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Effect of dust nonlinear charge and sizedistribution on dust-acoustic doublelayers in

dusty plasmas
M. Ishak-Boushaki, R. Annou, and R. Bharuthram
Citation: Physics of Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.3684230
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684230
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/19/3?ver=pdfcov
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PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 19, 033707 (2012)

Effect of dust non-linear charge and size-distribution on dust-acoustic


double-layers in dusty plasmas
M. Ishak-Boushaki,1 R. Annou,1 and R. Bharuthram2
1
2

Faculty of Physics, USTHB. B.P. 32 El Alia, Bab-ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria


University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7530, South Africa

(Received 23 October 2011; accepted 7 January 2012; published online 14 March 2012)
The investigation of the existence of arbitrarily large amplitude electrostatic dust-acoustic double
layers is conducted in a four-component plasma consisting of electrons, two distinct positive ion
species of different temperatures, and massive negatively-charged dust particles that are assumed
spheres of different radii distributed according to a power-law. The dependence of the dust grain
charge on its size is considered to be nonlinear. The number densities of electrons and ions are
assumed to follow a Boltzmann distribution, whereas the dynamics of charged dust grains is
described by fluid equations. Comparison is conducted between plasmas containing size-distributed
dust grains and those containing monosize dust grains, while examining the criteria for the
existence of dust-acoustic double layers along with the dependence of their amplitudes and Mach
C 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3684230]
numbers on plasma parameters. V

I. INTRODUCTION

A dust-acoustic double-layer (DL) is a structure consisting of two space-charge layers of opposite charges. Consequently, the potential experiences a drop which is necessarily
greater than the thermal energy per unit of charge of the coldest plasmas bordering the layer. Hence, the electric field is
stronger within the double layer, whereas quasi-neutrality is
violated in the space-charge layers.1 Double layers may be
considered resulting from solitons having an asymmetry that
is caused by motion. As a matter of fact, the potential having
a drop would be due to the reflection of the low energy component by the potential barrier of the soliton and the transmission of the high energy one.2 These electrostatic structures
(DLs) have a tremendous role to play in space plasmas as well
as laboratory plasmas. Indeed, double layers are considered
the appropriate candidate to interpret charged particles acceleration to high energies in plasmas, e.g., the auroral region of
the ionosphere.3 Double-layers may be formed by way of
numerous mechanisms, e.g., currents driven instabilities,4
spacecraft-ejected electron beams,5 shocks waves in a
plasma,6 laser radiation,7 injection of non-neutral electrons
current into a cold plasma,8 or by electrical discharges.9 In
dusty plasmas, the characteristics along with the existence criteria of DLs may be affected by the presence of dust particulates having high charge and mass.10 This type of plasmas is
believed to be the rule, as they are encountered almost everywhere in situations spanning from astrophysical to industrial
ones. So far, the dust particulates have been taken monosized,
whereas in real situations, they present a size distribution due
to grain-grain collisions that lead to fragmentation and coalescence11,12 which tend to produce a power law size distribution
(PLD), for which the differential density distribution is of the
form13 f(rd)drd Crdp drd, where rd that is the dust grains radius is in a given range [rd min, rd max]. Actually, as noted by
Liu et al.,14 dust size distribution is strongly connected to the
1070-664X/2012/19(3)/033707/9/$30.00

natural environments, e.g., space plasmas such as F and G


rings of Saturn, cometary environments, interstellar galactic
clouds,12,14 where the existence of size-distributed dust grains
according to a PLD has been indeed observed, the values of
the parameter p, being p 4.5 for the F-ring of Saturn, p 7
or 6 for the G-ring and a value of p 3.4 for cometary
environments,15 as well as experimental conditions in the laboratory where the study is conducted. Hence, grain size-distribution is an additional element to be taken into account while
modeling a plasma. Indeed, Ishak-Boushaki et al.16,17 have
investigated dust-acoustic solitons when ions are adiabatically
heated and dust grains are size-distributed, and found that solutions experienced a translation from solitary waves to Cnoidal waves. Moreover, they found that the grain sizedistribution affects the modes supported by the plasma along
with the growth rate of some parametric instabilities.18
Besides solitons and parametric instabilities, Ishak-boushaki19
in a study devoted to coherent structures sheds some light on
the effect of grain size distribution on dust acoustic double
layers (DADL) in a plasma consisting of Boltzmannian electrons, size-distributed dust grains, and two types of Boltzmannian positive ions having different temperatures. Plasmas with
two ion species may occur in industrial processing of materials, low temperature plasma devices, ionospheric modification
experiments, and astrophysical situations.20,21 In these plasmas, the particle distribution function has a fast component
that excites a beam plasma instability (Buneman instability)
that is at the root of current carrying double layers.2225 As a
matter of fact, double layers are common in current-carrying
plasmas. The effect of the non-linear dependence of the grain
charge on the grain radius on dust-acoustic double layers is
also investigated. In this paper, the work is augmented and
many aspects are revisited.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, the model
is presented, whereas in Sec. III, the results are discussed.
The last section is devoted to some concluding remarks.

