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ABB Inc.
ABB Inc.
current in
order to design the relaying to properly differentiate between
inrush and short circuit incidents. Also, a proper calculation
of the minimum % ratio of 2nd harmonic content of inrush
current is an especially important parameter for this
differentiation.
Current,
Remnant
Flux,
I. INTRODUCTION
I pk =
2U
( L )2 +
2 BN
R2
+ BR BS
BN
(1)
Where:
U
L
R
BR
BS
BN
_________________________________________________
Dr. Ramsis Girgis is presently the Technical manager at the
ABB Power Transformer plant, Saint Louis, MO
Mr. Ed teNyenhuis is presently the Technical manager of the
ABB TRES (Transformer Remanufacturing and Engineering
Solutions) organization located at Brampton, ON, Canada
1
4500
4000
3500
2000
1800
Current [Amperes]
1600
3000
2500
Peak of Inrush
2000
1500
1400
1000
1200
500
1000
0
0
800
600
20
40
60
Voltage angle
80
400
200
0
30%
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Time [s]
0.08
0.1
25%
III.
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Simplified Equation
New Equation
Example 1
4941
1984
Example 2
1755
1094
20
40
60
Voltage angle
80
2
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30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.9
4.0
6.0
100 MVA
3.5
70 MVA
Inrush Current/Peak Rated Current
100 MVA
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.8 0.9
5.0
100 MVA
224 MVA
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.8 0.9 1
B. Effect of MVA
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25%
4.5
20%
R Material
4.0
Inrush Current/Peak Rated Current
30%
15%
10%
70 MVA
100 MVA
5%
224 MVA
0%
1
1.1
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.9
H & D Materials
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
nd
0.0
0.8 0.9
30%
H & D Materials
25%
R Material
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4 1.5
1.6
Flux Density [T]
1.7
1.8
1.9
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7.0
6.0
9.0
Single Phase
8.0
Three Phase
7.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
6.0
1.0
5.0
0.0
0.8 0.9
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.8 0.9
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The old formula for calculating peak of first oscillation of
inrush current of power transformers provides magnitudes as
much as twice the magnitudes calculated using the more
accurate equation recently developed by ABB. This
calculation accounts for a number of important transformer
and system parameters that significantly impact the
magnitudes and wave - form of inrush current. Predicting the
accurate peak inrush current is very critical in designing and
determining the settings of the over - current / differential
relaying used with a power transformer. Also, the new
calculation provides the function of inrush current versus
time throughout the duration of the transient as well as the
magnitude of the 2nd harmonic of the inrush current, which is
the parameter commonly used today to differentiate between
short circuit and inrush current occurrences, hence
preventing erroneously taken out a power transformer of
service by the over current or the differential relays.
It has been confirmed by this calculation that the
maximum magnitude of inrush current as well as the
minimum % ratio of the 2nd harmonic content occur when the
transformer is energized at the time instant when the voltage
is crossing the zero line
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VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Ramsis S. Girgis (F'93) is
presently Technical Manager at the
ABB Power Transformer factory in St.
Louis, Missouri, USA. He is also the
leader of the global ABB R&D
activities in the Transformer Core
Performance area and Technical SM
activities for electrical steel. He is also
co-leader of the global ABB R&D
activities in the Transformer Noise and
Vibrations area. Dr. Girgis received his
Ph.D. degree from the University of
Saskatchewan, Canada, in Electrical Power Engineering in
1978. He has 40 years of R&D experience in the area of
power, distribution, and high frequency transformers,
rotating machines, and pulse power components. He has
published and presented over 60 scientific papers in IEEE,
IEE, CIGRE, and other international journals. He is
presently the chairman of the IEEE Transformers Subcommittee on Performance Characteristics. He is also a
contributing member of several working groups and
subcommittees in the IEEE Transformers Standards
Committee. He co-authored chapters in two electrical
engineering handbooks on transformer design and
transformer noise. He is the past Technical Advisor
representing the US National Committee in the IEC Power
Transformer Technical Committee (14).
Ed G. teNyenhuis (M97) is
presently Technical Manager at
ABB
for
Transformer
Remanufacturing and Engineering
Services in Brampton, Ontario. Ed
was born in Barrie, Canada in 1966.
Ed received his B.A.Sc. degree from
the University of Waterloo, Canada,
in 1990 and his M.Eng. Degree from
North Carolina State University,
USA, in 2000, all in electrical
engineering. Ed has worked in the
power transformer industry for 16 years. His past experience
includes positions at ABB Power Transformers in Guelph
Canada, Ludvika Sweden, and at ABB Electrical Systems
Technology Institute in Raleigh, NC, USA. Ed has published
several technical papers in IEEE, SMM, and 2DM pertaining
to power transformers, Magnetics, and electrical steel. He is
presently Chairman of the IEEE Working Group on Loss
Measurement and Tolerances of power and distribution
transformers.
6
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