Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
dusty plasmas
M. Ishak-Boushaki, R. Annou, and R. Bharuthram
Citation: Physics of Plasmas 19, 033707 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.3684230
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684230
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/19/3?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
Articles you may be interested in
Dust-acoustic Gardner solitons and double layers in dusty plasmas with nonthermally distributed ions of two
distinct temperatures
Chaos 23, 013147 (2013); 10.1063/1.4794796
Large amplitude double-layers in a dusty plasma with a q-nonextensive electron velocity distribution and twotemperature isothermal ions
Phys. Plasmas 19, 042113 (2012); 10.1063/1.4707669
Effects of flat-topped ion distribution and dust temperature on small amplitude dust-acoustic solitary waves and
double layers in dusty plasma
Phys. Plasmas 17, 123706 (2010); 10.1063/1.3524562
Dust-acoustic solitary waves and double layers in a magnetized dusty plasma with nonthermal ions and dust
charge variation
Phys. Plasmas 12, 082302 (2005); 10.1063/1.1985987
Dust-acoustic solitary waves and double layers in dusty plasma with variable dust charge and two-temperature
ions
Phys. Plasmas 6, 3808 (1999); 10.1063/1.873645
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
(Received 23 October 2011; accepted 7 January 2012; published online 14 March 2012)
The investigation of the existence of arbitrarily large amplitude electrostatic dust-acoustic double
layers is conducted in a four-component plasma consisting of electrons, two distinct positive ion
species of different temperatures, and massive negatively-charged dust particles that are assumed
spheres of different radii distributed according to a power-law. The dependence of the dust grain
charge on its size is considered to be nonlinear. The number densities of electrons and ions are
assumed to follow a Boltzmann distribution, whereas the dynamics of charged dust grains is
described by fluid equations. Comparison is conducted between plasmas containing size-distributed
dust grains and those containing monosize dust grains, while examining the criteria for the
existence of dust-acoustic double layers along with the dependence of their amplitudes and Mach
C 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3684230]
numbers on plasma parameters. V
I. INTRODUCTION
A dust-acoustic double-layer (DL) is a structure consisting of two space-charge layers of opposite charges. Consequently, the potential experiences a drop which is necessarily
greater than the thermal energy per unit of charge of the coldest plasmas bordering the layer. Hence, the electric field is
stronger within the double layer, whereas quasi-neutrality is
violated in the space-charge layers.1 Double layers may be
considered resulting from solitons having an asymmetry that
is caused by motion. As a matter of fact, the potential having
a drop would be due to the reflection of the low energy component by the potential barrier of the soliton and the transmission of the high energy one.2 These electrostatic structures
(DLs) have a tremendous role to play in space plasmas as well
as laboratory plasmas. Indeed, double layers are considered
the appropriate candidate to interpret charged particles acceleration to high energies in plasmas, e.g., the auroral region of
the ionosphere.3 Double-layers may be formed by way of
numerous mechanisms, e.g., currents driven instabilities,4
spacecraft-ejected electron beams,5 shocks waves in a
plasma,6 laser radiation,7 injection of non-neutral electrons
current into a cold plasma,8 or by electrical discharges.9 In
dusty plasmas, the characteristics along with the existence criteria of DLs may be affected by the presence of dust particulates having high charge and mass.10 This type of plasmas is
believed to be the rule, as they are encountered almost everywhere in situations spanning from astrophysical to industrial
ones. So far, the dust particulates have been taken monosized,
whereas in real situations, they present a size distribution due
to grain-grain collisions that lead to fragmentation and coalescence11,12 which tend to produce a power law size distribution
(PLD), for which the differential density distribution is of the
form13 f(rd)drd Crdp drd, where rd that is the dust grains radius is in a given range [rd min, rd max]. Actually, as noted by
Liu et al.,14 dust size distribution is strongly connected to the
1070-664X/2012/19(3)/033707/9/$30.00
19, 033707-1
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-2
We consider a collisionless, unmagnetized four-component plasma consisting of electrons having a temperature Te,
two distinct groups of ions having temperatures Tc (cold species) and Th (hot species), and negatively charged dust
particulates assumed to be spheres of various radii.26 The dependence of dust grain charge on its size is taken non-linear.
The number densities of electrons and ions are given by the
Boltzmann distribution,
ne neo expe/=Te ;
(1)
nc nco expe/=Tc ;
(2)
nh nho expe/=Th :
(3)
M
Ndj p ;
2
M 2/Zdj =mdj
(8)
(9)
where
27
N
X
w/; M
Zdjo ndjo ;
(4)
j1
where nco, nho, ndjo, and neo are the unperturbed cold ion, hot
ion, jth dust grain, and electron number densities, respectively, and Zdjo is the unperturbed charge number of the jth
dust grain.
