CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The sentence is an important and fundamental point in the study of language.
Because the intermediary of sentences, students can submit a complete and
clear intent. The units form of language that we have known before arriving at
the level of the sentence is the word or group of words and phrases. Words and
phrases can not express a complete and clear intent, unless the words and
phrases that were instrumental in the minor sentence or an answer to a
statement. Type the phrase also serves so that we can express our intent to be
expressed clearly and in full. Therefore, in order that we can express a
sentence well then we must understand the basic structure of a sentence and
the type of sentence.
1.2 Purpose
1.2.1 General Purpose
To demonstrate and explain about the sentence structure in English
1.2.2 Specific Purpose
1. Students can understand the concept of understanding written
English
2. Students can understand the concept of understanding written
information
1.3 Benefits
Students know and understand penggunaam sentence structure in English and
understanding written English

CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION TOPIC
A. Sentence Structure and Clause
1. Clause
A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. A
clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence like
constructionwithin another sentence (dependent clause).
Consider the following sentence:
Tom married Amy when he was 19.
The string Tom married Amy could be a complete sentence on its own;
the additional clause, when he was 19, could not be a complete sentence on
its own. It is a clause. A clause is a sentence-like construction contained
within a sentence. The construction when he was 19 is 'sentence-like' in the
sense that we can analyse it in terms of the major sentence elements
(subject,verb, etc). It has its own subject (he), it has a verb (was), and it has
a subject complement (19). In addition to these major sentence elements, it
has the subordinating conjunction when, which tells us that the clause is
asubordinate clause
1.1 Type of Clause
Type of
clause

Independen

Dependent

t Clause

Clause

Verb Clause

1.2 Function of Clause

1. Verb Clause

Noun

Adjective

Adverb

Clause

Clause

Clause

Verb clauses perform verbal function, verbal function correspond

to the forms of sentences in English:

Declaration Statement (declarative sentence)

Question (interrogative sentence)

Command (imperative sentence)

All sentences contain at least one verb clause. Verb clauses are
also referred to as main clauses.
2. Noun Clause
Noun clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a
subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. The subordinating
conjunctions

in

English

that

introduce

noun

clauses

are that, if,whether, wh- words, and wh-ever words.

For example, the following italicized clauses are examples of
noun clauses:

The library will send a bill to whoever damaged this book.

Whether you will pay for the damage is not even a question.

The judge has given that you behaved well after your
arrestsome consideration.

Noun

clauses

prototypically

perform
performed

nominal
by

functions,

noun

phrases.

or

functions
The

main functions of noun clauses in English grammar are:

1. Subject
2. Subject complement
3. Direct object
4. Object complement
5. Indirect object
6. Prepositional complement
7. Adjective phrase complement
8. Noun phrase complement
9. Appositive
Noun clauses are also referred to as content clauses.

nine

3. Adjective Clause
Adjective clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a
subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. The subordinating
conjunctions

in

English

that

introduce

adjective

clauses

are who,whom, that, which, whose, when, and where. For example,
the following italicized clauses are examples of adjective clauses:

The woman that works in the bakery is my neighbor.

The car you hit belongs to the man whose daughter is my

classmate.

The restaurant where you left you purse is known for its
unique pasta dishes.

The primary grammatical function of adjective clauses is noun

phrase modifier. Noun phrase modifiers are defined as words,
phrases, and clauses that describe or modify a noun phrase.
Adjectives clauses may also, although rarely, function as verb
phrase modifiers, prepositional phrase modifiers, and noun clause
modifiers.
Adjective clauses are also referred to as relative clauses. The
subordinating conjunctions that introduce adjective clauses are also
called relative pronouns.
4. Adverb Clause
Adverb clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a
subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. Some of the more
common subordinating conjunctions in English that introduce
adverb clauses include:

after

although

because

before

even though

if

once

since

so that

though

unless

until

when

whereas

while

For example, the following italicized clauses are examples of

adverb clauses:

After she gave the baby a bath, she decided to take a nap.

The girl cannot usually eat beef stew because she is allergic
to carrots.

The couple has been saving money so that they can go on a

vacation.

