spaces tell us different things about a culture. Looking at a cultural
space through a particular lens can help an outsider see multiple facets of the community and
multiple ways in which the community might construct some sort of identity (Reynolds;
Kerschbaum; Ratcliffe).
Whenever culture becomes a part of the discussion, it is important to keep in mind the
idea of rhetorical listening that Ratcliffe introduces. This concept shows that we are each
responsible for listening intently to a conversation even if we are not active contributors
(Ratcliffe 204). Ratcliffe shows that our opinions should be informed from rhetorically listening
to the conversation surrounding the community, especially if we are not members of said
community (205). We should not speak for the group and potentially take away their agency with
ill-informed viewpoints.
Stephanie Kerschbaum takes a look at cultural spaces, mainly the classroom, and dissects
them to find what she calls markers of difference. She defines markers of difference as ways to
recognize and respond to others self-displays and to purposefully craft oneself within particular
social contexts (Kerschbaum 83). With this grounding for her proceeding conversation analysis,
Kerschbaum melds identification and rhetorical listening of cultural spaces. This is part of how I

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will be listening to the conversation surrounding inmate identity construction because there may
be markers of difference that are affecting the way this community is perceived and/or perceives
themselves.
Kerschbaum also discusses the commodification of diversity. This topic is touched upon
when Novek mentions that Corrections officers who tolerate such publications [prison
newspapers] may view them as a way of keeping inmates busy, co-opting criticism, and making
their institutions appear progressive to outsiders (Novek 285). Kerschbaum explains how
universities use diversity within their institutions to make themselves seem progressive and
appealing to those outside of the community, selling to an unmasked identity. This is what is
happening within the walls of prisons. The newspapers are being used as a way to sell the
progressiveness and humane conditions of a prison.
Furthering the ties between location and identity, Nedra Reynolds offers the idea that a
space creates our ethos, which affects our rhetorical agency. Thinking of ethos when analyzing a
cultural space allows another part of an identity to be depicted that must be taken into
consideration location. Location affects the inmate population more than the construction of
identity to the outside world, which is tied to the institution of prison. Given that being inside the
prison gives ethos in a different manner than being an ex-inmate outside of prison does.
Reynolds discusses ethos from the perspective of marginalized groups (330). She offers the
concept of gaining ethos from the between for these groups (Reynolds 332). She suggests that
these parts of a marginalized group can construct ethos through the use of writing as a cultural
space to claim an identity (Reynolds 333). All of these scholars offer particular concepts that I
will be using to view the cultural space of a prison and how inmates might position themselves
within and outside of that space.

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Research Question
When people discuss prisoners, the thought at the forefront of the mind is the crime
committed or that the person was capable of a morally wrong deed. People tense up when a
person discloses that theyve been imprisoned. Once a person is incarcerated, the individual
becomes their crime. The crime is seen as an isolated action, rather than in the context that
surrounds it. The morals and soul of the inmate are then blamed for the offense. This community,
on a large scale, is dehumanized because of their actions. Their issues are held separately from
those of the outside world, allowing a lack of agency to permeate the community. It is believed
that society should be afraid or ashamed of these criminals. This can be shown from an
etymological standpoint as well.
Prisoner (n.) - a person or thing that is deprived of liberty or kept in restraint.
Synonyms: captive, culprit, loser
Inmate (n.) - a person who is confined in a prison, hospital, etc.
Synonyms: prisoner, patient
As per the dictionary.com thesaurus, the term prisoner is synonymous with the word
loser. Inmate shows as synonymous to patient.
Through these societal associations, weve created a stigma, a negative connotation
surrounding the identification of a person as an inmate or ex-inmate. But, what happens when the
narratives shown to us through media potentially differ from first-hand accounts? Even with a
first-hand account, the narrative might change depending on the position of authority (whether
the individuals role is of an inmate or of staff). These varying narratives complicate what society

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thinks of as the identity of a prisoner. This shows that we as a society are constructing an identity
for a community, rather than allowing members to create their own identity. We are choosing
what it means to be imprisoned. This becomes problematic when looking at the population
constructing the identity of an inmate, which is largely composed of those that have never seen
the inside of a prison facility.
Because our societal notion of a criminal prescribes to the idea that an inmates identity is
entirely wrapped within the crime he or she committed, it allows us to feel okay about not giving
this community any sort of credibility or voice, even after having left prison. It then becomes
hard to be heard when society labels the individual as their crime instead of as a person. Given
the negative connotation of being an inmate, these individuals are stripped of their agency
through the loss of their voices, which are seen as abnormal and thus, unworthy of attention.
As a disenfranchised community that is viewed as monstrous and not credible by most, those that
do have a voice have a responsibility to rhetorically listen to the group and how this community
is creating an identity for themselves.
Therefore, I have chosen to look at how inmates construct and belong to a collective
inmate identity. This will be done through the use of the San Quentin News prison newspaper, a
newspaper that is still being published in present day. The goal of this research is to rhetorically
listen to this community and allow inmates to tell us of the experience of being an inmate in
order to compensate for the disparities in perceptions of inmate identity between the inmate
population and the general population (i.e. society). This makes prison newspapers ideal data
because inmates themselves are writing these papers and rhetorically constructing an identity that
they wish to portray outwardly. I will be analyzing the history of the rhetorical agency of inmates
and what is rhetorically being done to work towards changing the historical lack of agency

