1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Power
Electronics

Power electronic circuit vs electronic circuit

Resistor Capacitor

Inductor

Transistor

Diode

Different circuit design methodologies used

Power
Electronics

Human beings
work

heat energy

power consumption

power
(energy)
used

sweat

tired

heat energy

power consumption

Electronics
work

power
(energy)
used

Fan/heat sink
PowerHow to
Electronics

work with less power consumption

Battery discharged
High efficiency required

Electronic circuit is working

V
-

V 0
I 0

P0

How to design circuits with less power consumption and high efficiency
Power electronics circuit

Power
Electronics

Why power electronics so important

Rapidly increasing energy
demand

Environmental issues

Power
Electronics

Energy crisis & energy security

Wide usage of portable devices

Power Electronics Circuits

heat

Pin

Pin Pout Ploss

Pout
Pout

Pin Pout Ploss

High efficiency is essential.

Power
Electronics

Pout

Power
Electronic
circuit

Ploss

0.5

1
Ploss / Pout
6

Power Electronic Circuits

Input
source

DC

Power electronic
circuits

dc-dc
converter

Output
load

DC

dc-ac
inverter

ac-dc
rectifier

AC

Power
Electronics

ac-ac
converter

AC

Power
Electronics

Simple AC-DC Converter

raw ac
input

ac-dc
rectifier

uncontrollable
dc

dc-dc
converter

controllable
dc

Io = 10 A

Vdc
= 100 V

Rload

Vo = 50 V
50V, 10A,
500W

How realized ?

+ 50 V Rconv = 5 W
Vdc
= 100 V

Power
Electronics

Io = 10 A

Vo = 50 V

Rload = 5 W

Simplest way is using resistive voltage divider

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Simple AC-DC Converter

Most of loads have dynamic characteristics

1
Io : 10 A

+ 50 V -

3
Vdc
= 100 V

Rconv : 5 W

1W

50 A

Vo = 50 V

Rload : 5 W

1W

Converter should behave as a series/adjustable resistor

The resistance of the converter should change accordingly, with load condition changed.

Power
Electronics

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Simple AC-DC Converter

A transistor can work as a variable resistor
iD [mA]

Characteristic curve of transistor

iD

vDS

RDS4
RDS3

RDS2
RDS1

iD
RDS

+
vDS

Power
Electronics

vDS [V]
Controlling gate voltage of a transistor can change resistor RDS
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12

AC-DC Converter with Linear Regulator

raw ac
input

ac-dc
rectifier

uncontrollable
dc

controllable
dc

dc-dc
converter

Io = 10 A

+ 50 V -

Vdc
= 100 V
Pin = 1000 W
High power loss
in linear circuit

Rload
controller

Vo = 50 V

Vo.ref

Linear regulator

Pout = 500 W

Ploss = 500 W

Transistor operates in linear-mode

Gate voltage control by feedback system

Change effective resistor

Only applied at low power levels

Power
Electronics

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Switching Circuit based AC-DC Converter

A transistor can work as a switch
+

iD

iD

vDS

vDS

iD [mA]

iD [mA]

triode
region

idealized

Switch closed:
vDS = 0
Switch open:
iD = 0

Cut-off
region

vDS [V]

In both cases:
P = VDS iD = 0

vDS [V]
Ideal switch consumes zero power

Power
Electronics

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AC-DC Converter
raw ac
input

ac-dc
rectifier

dc-dc
converter

uncontrollable
dc

controllable
dc

Switching regulator

S1
Io = 10 A

Vdc

100 V

S2

Vs

Vs

Vdc

Power
Electronics

Rload

Vo = 50 V

Vdc

Ts
S1 ON

S2 ON

S1 ON

D = duty cycle
on-time of S1
=
Ts
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15

AC-DC Converter
Vs

increased dc
voltage level

longer duration

Vdc

Vdc
Vs,avg = DVdc

Ts

S1 ON

S2 ON

S1 ON

DC component of Vs = average value

Vs ,avg

Ts

Ts

Vs dt DVdc

The switching operation can change the dc voltage level

Power
Electronics

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AC-DC Converter
Addition of LC low-pass filter to remove high freq. components of Vs

+
Vdc

100 V

LC low-pass
filter

S1

S2

Io = 10 A

Vs

Rload

Vs

Vdc

Vo = 50 V

Vdc
Vo = Vs,avg + vripple
DC

S1 ON
Power
Electronics

S2 ON

negligible

S1 ON
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AC-DC Converter
Ideally no converter losses with switching approach

S1
Io = 10 A

Vdc

100 V

S2

Vs

Rload

Vo = 50 V

Pout = 500 W

Pin = 500 W
Ideally speaking,

Ideally Ploss = 0

Switch no losses
L, C no losses
Power
Electronics

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18

Linear vs Switching circuit

Linear regulator

Switch-Mode Power Supply

(SMPS)
Switching regulator

Large size and heavy weight

High power losses
Used in labs or very low
power applications

Small size and light weight

Very low power losses
Used in most electronics

Power
Electronics

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Components of Power Electronic Circuits