Let us adopt the following normalization, viz., the space
coordinate x is normalized by the effective Debye length
1=2
, the dust fluid velocity is normalkDd Teff =4p Zo ntot e2
ized by the effective dust acoustic speed defined by
1=2
, time t is normalized by the effective
Cd Zo Teff =mo
2
2 1=2
dusty plasma period defined by x1
,
pd mo = 4p Zo ntot e
PN
the dust density is normalized by ntot j1 ndjo (total number density of all dust grains), the ion and electron densities
Nso nso =ntot Zo are normalized by ntot Zo , and the electrostatic
potential U is normalized by (Teff =Zo e), where
Zo2 ntot =Teff neo =Te nco =Tc nho =Th and as Teff =
Zo Ts (for each species). Moreover, the dust charge Zdj and
mass mdj are normalized by the charge and mass corresponding
to the grain of the most probable radius ro , viz., Zo Zro
and mo mro . The quasi-neutrality reads then,
ae Neo ac Nco ah Nho 1, where Ns is the normalized density for the species (s).
The above mentioned normalization taken into account,
the dynamics of grains is governed by the continuity and momentum equations, namely,
@Ndj @
udj Ndj 0;
@t
@x
@udj
@udj
Zdj @/
udj
:
@t
@x
mdj @x
(5)
(6)
N
N
N
Zdj Ndj :
(7)
e
c
h
@x2
j
Assuming the physical quantities to depend on n x Mt,
where M is the Mach number, the stationary solutions of
Eqs. (5) and (6) are given by
Neo
Nco
1 expae /
1 expac /
ae
ac
Nho
1 expah / W/
(10)
ah
"s
#
Zdj /
12
1 :
M mdj
mdj M2
(11)
W/ M ntot
rd2
rd1
rd3
"r
#
b3 /
1 2rd
1 fd rd drd ; (12)
M2
p1
1 rmp1
lnrm 1
for p 6 1;
for
p 1:
Since for such a distribution, dust number density is maximum at minimum grain size, and we have r1 (rd1/
ro) (rdmin/ro) 1 and r2 (rd2/ro) (r dmax/ro) rm.
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-3
gb p; rm Cp
1 rmpb1
; for p 6 1; b 1: (13)
p b 1
1rm
3
gb p 4; rm 3b
1r3 . Besides, when all the dust
m
grains are of the same size and have a charge linearly dependent on its size, i.e., rm ! 1 and b ! 1, we retrieve the
mono-sized case,33 gb p; rm 1.
Furthermore, the Sagdeev Potential in Eq. (10) reads
then as follows:
9
Nco 1 expa / Nho 1 expa / >
>
1
expa
/
w/; M Naeo
e
c
h
=
a
a
e
c
h
rm
q
:
rm
dr
>
>
r b5=2 r 3b 2/=M2 dr
Cp M2
;
1
1 r
w/; M
@/ w/; M
/0 Ne0 Nc0 Nh0 g1 p; rm 0; (17)
2
1r
where gb p; rm ! g1 p; rm C4 2 m .
In addition, applying the condition (b) in Eq. (15), we
obtain
"
p#
rm rm2 H/m
2 2/m
p
ln
A/m C4 M
H/m
1 1 H/m
!
p
r2m H/m p
1 H/m lnrm 0; (18a)
rm
M2
where
A/m
Neo
Nco
Nho
1 expae /
1 expac /
1 expah /
ae
ac
ah
"
!
p# p
r2m 2/=M2 p2
rm rm2 2/=M2
2
p
1 2/=M lnrm ;
C4 M ln
rm
1 1 2/=M2
2/m
;
H/m
(16)
q
C4
2
H/m 2 2
C4 C4 rm 2rm C24 rm2 B2 /m ;
rm B /m
(19b)
and
B/m Neo expae /m Nco expac /m
Nho expah /m :
(19c)
(18b)
M2 >
C4
1
C4
;
4 ae Ne0 ac Nc0 ah Nh0
4
Neo
Nco
1 expae /m
1 expac /m
ae
ac
Nho
1 expah /m ;
(19a)
ah
(14)
M 2 > C4
FH/m
;
D/m
(20a)
(20b)
where
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-4
(
FH/m
1
rm2 H/m 3=2 rm
1
rm rm2
H/m
3=2
1
1 H/m
3=2
1
p 2
p 2
rm2 H/m rm H/m rm rm2 H/m
1
1 H/m 1
p
1 H/m 1 H/m 3=2
(21a)
and
D/m Neo ae expae /m Nco ac expac /m
Nho ah expah /m :
p 2
1 H/m
)
1
(21b)
Let us now investigate the effect of the non-linear dependence of the grain charge on the grain size, namely, we
consider the following cases, b 1:3, b 1:5, and
b 1:83. The integration of Eq. (14) leads to the following
expression of the Sagdeev potential:
wb /; M
Neo
1 expae /
ae
Nco
Nho
1 expac /
1 expah /
ac
ah
(22)
Cp M2 Ib /; M lnrm ;
"
p
1 2/=M2
Ib /; M Rb
p#
where
3b=2
3b
rm 2/=M2
ln rm p
2
1
12/=M
r
3b
rm
2/=M2
3b
rm
FIG. 1. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. Dust grains are described by power-law distribution.
The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1. (b) The double layer potential profile /n versus n
associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 1(a) and (Tc/Th) is the ratio of
cool to hot ion temperatures, for b 1.