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presented to the inmate community. The purpose of this research is to raise awareness of the
issue in order to bridge the gap in understanding. This brings me to the primary research
question: How do the inmates of San Quentin Prison use writing to change dominant discourses
surrounding prisoners?
From this question, I will be rhetorically listening to the community in order to
understand the strategies being employed to shift the conversation away from these dominant
discourses. Because of this communities lack of agency, there may be many rhetorical strategies
at play. I will thus look at the bricolaging that takes place, primarily through the use of:
Fernheimers method of identification to analyze the disruptive dissociation that occurs
throughout the newspaper issues, Reynolds concept of attaching geographical location to ethos,
and Kerschbaums notion of commodifying markers of difference.
Methodology
a. Critical discourse textual analysis of San Quentin News issues
Given the sensitive nature of the population, the methodology I will be using for this
research will be primarily based on textual materials and research in order to limit contact with
the sample population. For this reason, my methodology will utilize critical discourse textual
analysis. A critical discourse analysis of this newspaper will allow me to perform a close reading
and determine the rhetorical strategies used by the inmates of San Quentin Prison in order to
form a unitary identity for the modern American inmate. The particular lenses that will be
utilized in this close reading include Fernheimers adaptation of identification, attaching ethos to
a geographical space, and Marxism through the exploration of the commodification of
differences.

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The concentration of these analyses will be on the San Quentin News. San Quentin News
has been chosen as the primary text for this research in order to address the lack of academic
literature and awareness surrounding this community that is making strides to establish a stable
identity.
The essential component that makes San Quentin News qualify as a view into the created
identity of an inmate is that it is run by inmates and intended for both other inmates and the
surrounding community. Looking at a paper constructed by inmates gives us a prisoners point of
view, even if censored, which still manages to create a community that is constructing their
identity. The fact that these inmates felt there was even a need for this newspaper shows that
there are unheard voices that are seeking an audience. Newspapers distributed within prisons that
are not written by inmates may depict how those on the outside are perceiving the community,
rather than creating an accurate depiction of how inmates themselves are perceiving their identity
within prison walls.
This, of course, has its limitations as well. While having a newspaper allows inmates to
have a voice, it only allows for those that are literate to have access to that voice. This leaves a
hidden population that is being spoken for instead of speaking for themselves. The articles
published in prison newspapers are only representative of those involved in the writing and
publishing process, including submissions from those not inside the staff.
In order to resolve this skew in the data, this research will also potentially include
interviews of ex-inmates and prison staff. This may include Skype interviews with former
inmates of San Quentin State Prison. Given the location in which the research will be conducted
the University of Central Florida another accessible population is that of Orange County. For
this reason, a portion of my sample population will reside within this county. With all subjects,

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interviews will be conducted via Skype for reasons of safety and convenience. With the exinmate population of San Quentin and Orange County, the research would consist of oral
histories. Using this method with ex-inmates from the Orange County jail would solve the
problem of the skew in results, regarding the inmate population being researched. This method,
in which researchers give an interviewee a general direction of conversation and let them just
talk, would be useful because these inmates have plenty of experiences that might reflect what
constructs their identity as an inmate and how writing plays a part in this. This would not be as
skewed because it would allow for those that are not able to write, did not want to participate in
interviews, or submit their own writing for publication in the newspaper. This style of
interviewing also allows for a story to unfold that might answer questions that I hadnt thought to
ask or point me to a direction that should have more of my attention. However, my main
methodology for research will still be critical discourse textual analysis.
Thesis Sections and Content
In order to effectively discuss prison newspapers, San Quentin News in particular, I will
need to include three essential components an introduction, a look at the theoretical framework
being used, and a close reading of the newspaper. Therefore, I will organize my thesis into the
following chapters: Chapter one, introduction to prison newspapers; Chapter two, marking
difference in prisoners; Chapter three, inmate ethos and its restrictions; Chapter four,
identification within prison newspapers; Chapter five, creation of inventional opportunities.
The first chapter will introduce the subject matter of inmate identity construction, along
with the theoretical concepts discussed throughout the thesis. I will use this chapter to convey
what kind of work prison newspapers do towards the betterment of the targeted community and
the necessity of this research. In this chapter, I will include a survey of the literature within the