All adverb clauses perform the grammatical function of adjunct

adverbial. Adjunct adverbials are words, phrases, and clauses that
modify or describe an entire clause by providing additional
information about time, place, manner, condition, purpose, reason,
result, and concession.
1.3 Types of Sub ordinator

2. Sentence Structure
Sentence structure is the order and arrangement of the clauses in a
sentence, which is a group of words that express a complete thought.
Sentence structure is the way a sentence is arranged, grammatically. Sentence
structure depends on the language in which our writing or speaking. Its
common in English for a simple sentence to look like this: She throws the
ball.. in this case, the sentence structure is Subject-Verb-Object.
There are many ways to make the sentece structure much more
complicated while still providing a framework for the information youre
conveying and being grammatically correct.
2.1 Types of Sentence
As a beginner, who will be a writer in complete sentences, it is
important to be able to use a variety of sentence types that are correctly
punctuated
Sentence are made up of clauses: groups of words that express a
single idea. There are two types of clauses : Independent clauses and
Dependent Clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as complete
sentences, a dependent clause needs an independent clause to complete
its meaning.
Different types of sentences are made up of different combinations
of these two types of clauses, and there is a types of sentence
1. Simple Sentences:
Consist of just one independent clause; it requires only one punctuation
mark at the end (a full stop, exclamation or question mark). A sentences
is a group of words with a subject and predicate expressing one complete
thought, example:
Mary
Subject

fried the eggs

Predicate

Simple sentences = Independent

clause
Formula= Subject+Verb

The subject names the noun or pronoun doing the action or being written
about, such as Mary in the sentence above. The predicate, fried the eggs,
includes the verb and any of its complements or modifiers.
The simple sentence has other names: Independent clause is the most
commmon, althought simple clause is frequently used.
2. Complex Sentence
Formula:
Independent Clause + Dependent Clause
Or
Dependent Clause + Comma (,) + Independent Clause
Any combination of independent clauses and dependent clauses such as,
Mary fried the eggs which her son had brought from the market
Independent Clauses
Dependent Clause (Adjective Clause)
Mary fried the eggs when her family finaly came downstairs
Independent Clauses
Dependent Clause (Adverb Clause)
Mary knew that they all Were very hungry
Dependent Clause (Noun Clause)
Independent Clauses

Because his essay was late, he lost marks

Dependent Clauses

Independent Clause

is known as a complex sentence. It is important to keep in mind the effect

and importance of subordination in writing. Subordinate clauses carry a
great deal of information and meaning, and yet allow the subject and verb
named in the independent clause to remain dominant and visible as the
main idea.

When the dependent clause comes first, asin the last example above , it is
separated from the independent clauses with comma. When the sentences
begins with the independent clause, there is no need to separate the
clause with a comma.
3. Compound Sentences
Formula:
Independent Clause + Comma (,) + Conjunction + Independent
Clause
Or

The compound sentences consist of at least two simple sentence joined

by means of a coordinating conjunction like and, but, for, so, or, and yet.
Independent Clauses joined in this manner are given equal emphasis, a
process which is called coordination, example:
Mary fried the eggs, and she set out great garnish at her plate
The essay was late, so he lost marks
4. Compound Complex Sentences
Formula:
Complex Sentence + Conjunction+ Compound Sentence

Different types of sentences can be combined to form compound-complex

sentences. The central independent clause combines two sentences type. It
serves as both the ending of the complex sentences an the begining of the
compound sentence, example:
When considering owning a pet, you must calculate the cost,
Dependent Clauses
Independent Clause
Complex sentence

or the animal may surfer

Independent Clause
Compound sentence

when punctuating a compound-complex sentences, apply the rules for

both compound and complex sentence. The example above begins with a
dependent clause separated from the central clause by a comma, as in the
rule for complex sentence. At the end of the sentence the independent
clause is joined by a comma and the word or, as in the rule for the
compound sentences.
2.2 Independent Clause
An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own, by
itself. It does not need to be joined to any other clauses, because it contains
all the information necessary to be a complete sentences.
Formula:
Subject + Verb

Independent clauses have three components:

1. They have a subject - they tell the reader what the sentence is about.
2. They have an action or predicate - they tell the reader what the subject
is doing.
3. They express a complete thought - something happened or was said.
An independent clause can be as simple as a subject and a verb:

Jim reads.

