III.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Let us find out how much you already know about this module. Answer the following questions as much as you can by writing on your answer sheet the letter that you think is the correct
answer. Take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly and then let us find
out the correct answer as we go through this module.
1. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side?
A. sine

B. cosine

C. tangent

D. cosecant

2. Which of the following statements is correct?

y
A. x = 8
C. sin 60 =
4
1
4
B. sin30 =
D. cos 60 =
x
y

x
y

60
4

3. Given the figure on the right, which refers to the angle of depression?
L

A. MKN C.
LKN
B. MKL
D. none of these

object

eye K

object

4. In the triangle PQR, what is the length of PQ?

A. 1 cm
C. 9 cm
B. 5 cm
D. 12 cm

P
13 cm

5. In the triangle DEF, what is m E to the nearest degree?

A. 16
C. 41
B. 28
D. 62

E
17

D
15

427

12 cm

6. If p = 30 and q = 60, what is the measure of R?

A. 40
C. 60
B. 55
D. 65

P
r

7. Find the value of side c to the nearest unit.

A. 20
C. 23
B.
D. 24

40
15

8. What is the value of x?

A. 3

C. 6

45

B. 3 2 D.
6 2

6
45

9. The expression 2(sin 30) tan 45 is equal to

A.
0 B.
1 C.
2 D.
1
10. A kite held by 125 m of string makes an angle of elevation with the ground of 45. About
how high is the kite above the ground?
A. 62.8 m
C. 88.4 m
B. 75.1 m
D. 113.6 m
11. From the top of a barn 7.62 m high, you see a cat on the ground. The angle of depression of
the cat is 40. How many meters must the cat walk to reach the barn?
A. 9.08 m
C. 9.81 m
B. 9.80 m
D. 9.18m
12. ABCD is a parallelogram. If AB is 8 cm long, BC is 5 cm and their included angle measures
100, how long is diagonal AC?
A. 12.95 cm
C. 10.40 cm
B. 12.59 cm
D. 10.14 cm
13. In right triangle PQR, PQ = 12 cm and QR = 5 cm. What is cos R?
5 C.
5 D.
12
A. 12 B.
13
13
12
5

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14. XYZ is a non right triangle. If XY measures 20 cm, XZ measures 15 cm and Z measures
35 then what is the measure of Y?
A.
25.84 B.
24.85 C.
25.48 D.
24.58
15. A balloon is 50 m high. Its angle of elevation from observer A is 45 and from observer B it
is 30. What is the maximum distance between the two observers? Express your answer to
the nearest meter.
A. 136 m

B. 137 m

C. 138 m

D. 39 m

16. With the sun, a girl 1.4 m tall casts a 3.6 m shadow. Find the angle of elevation from the tip
of the shadow to the sun. Express your answer to the nearest degree.
A.
19 B.
20 C.
21 D.
22
17. You are walking along a straight level path toward a mountain. At one point the angle of
elevation of the top of the mountain is 40. As you walk 250 m closer, the angle of elevation
is 45. How high is the mountain? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a meter.
A. 1304 m

B. 1340 m

C. 1034 m

D. 1043 m

18. Two points P and Q on the same side of a river are 12 m apart. A tree on the opposite side of
the river is directly opposite a point between P and Q. The lines of sight of a tree across the
river make angles of 78 and 57, respectively, with the line joining P and Q. Find the distance from point Q to the tree. Express your answer to the nearest meter.
A. 14 m

B. 15 m

C. 16 m

D. 17 m

19. A surveyor sights two signs and the angle between the two lines of sight measures 55. If the
first and the second signs are 70 m and 50 m away, respectively, from the surveyor, find the
distance between the two signs. Express your answer to the nearest meter.
A. 81 m

B. 82 m

C. 83 m

D. 84 m

20. Two ships leave the same port at the same time. One ship sails on a course of 110 at 32 mi/h.
The other sails on a course of 230 at 40 mi/h. Find the distance between them after 2 hours.
Express your answer to the nearest mile.
A. 124 mi

B. 125 mi

C. 126 mi

D. 127 mi

IV. LEARNING GOALS

The learner demonstrates understanding of the basic concepts of trigonometry and is able to
apply the concepts of trigonometric ratios to formulate and solve real-life problems with precision and accuracy.