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field of rhetorical studies, prison ideologies, and prison newspaper programs. I will also discuss
my methodology for the research that took place.
The second chapter will discuss the history of prison newspapers. Here I will look at the
ways in which the inmate community marks its difference from others, how this affects their
writing, and how this difference is commodified. In this chapter, I will explore Foucaults
discussion of prison ideology within his book Discipline and Punish. With these two lenses, I
will be able to look at how markers of difference and commodification within the community
sustain the ideologies in the prison system, aiding in the creation of dominant discourses using
us versus them rhetoric.
The third chapter will examine how an inmates ethos is bound by their physical location
and how prison newspapers aim to shift the concept of an inmates ethos in order gain rhetorical
agency among the outside world. In this chapter, I will explore how ethos is affected by physical
location and the specific implications of this within a prison setting. Here, I will also include
analyses of the San Quentin News to show how this is already being done within the writing of
this inmate staff. I will also begin a discussion on how these inmates are establishing a common
ground with their audience in order to shift the hegemonic conversation surrounding the identity
of this community.
The fourth chapter will use Fernheimers steps of identification to look at how San
Quentin News is rhetorically shifting the identity of inmates. I will do this primarily through the
use of Fernheimers concepts of disruptive dissociation and uncomfortable communion. A close
reading through a critical discourse analysis lens will be included in order to dissect the ways in
which this is taking place within prison newspaper writing.

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The fifth chapter will discuss the ways in which San Quentin News is creating inventional
opportunities (a Fernheimerian concept) to allow for a shift in the identity of the inmate
community. I will showcase this through the use of critical discourse analyses of issues of the
newspaper in which moments of inventional opportunity are created through disruptive
dissociation and uncomfortable communion of the communities identity and ethos. Through this,
I will depict how San Quentin News is incorporating a variety of rhetorical strategies to bricolage
their way into a shift of identity.
Proposed Time Line
I am currently on course to complete this project in the spring of 2017, a semester before
my expected graduation (summer 2017). I have completed the majority of my secondary research
during my Directed Readings I course. I will continue to look into other secondary sources over
the summer of 2016, despite not being enrolled in Directed Readings II. Currently, I have
conducted a critical discourse analysis of the February 2016 issue of San Quentin News. As these
critical discourse analyses will serve as the majority of my primary research, I will continue
close readings of several other archived issues on the newspaper website throughout the summer
of 2016. Other parts of my primary research will potentially consist of interviews with
correctional officers, other prison staff, and/or former inmates. Because of my potential use of
interviews as primary sources, I will be submitting IRB paperwork during summer 2016, as well.
The interviews will be conducted once IRB approval is received, most likely during the fall of
2016.
With the completion of my proposal, I will move onto conducting the analyses mentioned
and writing my thesis. My thesis writing will be split into two semesters of thesis hours. As my
goals for each, I intend on completing the first three or four chapters during fall 2016 and the last

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one or two chapters during spring 2017. Following this, I will focus on polishing the formatting
and writing, as more global concerns will mainly be out of the way. I will then defend my thesis
and submit the finalized copy to the library for publication at the end of the spring semester, after
several committee reviews throughout the academic year (fall and spring semesters). By
following this timeline, I will be on schedule for the completion of this project during the spring
2017 semester.

Works Cited
About Us. San Quentin News. San Quentin News, n.d. Web 24 Sept. 2015.

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Bonczar, Thomas. Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001. Bureau of
Justice Statistics, 17 Aug. 2003. Web. 14 March 2016. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?
ty=pbdetail&iid=836

Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969. Print.
Fernheimer, Janice. Stepping Into Zion: Hatzaad Harishon, Black Jews, and the Remaking of
Jewish Identity. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2014. Print.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon, 1977.
Print.
Kerschbaum, Stephanie. Toward a New Rhetoric of Difference. Conference on College
Composition and Communication of the National Council of Teachers of English, 2014.
56-78. Print.
Morris, James M. "Journalism Behind Bars." The Quarterly Journal of the Library of
Congress 1983: 150. JSTOR Journals. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
Novek, Eleanor M. "Heaven, Hell, and Here: Understanding the Impact of Incarceration
through a Prison Newspaper." Critical Studies in Media Communication 22.4 (2005):
281-301. Web.
Ratcliffe, Krista, 1958-. Rhetorical Listening: Identification, Gender, Whiteness. n.p.: Southern
Illinois University Press, 2005. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Web. 24 Sept. 2015.
Reynolds, Nedra. Ethos as Location: New Sites for Understanding Discursive Authority.
Rhetoric Review 11.2 (1993): 325-338. Web. 5 Oct. 2015.
Rideau, Wilbert and Linda LeBranche. Can a Free Press Flourish Behind Bars? The Nation.
The Nation Magazine, 25 June 2014. Web 5 Oct. 2015.

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Taylor, Rosemarye T., and Richard McAtee. "Turning A New Page To Life And Literacy: A
Literacy Intervention Program Finds Success Among Struggling Readers In
Prison." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 6 (2003): 476. Literature Resource
Center. Web. 24 Sept. 2015.