CHAPTER 2 : INTEGRATION

2.

INTEGRATION

1.

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.

dy
dx
The process of obtaining
from y (a function of x) is known as differentiation. Hence
dy
dx
the process of obtaining y from
is known as integration.
f ( x) dx.
Integration of y with respect to x, is denoted by
dy
f ' ( x),
f ' ( x ) y c,
dx
If y is a function of x and
then
c = arbitrary constant. For
example,

2.

3.
4.
5.

x3
y
c
3

DIFFERENTIATION

dy
x2
dx

INTEGRATION

2.1

BASIC INTEGRATION

1.

The basic techniques of integration are:

k dx kx c
n
ax dx

ax n 1
c,
n 1

if
sin x dx cos x c
2.

n 1.

dx ln | x | c

dx e x c

cos x dx sin x c

Example 1
Find the integral of each of the following

a)

c)

9 dx
0 dx

b)

d)

10 dx
dx

e)

g)

i)

k)

2.2

4x

dx
f)

6 x dx

dx
j)

(2 x)

h)

3x

dx
l)

dx

7 x

(x

dx

dx

1) 2 dx

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

It is given that
Let

(ax b)

u ax b

Thus,

du
a
dx
dx

Hence,

du
a

dx, n 1.
By using substitution method;

 (ax b)

du

un

1 n
u du
a
1 u n 1
c

a n 1

(ax b) n 1
c
a( n 1)

Example 2
Find the integral of each of the following.
1.

3.

( x 4)

(1 t )

dt

dx
2.

3(2 x 3)

4.

3(4 5x)

dx

dx

 2(3x 2)

5.

( x 4)
1

(1 t )

B.

(2 x 1)

dx

Definite Integral
2

3.

dx
6.

A.
1.

dx
2.

dt
4.

(1 x ) 2

(9 x)
1

Trigonometric Integral

cos (ax b) dx a

sin( ax b) c

sin (ax b) dx a cos(ax b) c

1.

3.

cos (3x 4)dx

2.

sin (7 x 3)dx

4.

C.

x 1 dx

2.

3.

4 x 7 dx

D.

1.

2 sin (7 x 3)dx

Natural Logarithm Integral

1.

3 cos (4 x 4)dx

1 2 x dx

4.

7 x 5 dx

Product of Several Functions

x( x

1)100 dx
2.

3x

( x 3 1)100 dx

3.

2x

1 x 2 dx

4.

5.

2.3

sin

x
x

dx

6.

4x
2x 2 1

x sin( 2 x

dx

)dx

INTEGRATION USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

If the integrand (the expression after the integral sign) is in the form of an algebraic
fraction and the integral cannot be evaluated by simple methods, the fraction needs to be
expressed in partial fractions before integration takes place. Summary of the partial
fractions is given in table below.

Example:

x 3

1.

( x 1)( x 3) dx

2.

( x 4)( x 5) dx

x7

3.

( x 7)

5 x

dx

5x 2
dx
2
1)

x( x
5.

4.

( x 4)

dx

2.4

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Instead of substitution method, integration by parts also can be used to integrate products
of two functions.
Formula :

u dv uv v du

Guidelines for selecting u and dv:

(There are always exceptions, but these are generally helpful.)
L-I-A-T-E Choose u to be the function that comes first in this list:
L: Logarithmic Function
I: Inverse Trig Function
A: Algebraic Function
T: Trig Function
E: Exponential Function
Example:
Evaluate the following integrals.
1.

3.

x cos x dx

ln x dx

2.

4.

e 3 x dx

x ln x dx

5.

7.

cos x

sin x dx
6.

sin xdx

sin x

cos xdx