- Semiconductor switch: energy flow control from input to output

- Inductor & capacitor: energy transmitter and filter for remove ripple component
- Transformer: voltage gain control of input & output and galvanic isolation
Power
Electronics

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AC-AC Converter
raw ac
input

ac-dc
rectifier

Vdc

L
S1

S3

Vdc

Vs

100 V

mode 1 2 1 2

controllable
ac

dc-ac
inverter

uncontrollable
dc

Vs

S2

Vs,avg = Vo

+
C

Rload

Vo

S4
Mode 1: S1 & S4 ON

Vs = Vdc

Mode 2: S2 & S3 ON

Vs = -Vdc

-Vdc
Power
Electronics

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Power Electronics Systems

Power
input port

raw input source

(DC or AC)

Power/Energy processing

Power
Electronic
Circuits

Power
output port

regulated output
(DC or AC)

control input port

measurement

Controller

Raw power

High efficiency

Uncontrolled magnitude

Very

Uncontrolled frequency

important

reference

Conditioned power
Controllable magnitude
Changeable frequency & phase

Power electronics process and control electrical power/energy flow by

manipulating voltage and current in optimal form suited for loads

Power
Electronics

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Applications Charger & PMIC

Power
Electronics

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23

Applications - Desktop/Labtop PC

Power
Electronics

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24

Applications Display

Power
Electronics

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25

Applications
Elevator

Power
Electronics

HVDC Transmission

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26

Applications - Trains

KTX Sancheon (2010)

Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) train

Subway
Power
Electronics

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Applications EV/HEV

Power
Electronics

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28

Applications New renewable energy systems

Power
Electronics

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29

Applications New renewable energy systems

Power
Electronics

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Electronic Switches
Ideal switch model
switches ON short circuit
instantaneous transition
switches OFF open circuit

Desirable practical switch

1) Higher allowable current and lower on-resistance when switch is on

2) Higher blocking voltage across switch when switch is off

3) Faster transition between on-off states
4) Lower power consumption to drive switch

Power
Electronics

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Electronic Switches
Current-flow direction & Voltage blocking direction
Ideal switch : bi-directional current flow & bi-directional voltage blocking
Unidirectional voltage blocking devices

Bi-directional voltage blocking devices

Ex) diode, MOSFET

Ex) SCR, IGBT

Unidirectional current-flow devices

Ex) diode, SCR, MOSFET, IGBT

Power
Electronics

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Diode
Idealized

switching

forward voltage
drop VF = 0
on-resistance Rd
=0

i-v curve

idealized i-v curve

reverse recovery current

Fast recovery diode (FRD)

limits high-frequency operation

Schottky diode
Metal-silicon than PN junction
Small VF and little reverse
recovery, but small reverse
blocking voltage

reverse recovery time

uncontrolled-on & uncontrolled-off switch
unidirectional current-flow & unidirectional voltage blocking
Power
Electronics

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Thyristor (SCR: Silicon Controlled Rectifier)

switching

SCR turned on vAK > 0 & gate current applied

Once SCR is on, it keeps on with no gate current (it works as diode) pulse gate current
SCR turned off SCR current goes down to minimum level (almost 0)

Highest current and voltage rating, but slow switching frequency

High power level applications only
controlled-on & uncontrolled-off switch
unidirectional current-flow & unidirectional voltage blocking
Power
Electronics

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MOSFET
body diode: useful
for rectifier &
inverter
applications
switching

MOSFET turned off vGS = 0

voltage controlled switch

MOSFET turned on vGS applied with 5V/15V

No power loss to drive MOSFET
on-state resistance rDS(on) increases rapidly with blocking voltage rating
limited to small blocking voltage switch
High switching frequency (typically a few hundred kHz)
controlled-on & controlled-off switch

unidirectional current-flow, but possible reverse current flow through body-diode

unidirectional voltage blocking
Power
Electronics

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BJT

switching

BJT turned off base current iB = 0

BJT turned on sufficient base current provided (even a few ampere)

current controlled switch

considerable power loss to drive BJT
small on-state voltage Vce(sat) (typically 1 ~ 2 V) low conduction loss
Slower switching speed than MOSFET
Rarely used as electronic switch after invent of IGBT, only used for linear regulator
controlled-on & controlled-off switch

unidirectional current-flow & unidirectional voltage blocking

Power
Electronics

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IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)

high power loss

No power loss

(Bad)

(Good)

high RDS(on) with

high blocking
voltage (Bad)

MOSFET

Small on-state
voltage drop
(Good)

BJT

IGBT turned off vGE = 0

IGBT
voltage controlled switch

IGBT turned on vGE applied with 5V/15V

No power loss to drive IGBT as MOSFET
small on-state voltage Vce(sat) low conduction loss as BJT
Higher current and voltage ratings than MOSFET
Slower switching frequency than MOSFET (typically a few ten kHz)
Power
Electronics

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Switch selection

Power
Electronics

37