19, 033707-1

C 2012 American Institute of Physics


V

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033707-2

Ishak-Boushaki, Annou, and Bharuthram

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

II. BASIC EQUATIONS

We consider a collisionless, unmagnetized four-component plasma consisting of electrons having a temperature Te,
two distinct groups of ions having temperatures Tc (cold species) and Th (hot species), and negatively charged dust
particulates assumed to be spheres of various radii.26 The dependence of dust grain charge on its size is taken non-linear.
The number densities of electrons and ions are given by the
Boltzmann distribution,
ne neo expe/=Te ;

(1)

nc nco expe/=Tc ;

(2)

nh nho expe/=Th :

(3)

M
Ndj p ;
2
M 2/Zdj =mdj

(8)

where we have used the boundary conditions, /; d/=dn;


uj ! 0, and Ndj ! 1 corresponding to unperturbed plasmas at
n ! 1.
Substituting for the particle number densities from Eqs.
(1)(3) and Eq. (8) into Eq. (7), then integrating the resulting
equation, we obtain
 
1 d/ 2
w/; M 0;
2 dn

(9)

where

27

The quasi-neutrality condition is given by


nco nho neo

N
X

w/; M
Zdjo ndjo ;

(4)

j1

where nco, nho, ndjo, and neo are the unperturbed cold ion, hot
ion, jth dust grain, and electron number densities, respectively, and Zdjo is the unperturbed charge number of the jth
dust grain.
Let us adopt the following normalization, viz., the space
coordinate x is normalized by the effective Debye length

1=2
, the dust fluid velocity is normalkDd Teff =4p Zo ntot e2
ized by the effective dust acoustic speed defined by

1=2
, time t is normalized by the effective
Cd Zo Teff =mo



2
2 1=2
dusty plasma period defined by x1
,
pd mo = 4p Zo ntot e
PN
the dust density is normalized by ntot j1 ndjo (total number density of all dust grains), the ion and electron densities
Nso nso =ntot Zo are normalized by ntot Zo , and the electrostatic
potential U is normalized by (Teff =Zo e), where
Zo2 ntot =Teff neo =Te nco =Tc nho =Th  and as Teff =
Zo Ts (for each species). Moreover, the dust charge Zdj and
mass mdj are normalized by the charge and mass corresponding
to the grain of the most probable radius ro , viz., Zo Zro
and mo mro . The quasi-neutrality reads then,
ae Neo ac Nco ah Nho 1, where Ns is the normalized density for the species (s).
The above mentioned normalization taken into account,
the dynamics of grains is governed by the continuity and momentum equations, namely,

@Ndj @ 

udj Ndj 0;
@t
@x
 
@udj
@udj
Zdj @/
udj

:
@t
@x
mdj @x

(5)
(6)

The closure relationship is nothing but Poissons equation,


X
@2/

N

N

N

Zdj Ndj :
(7)
e
c
h
@x2
j
Assuming the physical quantities to depend on n x  Mt,
where M is the Mach number, the stationary solutions of
Eqs. (5) and (6) are given by

Neo
Nco
1  expae /
1  expac /
ae
ac
Nho
1  expah /  W/
(10)

ah

is the Sagdeev potential, where


W/

"s
#
 
Zdj /
12
1 :
M mdj
mdj M2

(11)

When the size distribution is continuous, discrete summation


is replaced by an integration, and Eq. (11) reads as

W/ M ntot

rd2
rd1

rd3

"r
#
b3 /
1 2rd
 1 fd rd drd ; (12)
M2

where r rd =ro and dn ntot fd rd drd ntot f rdr are the


number of grains having radii between r and r dr:
The mass and charge of a dust grain that is assumed
spherical may be connected to its radius through the relations
3
and Qdj Zdj =e Cdj V0 , where qdj is
mdj 4=3pqdj rdj
the grain mass density, Vo is the grain electric surface potential at equilibrium, and Cdj is the grain capacitance that is
given in cgs units by, Cdj rdj . For a hydrogen plasma for
instance, one has Vo 2:5 for Ti Te 1 eV. However,
taking into account the parameters of the surrounding
plasma, some authors found that the grain charge does
depend non-linearly upon the grain radius rather, that is
b
, where 1 < b < 2 (c.f. Refs. 2832).
Qdj / rdj
To implement the model, we consider a power-law sizedistribution that is the case in space plasmas, viz., f r
Cp rp , where
Cp

p1

1  rmp1
lnrm 1

for p 6 1;
for

p 1:

