INFERENCE

IN TWO MEANS

Inference in Two Independent Means

determines if there is sufficient evidence to claim that 1> 2, 1< 2, or 1 2

Independent T-test (two-sample t-test)


Z-test for two means
(!! & !! are unknown)



(!! & !! are known)

Students t-test


Welchs t-test


*assuming equal variances


*assuming unequal variances

(homscedastic; = )


(heteroscedastic; )

( )
( )
=
; =
;

+
+
+


df = n1+n2 2

!
! !

*If two variances are unknown, determine if there is sufficient evidence to claim that !! !! , using F-test: =

Ho: 21 = 22 ; Ha: 21 22

!!!
!!!

!!!
!!!

, where s1> s2.

, where s1> s2, df1 = n1 1, df2 = n2 1

Thus, if computed F > critical F or if p-value < then reject Ho and claim that !! !! .
Otherwise, fail to reject Ho and claim in favor of !! = !! .

Examples:

1. [smokersMCV.sav] A group of researchers was interested in comparing the mean MCV of the smokers and
non-smokers. Data are shown below. Assuming equal variances, do these data provide sufficient evidence that the
mean MCV of the smokers and non-smokers significantly differ? Test at = 0.05.
Non-smokers
86.00
90.00
85.00
88.00
86.00
91.00
86.00
96.00
90.10
86.00

Smokers
91.00
94.00
90.00
89.00
88.00
90.00
90.10
86.00
85.00
90.10
89.00
90.10

mean = 88.4100
s2 = 11.636558

mean =89.3583
s2 = 5.37173

Hypotheses:
Ho: _______________________________________
Ha: _____________________________________
Test Statistic:

Critical Value: _________

Decision: _____________

p-value: __________

Conclusion:
_____________________________________________
____

2. [liverloberatio.sav] A hepatologist is interested to determine if the left-to-right lobe liver ratio of patients with
cirrhosis differ with patients with normal liver. Using 17 sonograph images of different patients (9 normal
patients and 8 cirrhotic patients), diameters were recorded and left-to-right liver ratio were computed. The
mean left-to-right liver ratio of normal patients is 0.8607 (SD = 0.11487) and 1.2756 (SD = 0.19208) for
cirrhotic patients. Do the data provide sufficient evidence that patients with cirrhosis have significantly higher
mean left-to-right lobe liver ratio as compared to normal patients? Test at = 0.05.
Hypotheses:
Ho:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Ha:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
p-value: ___________________

Test statistic: _____________

Critical value: _____________

Decision:

_____________

Conclusion: _________________________________________________________________________________

3. [dengueplt.sav] A group of researchers wanted to determine if the mean platelet counts of patients diagnosed
with dengue fever is significantly less than those diagnosed with Chikungunya fever. Twenty seven patients of
each group participated and results are as follows:
Fever
Dengue
Chikungunya

Mean
55.1852
271.7407

SD
16.0489
76.9148

t stat

p-value

At 5% level of significance, do the data provide sufficient evidence that the

mean platelet counts of patients diagnosed with dengue fever is significantly less
than those diagnosed with Chikungunya fever?
Hypotheses:
Ho:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Ha:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Test statistic: _____________

p-value: ___________________

Critical value: _____________

Decision:

_____________

Conclusion: _________________________________________________________________________________

4. [dengueplt2.sav] Suppose same group of researchers (as discussed in item # 3) wanted to determine if other
CBC parameters (WBC, RBC, Hematocrit, & Hemoglobin) of patients diagnosed with dengue are significantly
less with those diagnosed with chikungunya.
Actual SPSS outputs:

Table 1. CBC Parameters of Dengue and Chikungunya Patients

Parameters
Dengue
Chikungunya
9
WBC (x10 /L)
5.73 0.59
6.35 0.45
RBC (x1012 /L)
4.49 0.13
4.84 0.07
HCT
0.38 0.01
0.39 0.01
HGB (g/L)
126.78 4.33
130.93 1.98

t stat
0.827
2.319
1.113
0.871

p-value
0.206
0.013
0.137
0.195

Values expressed as mean SEM, n = 27.

Statement of the results:

There is sufficient evidence that the mean RBC count [t37.9 = 2.319, p = 0.013] of patients diagnosed
with Chikingunya fever is significantly less those diagnosed with dengue fever. This indicates that the mean
RBC count of patients diagnosed with dengue is less by 0.34 x1012 /L (CI95%: 0.04 to 0.64).
No sufficient evidence was found that the mean WBC count (t52 = 0.827, p = 0.103), hematocrit (t35 =
1.113, p = 0.137) and hemoglobin (t36.4 = 0.871, p = 0.195) of patients diagnosed with dengue fever and
Chikingunya fever differ.

5. [smokersCBC.sav] Suppose that in example 1, segmenters, hemoglobin and hematocrit were also measured.
Complete the table below and state your conclusion. Test at 5% level of significance.
Table 2. Segmenter, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit of Smokers and Non-smokers
Smokers
Non-smokers
p-value
Parameters
(n=43)
(n=45)
t stat
Segmenters (%)
0.53 0.02
*0.50 0.01
Hemoglobin (g/L)
153.07 3.19
134.44 2.09
Hematocrit
0.407 0.006
0.400 0.003
Values expressed as mean SEM.
p-values are based on independent t-test.
* p<0.05 : the mean segmenter (%) is significantly below the normal range.
Normal reference values used were: 0.55 to 0.70% for segmenters; 122 to 162 g/L for hemoglobin; and 0.36 to 0.49 for hematocrit.

Statement of the results:

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Inference in Two Dependent Means (Paired t-test)
determines if the changes in the observations has D = 0

df = n 1

Example: [fitnripe.sav] Fit n Ripe is a product, which enables the costumers to

lose their body weight (in lbs) after two weeks, along with proper diet and exercise.
A random sample of 9 costumers took the product and their body weights
decreased as shown in the table below. At a = 0.05, is there sufficient evidence that
the product is effective in losing customers body weight after two weeks?
Hypotheses:
Ho: _____________________________________________________________
Ha: _____________________________________________________________
Test statistic: _____________

p-value: ___________________

Critical value: _____________

Decision:

_____________

Conclusion: _________________________________________________________________________________