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Contents
Why measure?
Characteristics and applications of LDA
Principles of operation
LDA fibre optical system
Seeding requirements
Signal characteristics
Signal processing
Data processing
Page 1
Why measure?
Dui ij
p
=
+ f i
Dt X j
X j
Why measure?
Industrial:
Engineering:
determine parameters in
turbulence mode
develop, extend, refine models
investigate model limits
Theoretical
fluid mechanics:
Conceptual ideas:
Page 2
Characteristics of LDA
Applications of LDA
Page 3
Direction of motion
etec
Photod
tor
Direction of motion
Incident beams
etector
Incident beams
Photod
K2
K1
/2
D = D1 D 2 = U (k1 k 2 )
fD =
2U x
U x = Cf D
C=
sin / 2
Page 4
2 sin / 2
Velocity = distance/time
Flow with particles
Signal
Processor
d (known)
t (measured)
Detector
Time
Bragg
Cell
Laser
measuring volume
backscattered light
Page 5
Transmitting
optics
Beamsplitter
(Freq. Shift)
Achrom. Lens
Receiving optics
with detector
Gas
Liquid
Particle
Achrom. Lens
Spatial Filter
Photomultiplier
Photodiode
Signal
processing
Signal
conditioner
Spectrum analyser
Correlator
Counter, Tracker
Amplifier
Filter
Page 6
Monochrome
Laser
Coherent
Linearly polarised
Low divergence
(collimator)
L-Diode
Gaussian intensity
distribution
collimator
Laser
Transmitting optics
Basic modules:
Beam splitter
Achromatic lens
BS
Laser
Lens
Options:
Frequency shift
(Bragg cell)
Bragg
cell
low velocities
flow direction
DE
Beam expanders
reduce
measurement
volume
increase power
density
D
DL
Page 7
Measurement volume
The transmitting
system generates the
measurement volume
Transmitting
system
The measurement
volume is an ellipsoid
Dimensions/diameters
x, y and z are given
by the 1/e2 intensity
points
The measurement
volume has a Gaussian
intensity distribution in
all 3 dimensions
DL
1
0
1/e
Intensity
distribution
z
x
y
Z
Measurement
volume
Y
Measurement volume
Length:
z =
Width:
E DL sin
2
x =
2sin
2
EDL cos
2
No. of fringes:
8 F tan
2
Nf =
E DL
4F
Fringe
separation:
f =
Height:
4F
y =
E DL
4F
x
X
Page 8
Receiving systems
Receiving optics
- Receiving optics
- Multimode fibre
acting as spatial
filtre
- Interference filtre
Lenses
Multimode
fibre
Photomultiplier
Detector
- Photomultiplier
- Photodiode
Interference
filtre
System configurations
Forward scatter
and side scatter
(off-axis)
Difficult to align,
Vibration
sensitive
Backscatter
Easy to align
User friendly
Receiving optics
with detector
Transmitting
optics
Flow
Detector
Re
c
wi eivi
th n g
De o
tec ptic
to s
r
Transmitting and
receiving optics
Bragg
cell
Laser
Page 9
Flow
Backscatter configuration
Interference
filtres
Single mode polarisation
preserving fibres
Laser
Bragg
cell
Multimode
fibre
PM
PM
Colour
splitter
Colour
splitter
Fibre manipulators
Flow
Multimode
fibre
Back scattered light
Single mode
fibres
u
umax
umin
umax
shift
no shift
Page 10
Acousto-optical modulator
fs
= 40 MHz
Piezoelectric
transducer
fL
wave front
r
Lase
Absorber
Page 11
fL + fS
FlowLite
FiberFlow optics/transmitter
HeNe laser
1 velocity component
With frequency shift
Wide selection of accessories
4
60X24
Laser (Ar +-ion)
60X41
Page 12
60X61
Page 13
A 60 mm 2D FiberFlow probe
The FiberFlow probe comprises
60X80 - 83
50X57 - 59
60X80 - 83
55X12
Page 14
4 60X24
60X61
60X41
Page 15
Page 16
3D LDA Applications
Page 17
Fluid
Diameter (m)
f = 1 kHz
f = 10 kHz
Silicone oil
atmospheric air
2.6
0.8
TiO2
atmospheric air
1.3
0.4
MgO
methane-air flame
(1800 K)
2.6
0.8
TiO2
oxygen plasma
(2800 K)
3.2
0.8
90
120
60
120
30
150
180
330
210
240
300
90
120
60
150
30
180
210
330
240
300
270
270
dp0.2
dp1.0
60
150
30
180
210
330
240
300
270
dp10
Page 18
Signal characteristics
Is it EASY to use?
Page 19
Photo courtesy
of University
of Bristol, UK
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