Since for such a distribution, dust number density is maximum at minimum grain size, and we have r1 (rd1/
ro) (rdmin/ro) 1 and r2 (rd2/ro) (r dmax/ro) rm.

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033707-3

Dust-acoustic double-layers in dusty plasmas

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

When dust size-distribution and nonlinear dependence


of dust charge on its size are taken into account simultaneously, the charge quasi-neutrality reads
Nco Nho Neo gb p; rm ;
where

gb p; rm Cp


1  rmpb1
; for p 6 1; b 1: (13)
p  b 1

For instance, in meteor plasmas, one has p 4, yielding



b3

1rm
3
gb p 4; rm 3b
1r3 . Besides, when all the dust
m

grains are of the same size and have a charge linearly dependent on its size, i.e., rm ! 1 and b ! 1, we retrieve the
mono-sized case,33 gb p; rm 1.
Furthermore, the Sagdeev Potential in Eq. (10) reads
then as follows:

9
Nco 1  expa / Nho 1  expa / >
>

1

expa
/


w/; M Naeo
e
c
h
=
a
a
e
c
h
rm

q
:
rm
dr
>
>
r b5=2 r 3b 2/=M2 dr 
Cp M2
;
1
1 r

The formation of a double layer demands (c.f. Refs. 20, 21,


and 34)
9
a w0;M @/ V0;M 0 for all M
>
=
: (15)
bw/m ;M @/ V/m ;M 0 for some /m ; M
>
;
c w/;M < 0
for Min b and 0 < j/j < j/m j

w/; M


@/ w/; M /0 Ne0 Nc0 Nh0  g1 p; rm 0; (17)
2

1r
where gb p; rm ! g1 p; rm C4 2 m .
In addition, applying the condition (b) in Eq. (15), we
obtain
"
p#
rm rm2 H/m
2 2/m
p
ln
A/m C4 M
H/m
1 1 H/m
!
p
r2m H/m p
1 H/m  lnrm 0; (18a)

rm
M2
where
A/m 

A. The size linearly dependent grain capacitance case


(b 1)

For size-distributed grains according to a power-law,


where p 4 (meteor plasma), integration of Eq. (14) leads
to the following Sagdeev potential:

Neo
Nco
Nho
1  expae /
1  expac /
1  expah /
ae
ac
ah
"
!
p# p
r2m 2/=M2 p2
rm rm2 2/=M2
2
p 
1 2/=M  lnrm ;
 C4 M ln
rm
1 1 2/=M2

where rm 10 and C4 3003.


The condition (a) in Eq. (15) is clearly satisfied by the
Sagdeev potential V/; M, as the quasi-neutrality is retrieved,
namely,

2/m
;
H/m

(16)


q
C4
2
H/m 2 2
C4 C4 rm 2rm C24 rm2 B2 /m ;
rm B /m
(19b)
and
B/m Neo expae /m Nco expac /m
Nho expah /m :

(19c)

For a given set of density and temperature, the resolution of


Eqs. (18a) and (18b) yields the value of /m along with the
associated Mach number M.
2
< 0 at
Furthermore, the limiting condition @ V/;M
@/2
/ 0 and / /m imposes a range of acceptable Mach
numbers, given by the following inequalities:

(18b)

M2 >

 
C4
1
C4
;

4 ae Ne0 ac Nc0 ah Nh0
4

Neo
Nco
1  expae /m 
1  expac /m 
ae
ac

Nho

1  expah /m  ;
(19a)
ah

(14)

M 2 > C4

FH/m
;
D/m

(20a)

(20b)

where

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033707-4

Ishak-Boushaki, Annou, and Bharuthram

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

(
FH/m

1
rm2 H/m 3=2 rm

1
rm rm2

H/m

3=2

1
1 H/m

3=2

1
p 2
p 2
rm2 H/m rm H/m rm rm2 H/m
1
1 H/m 1

p
1 H/m 1 H/m 3=2

(21a)