Jim is the subject. Reads is the action or verb. A complete thought was
expressed - something was said, and the reader now knows that Jim
likes to read.
Independent clauses can also be joined to other independent clauses, if
the independent clauses are related. However, they MUST be joined
using the proper punctuation.

Jim reads a book; he really enjoyed the book.

The first clause is an independent clause. Jim is the subject, read is the
action, book is the object.
The second clause is an independent clause. He is the subject, enjoyed
is the action and the book is the object.
The independent clauses are related, so they can be joined to create a
complex sentence. They are correctly joined by a semicolon.

Jim read a book, he really enjoyed the book.

Again, we have two independent clauses, but the independent clauses
are not joined properly. When two independent clauses are joined only
be a comma, it is a grammatical error called a comma splice. They
dont need join by comma
Independent clauses can be quite complex, but the important thing to
remember is that they stand on their own and make sense alone.

2.3 Dependent Clause

The clause that he had made is not complete, grammatically correct

sentences in English.
A dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a subject and
a verb, but it is not a complete thought. Because is not a complete
thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentences; it is

dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a

sentence
A clause can be dependent because of the presence of a:
1. Subordinator: Before, after, because, since, in order to, althought,
thought, whenever, whereever, whether, where, while, even though,
even, if
2. Conjunction: And, or, nor, but, yet

Formula:

Subordinat + Independent Clause

Dependent Clauses must be joined to another clause, in order to avoid
creating a sentence fragment, example:
Because I forgot my homework
Subordinat S+V+Complement
This is a sentences fragment. We have a because but not a why
or anything accompanying and following what happened.
Because i forget my home work, i got anger from my teacher
Dependent Clause
Another clause
Here is correct, I got anger from my teacher is an independent
clause. This sentence is complete senteces who have a complete

thought.
There are three types of dependent clauses:
1. Noun clauses, which function gramatically as nouns
Whether we are going has not yet been decided
The clause which underline have a functions as the subject of the
verbs in the main clause
He told me that he would write next week
the clause which underline have a functions as the direct object of
the verb
2. Adjective clauses, which function grammatically as adjective
Remember that adjective modify (or describe) nouns, For
example the adjective blue

in the phrase a blue car tells us

something about the noun car

In the same way, an adjective clause gives additional
information about a noun, example:
Is that the woman whom you told me about?
The clause which underline gives additional information about the
noun woman
Please give me the letter that he left in his briefcase

The clause which underline modifies the noun letter

3. Adverb clauses, which function grammatically as adverbs
Adverbs usually answer questions such as how?., when?., and
why?., or they give constractive information. For example, quickly
in the sentence He walked quickly tell us how the man walked.
In the sentences, she arrived on time the adverbial on time tells
us when she arrived. Here are examples:
As soon as he arrives, tell him to wait in the lobby
The adverb clause which underline tells when wil be told to wait
He wil nit meet her because she has insulted him
The adverb clause which underline tells why he will not meet her
Althought the children had heard the story several times, they
always begged their granfather to repeat it
The adverb clause which underline gives a contrast to the idea that
the children begged their grandfather to repeat a story

B. Correction Symbols
SYMBOL
P

MEANING

INCORRECT

P Punctuation

CORRECT
I live, work, and go to school

I live work, and go to school in in Walnut.

Walnut.
=

= Capitalization

Needed
Verb
VT Tense

VT

The Dodgers play in Los

The dodgers play in los angeles.

Angeles.
I never worked as a cashier

I never work as a cashier until I until I got the job there.

got a job there.
#SV

Subject-verb
SV
Agreement

The manager works* hard.

The manager work hard.

*This is just one correct tense

that can be used. Depending on
the

TS

Tense Shift

TS

time

of

the

action,

conjugate accordingly.
After I went to the store, I ate

After I went to the store, I eat the ice cream I bought.

the ice cream I bought.
Close Space

Everyone works hard.

Every one works hard.

Space Needed

Going to class is awesome.

Goingto class is awesome.

SP

Spelling
SP

PL

Plural

The manager is a woman.

The maneger is woman.

PL

Apples are the most nutritious

Apple are the most nutritious fruit.
fruit.