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-5
FIG. 3. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool
to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1; 3. (b) The DLs potential profile
/n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 3(a).
FIG. 4. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool
to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1; 5. (b) The DLs potential profile
/n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 4(a).
A/m
Nco
Nho
1 expac /m
1 expah /m ;
ac
ah
(25a)
rm Hb /m
m
2/m
5
p
A/m C4 M2
Rb@ln4
Hb /m :
1 1Hb /m
8
<
q
3b
Hb /m
rm
3b=2
rm
9
1
q
=
1 Hb /m A lnrm 0
;
(24a)
Neo
1 expae /m
ae
Hb /m
C4 Rb
3b 2
B /m
rm
2rm3b=2
C4 Rb C4 Rbrm3b
q
3b
C24 R2 b rm B2 /m ; (25b)
and
and
2/m
M
;
Hb /m
2
(24b)
(25c)
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-6
FIG. 5. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool
to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th) for b 1; 83. (b) The DLs potential profile
/n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 5(a).
M2 >
C4 Rb; rm
C4 Rb; rm
ae Ne0 ac Nc0 ah Nh0
(26a)
FIG. 6. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is b for (Tc/
Th) 0,03 and power law (PL) distribution, by opposition to the monosized
one. (b) The DLs potential profile /n versus n associated with the Sagdeev
potential in Fig. 6(a).
where
(
)
13
2
5
Rb; rm Rb
;
18 9rm3b 9rm23b
and
M2 > C4 Rb
GHb /m
GHb /m
;
D/m
8
>
<
(26b)
1
q
q
>
:rm3b Hb / 3=2 rm3b=2 rm3b Hb / rm3b Hb / rm3b=2 rm3b Hb / 2
m
m
m
m
1
3b=2 3b
rm
rm
Hb /m
1
1 Hb /m 3=2 1
3=2
1
1 Hb /m 1
1
p 2
1 Hb /m
)
;
p
1 Hb /m 1 Hb /m 3=2
(27a)
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-7
FIG. 7. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0
and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is b for (Tc/
Th) 0,04 and PL distribution, by opposition to the monosized one. (b) The
DLs potential profile /n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in
Fig. 7(a).
FIG. 8. (Color online) (a) Sagdeev potential V(/,M) versus / for Ne0 0 and
(Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labelling the curves is b for (Tc/Th) 0,05
and PL distribution, by opposition to the monosized one. (b) The DLs potential
profile /n versus n associated with the Sagdeev potential in Fig. 8(a).
and
(27b)
We consider a dusty plasma model in which most of background electrons are collected by the negatively-charged dust
grains, a situation quite realistic in environments such as Saturns F-ring.35 Thus, without loss of generality, we set Ne0 0
and calculate typical forms of the Sagdeev potential as well as
the associated double layer structures. Setting Neo strictly to
zero allows us to closely examine the role played by the temperature ratio (Tc/Th) of the two ion populations along with the
nonlinear dependence of the dust grain charge on its size,
when the power law is considered to describe the distribution
in size of the charged dust grains. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) depict
the Sagdeev quasi-potential w/ and the associated double
layer structure /n, respectively, for (b 1) and different values of cold ion temperature to hot ion temperature ratio, viz.,
Tc =Th 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05, where Neo 0, (Nco/
Nho) 0.11, ac Nh0 Nc0 Th =Tc 1 , and ah ac Th =Tc .
FIG. 9. The DLs amplitude /m versus b, for Ne0 0 and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11.
The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures
(Tc/Th).
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-8
IV. CONCLUSION
FIG. 10. The corresponding Mach numbers to the DLs structures versus b,
for Ne0 0 and (Nc0/Nh0) 0,11. The parameter labeling the curves is the ratio of cool to hot ion temperatures (Tc/Th).
In this work, we present a study of the existence of arbitrary amplitude dust acoustic double layers in an unmagnetized dusty plasma with a couple of Boltzmann distributed
species of ions having different temperatures, i.e., Tc and Th,
and a cold fluid of dust grains of different sizes described by a
continuous power law distribution with a nonlinearly size-dependent charge. Most of the background electrons are collected by the negatively-charged dust grains. Such plasmas
may exist in both laboratory and space environments. The
results of this paper confirm that only compressive DLs are
possible, not only in the particular case of monosized grains
(c.f. Ref. 20) but also in the general case when the grain size
distribution and the non-linear dependence of charge on the
grain size are taken into account. Besides, it is shown that the
size distribution of dust grains enhances the double layer structure as the amplitude /m increases. Moreover, as the non-linear dependence of the grain charge upon the size (capacitance)
increases, that amplitude /m increases further. The double
layer amplitude increase may well be an efficient tool for particles acceleration. Finally, it is worthwhile noting that the
introduction of the dust grain size distribution allows the existence of subsonic double layers, while in the monosized grains
case, only supersonic solutions are to propagate in the plasma.
1
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22
033707-9
29
Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Downloaded to IP: 69.161.253.236 On: Thu, 17 Mar
2016 17:17:22