B. The size non-linearly dependent grain capacitance


case (b 6 1)

and
D/m Neo ae expae /m Nco ac expac /m
Nho ah expah /m :

p 2
1 H/m
)
1

(21b)

Let us now investigate the effect of the non-linear dependence of the grain charge on the grain size, namely, we
consider the following cases, b 1:3, b 1:5, and
b 1:83. The integration of Eq. (14) leads to the following
expression of the Sagdeev potential:
wb /; M

Neo
1  expae /
ae
Nco
Nho
1  expac /
1  expah /

ac
ah


(22)
 Cp M2 Ib /; M  lnrm ;
"

p
1 2/=M2 
Ib /; M Rb
p#

where


3b=2
3b
rm 2/=M2

ln rm p
2
1

12/=M

r
3b

rm

2/=M2
3b
rm

and Rb a b expb=c, with

a 0.664, b 0.156, and c 0.737.


The condition (a) in Eq. (15) is clearly satisfied again,

@/ w/; M /0 Ne0 Nc0 Nh0  gb p; rm 0: (23)

FIG. 1. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. Dust grains are described by power-law distribution.
The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1. (b) The double layer potential profile /n versus n
associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 1(a) and (Tc/Th) is the ratio of
cool to hot ion temperatures, for b 1.

FIG. 2. Variation of the DLs amplitude /m and the corresponding Mach


number M versus the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures (Tc =Th ), for
power-law size-distribution and b 1, by opposition to the monosized one,
where Ne0 0 and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11.

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033707-5

Dust-acoustic double-layers in dusty plasmas

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

FIG. 3. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool
to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1; 3. (b) The DLs potential profile
/n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 3(a).

FIG. 4. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool
to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1; 5. (b) The DLs potential profile
/n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 4(a).


A/m 


Nco
Nho

1  expac /m 
1 expah /m  ;
ac
ah
(25a)

Applying the condition (b) in Eq. (15), we obtain


q3
0 2
3b=2
3b
r

rm Hb /m
m
2/m
5
p
A/m C4 M2
Rb@ln4
Hb /m :
1 1Hb /m
8
<

q
3b
Hb /m
rm
3b=2

rm

9
1
q
=
1 Hb /m A  lnrm 0
;
(24a)

Neo
1  expae /m 
ae

Hb /m

C4 Rb
3b 2
B /m

rm

2rm3b=2

C4 Rb C4 Rbrm3b

q
3b
C24 R2 b rm B2 /m ; (25b)

and

and
2/m
M
;
Hb /m
2

(24b)

where /m is the double layer amplitude associated to the


Mach number M, and

B/m Neo expae /m Nco expac /m


Nho expah /m ;

(25c)

whereas the 2concavity condition of the Sagdeev potential


curve, viz., d w/;M
< 0 at / 0 and / /m , leads to a
d/2
modified range of acceptable Mach numbers, namely,

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033707-6

Ishak-Boushaki, Annou, and Bharuthram

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

FIG. 5. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool
to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1; 83. (b) The DLs potential profile
/n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 5(a).

M2 >

C4 Rb; rm
 C4 Rb; rm
ae Ne0 ac Nc0 ah Nh0

(26a)

FIG. 6. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is b for (Tc/
Th) 0,03 and power law (PL) distribution, by opposition to the monosized
one. (b) The DLs potential profile /n versus n associated with the Sagdeev
potential in Fig. 6(a).

where
(
)
13
2
5
Rb; rm Rb


;
18 9rm3b 9rm23b

and
M2 > C4 Rb

GHb /m

GHb /m
;
D/m

8
>
<

(26b)

1
q
q
>
:rm3b Hb / 3=2 rm3b=2 rm3b Hb / rm3b Hb / rm3b=2 rm3b Hb / 2
m
m
m
m


1
3b=2 3b
rm
rm

Hb /m
1

1 Hb /m 3=2 1

3=2

1
1 Hb /m 1
1

p 2
1 Hb /m
)

;
p
1 Hb /m 1 Hb /m 3=2

(27a)

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033707-7

Dust-acoustic double-layers in dusty plasmas

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

FIG. 7. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is b for (Tc/
Th) 0,04 and PL distribution, by opposition to the monosized one. (b) The
DLs potential profile /n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in
Fig. 7(a).