Unnecessary
Word

The student studies all the time

The student she studies all the
time.

Missing
o Word

Please

dont ask

me

Please dont me that question question anymore.

anymore.
WF

Wrong WF
Word

Her voice is delightful.

that

WW

Form
Wrong Word

Her voice is delighted.

WW

The

food

is

delicious.

The food is delicious. Besides, Therefore, the restaurant is

the

restaurant

is

always always crowded.

crowded.
The apple is delicious.
WW
The apple is delighted.
Wrong
PN

RO

Word

Order
Pronoun

Friday is always our busiest

Friday always is our busiest day.
The restaurants specialty is fish.

day.
The restaurants specialty is

ReferencePN

fish. It is always fresh.

Error
They are always fresh.
Run-on (Fused RO

Lily is hardworking, so she is

Sentences)

Lily is hardworking she is employee of the month.

employee of the month.

OR
Lily is hardworking: therefore,
she is employee of the month.
OR
Because Lily is hard worker,
she is she is employee of the
month.
OR
Lily is employee of the month

CS
Frag.

Comma Splice
Fragment

because she is hard worker.

Lily is a hard worker, she is Same
as
above
run-on
employee of the month.
Frag.

corrections.
She was selected because she

She was selected. Because she sets a good example.

T

Transition

sets a good example.

Mt. SAC has many

Needed

services.

great Mt. SAC has many great

The Writing Center services.

For

example,

the

helps students improve their Writing Center helps students

Subject

writing.
improve their writing.
Is open from 6 p.m. until the last The restaurant is open from 6

Needed

customer leaves.

p.m. until the last customer

leaves.
The employees are on time and

Verb Needed
V

The employees on time and work hard.

Prep.

work hard.
Preposition Prep.

Conj.

Needed
Conjunction

We start serving dinner 6.p.m.

The garlic shrimp, fried clams, The garlic shrimp, fried clams,

Needed

broiled lobster are the most and broiled lobster are the most

Art.

//

We start serving dinner at 6

popular dishes.

popular dishes.
Diners expect a glass of water

Diners expect glass of water

Art.

when they first sit down at the

Article
Needed
Art.

table.

when they first sit down at table.

He enjoys watching movies,

Faulty
Paralleism

He enjoys watching movies,

riding his bike, and going to

//

riding his bike, and to go to the movies.

Disneyland.
Coll

Slang/Colloqui
Coll
alism

I am going to class right now.

I am going 2 class right now.
My
Coll
My

daughter

loves

peanut

butter and jelly sandwiches.

daughter

love

PBJ

sandwiches.
DM

Dangling
DM
Modifier

Going to the store, I noticed the

Going to the store, the traffic traffic was unusually heavy.
was unusually heavy.

OR
I

realized

the

traffic

was

unusually heavy as I went to

Syn.

Syntax

Syn.

the store.
I went to the store with Dan.

I to the store with Dan went.

Awk.

Awkward
Awk.

My mothers house is always

The house of my brother is clean.

always clean.

SYMBOL
Rep.

MEANING
Repetitive

TYPE OF ERROR

HOW TO CORRECT

ERROR
This error occurs, often times, Take out repetitive material and
when a writer repeats the same revise accordingly.

???

Confusing

idea, word(s), concepts, ets.

Ideas are not clear to the reader.

Passage

Clarify

ideas

and

revise

accordingly.
Formatting Correction Symbols

Begin a New Paragraph covers unrelated/new Look

for

thoughts/ideas

break

Paragraph

topic.

Indent

accordingly
The beginning of each paragraph Hit the tab button on the
should be indented.

and

in

keyboard.

CHAPTER 3
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Sentence structure are the order and arrangement of clauses in sentences,
which is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. the structure of
the sentence is a way of phrasing and grammar regulated. as a beginner would
be a writer in complete sentences, it is important to be able to use different
types of sentences are correct.
The sentence consists of clauses: a group of words that expresses a single idea.
There are two types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses.
independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, clause depending
on the needs of independent clause to complete its meaning.

revise

Various types of sentences made up of different combinations of the two types

of clauses, and there are different types of sentences
3.2 Suggestion
From this paper, we hope that the students can understand and know about
the structure of a sentence in English

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