FIG. 8. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0 and
(Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labelling the curves is b for (Tc/Th) 0,05
and PL distribution, by opposition to the monosized one. (b) The DLs potential
profile /n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 8(a).

and

The variation of the DL amplitude /m and the Mach


number M with respect to the ratio Tc =Th is depicted in
Figure 2, where a comparison is made between the monosize

D/m Neo ae expae /m Nco ac expac /m


Nho ah expah /m :

(27b)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

We consider a dusty plasma model in which most of background electrons are collected by the negatively-charged dust
grains, a situation quite realistic in environments such as Saturns F-ring.35 Thus, without loss of generality, we set Ne0 0
and calculate typical forms of the Sagdeev potential as well as
the associated double layer structures. Setting Neo strictly to
zero allows us to closely examine the role played by the temperature ratio (Tc/Th) of the two ion populations along with the
nonlinear dependence of the dust grain charge on its size,
when the power law is considered to describe the distribution
in size of the charged dust grains. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) depict
the Sagdeev quasi-potential w/ and the associated double
layer structure /n, respectively, for (b 1) and different values of cold ion temperature to hot ion temperature ratio, viz.,
Tc =Th 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05, where Neo 0, (Nco/
Nho) 0.11, ac Nh0 Nc0 Th =Tc 1 , and ah ac Th =Tc .

FIG. 9. The DLs amplitude /m versus b, for Ne0 0 and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11.
The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures
(Tc/Th).

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033707-8

Ishak-Boushaki, Annou, and Bharuthram

Phys. Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012)

IV. CONCLUSION

FIG. 10. The corresponding Mach numbers to the DLs structures versus b,
for Ne0 0 and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th).

case and the power law distribution case (b 1). It is shown


that for a given value of the ratio Tc =Th , the DL is stronger
(/m is higher) for size-distributed grains in opposition to the
uniform grain size case, whereas the requirements on the
Mach number for DLs existence are lowered. Moreover, it is
revealed that a new feature of a size distributed population
of grains, that is, subsonic solutions are allowed in this
model, whereas in the monosized case, only supersonic solutions are predicted.
When the dust size-distribution and the nonlinear dependence of dust charge on its size (1 < b < 2) are taken
into account simultaneously, typical forms of the Sagdeev
quasi-potential w/ and the associated double layer structures /n are calculated and plotted in Figures 3(a), 3(b),
4(a), 4(b), 5(a), and 5(b) for different values of b and different ratios Tc =Th . Whereas in Figures 6(a), 6(b), 7(a), 7(b),
8(a), and 8(b), we illustrate the Sagdeev quasi-potential
w/ and the associated double layer structure /n, respectively, for different ratios Tc =Th and different values of b,
by opposition to the monosized case. As the Sagdeev potential w/ along with associated DL structures depend on b
and a, we kept b constant and varied a, then kept a constant
and varied b in an attempt to illustrate the effect of energetic particles as well as the charge collected by the grains
on w/ and /n. It turns out that in a dusty plasma containing size distributed grains, DLs amplitude increases
/

with respect to the uniform grain radius case, viz., m;b1


/m;b1:83 /m
2.04
1.14 (1.18) for Tc =Th 0.05 (0.03) and /
m
(2.19) for Tc =Th 0.05 (0.03). In the latter case, the
charge collected by a grain of radius rd is higher than the
one corresponding to a linear grain capacitance.
Moreover, in Figures (9) and (10), the DL amplitude
/m along with the Mach number M are plotted versus the
coefficient b. It is shown that for lower values of the ratio
Tc =Th that is for highly energetic ions, double layers are
stronger as well as the required Mach numbers for their
formation.

In this work, we present a study of the existence of arbitrary amplitude dust acoustic double layers in an unmagnetized dusty plasma with a couple of Boltzmann distributed
species of ions having different temperatures, i.e., Tc and Th,
and a cold fluid of dust grains of different sizes described by a
continuous power law distribution with a nonlinearly size-dependent charge. Most of the background electrons are collected by the negatively-charged dust grains. Such plasmas
may exist in both laboratory and space environments. The
results of this paper confirm that only compressive DLs are
possible, not only in the particular case of monosized grains
(c.f. Ref. 20) but also in the general case when the grain size
distribution and the non-linear dependence of charge on the
grain size are taken into account. Besides, it is shown that the
size distribution of dust grains enhances the double layer structure as the amplitude /m increases. Moreover, as the non-linear dependence of the grain charge upon the size (capacitance)
increases, that amplitude /m increases further. The double
layer amplitude increase may well be an efficient tool for particles acceleration. Finally, it is worthwhile noting that the
introduction of the dust grain size distribution allows the existence of subsonic double layers, while in the monosized grains
case, only supersonic solutions are to propagate in the plasma.
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