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The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine,

Tangent, Secant, Cosecant, and Cotangent

What to Know
Lesson 1 will help you recall the different concepts about triangles. This will guide you to
define and illustrate the six trigonometric ratios.

Activity 1: Triangles of Different Sizes

This activity helps you recall the concepts of similar triangles.
Investigate the following triangles:
1. Draw three similar right triangles ABC, DEF, and GHI in different sizes in such a way that
m C = m F = m I = 63.
2. Measure the second acute angle in each of the triangles.
3. Use a ruler to measure the sides of the triangles to the nearest tenths in centimeters. Then
find each of the following ratios for all the three triangles:
a. the ratio of the leg opposite the 63 angle to the hypotenuse
b. the ratio of the leg adjacent to the 63 angle to the hypotenuse
Record your findings in the given table
Measures

in ABC

in DEF

in GHI

leg opposite the 63 angle

leg adjacent to the 63 angle
hypotenuse
leg opposite 63 angle
hypotenuse
leg adjacent to 63 angle
hypotenuse
leg opposite 63 angle
leg adjacent to 63 angle

4. Analyze the ratios of the sides across these triangles. What do you notice about:
a. the first ratio, leg opposite 63 angle to the hypotenuse?
b. the second ratio, leg adjacent to 63 angle to the hypotenuse?
c. the third ratio, leg opposite the 63 angle to the leg adjacent to 63 angle?
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5. Using a scientific calculator, determine the value of sin 63, cos 63, and tan 63 then
compare them to the values obtained in step 4. What do you observe?
6. Complete each statement:
The ratio _____ is the approximate value of sine of 63.
The ratio _____ is the approximate value of cosine of 63.
The ratio _____ is the approximate value of tangent of 63.
7. Complete the sentence:
In a right triangle having an acute angle,
a. the sine is the ratio between _________and ___________.
b. the cosine is the ratio between ___________ and ___________.
c. the tangent is the ratio between __________and ____________.
From Activity 1, you have discovered the different ratios derived from the sides of a right
triangle having an acute angle. The next activity will help you further develop the concept
you have determined.

Activity 2: Measuring and Calculating

For each of the right-angled triangles in the worksheet do the following:
1. Measure the marked angles;
2. Label the opposite and adjacent sides with respect to the marked angle;
3. Use your calculator to work out the three ratios:
Opposite , Adjacent , Opposite
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent
4. Record the measurements and calculations in this table.
Length of sides (in cm)
Angle ()

Opposite

Adjacent

Trigonometric ratios

Hypotenuse

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

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Adjacent
Hypotenuse

Opposite
Hypotenuse

Opposite
Adjacent

Opposite
Adjacent
5. Examine the values of the three ratios. Could the ratios
or
be greater than
Hypotenuse
Hypotenuse
1? Explain your answer.
Opposite
? What greatest value could this ratio have? Why do you say so?
6. What about the ratio
Adjacent

WORKSHEET
a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

432

To summarize what you have learned from the activities, study the concepts below about
the Six Trigonometric Ratios.

In a right triangle, we can define actually six trigonometric ratios. Consider the right triangle
ABC below. In this triangle we let represent -B. Then the leg denoted by a is the side adjacent
to , and the leg denoted by b is the side opposite to .
A
hypotenuse
opposite

a
adjacent

We will use the convention that angles are symbolized by capital letters, while the side
opposite each angle will carry the same letter symbol, in lowercase.

sin of = sin =

opposite
hypotenuse

cosecant of = csc =

hypotenuse
opposite

cosine of = cos =

adjacent
hypotenuse

sec ant of = sec =

hypotenuse
adjacent

tan gent of = tan =

opposite
adjacent

cotangent of = cot =

SOH CAH TOA is a mnemonic used

for remembering the equations.
Notice that the three new ratios at the
right are reciprocals of the ratios on the left.
Applying algebra shows the connection
between these functions.

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csc =

adjacent
opposite

hypotenuse
1
1
=
=
opposite
opposite
sin
hypotenuse

sec =

hypotenuse
=
adjacent

cot =

adjacent
opposite

1
1
=
adjacent
cos
hypotenuse
1
1
=
opposite
tan
adjacent

Showing a formula for the Missing Parts of a Right Triangle

Example 1. Determine the equation or formula to find a missing part of the triangle.
s

P
53

p
t = 12

b. Solve for p in the figure above.

Solution: P is an acute angle, t is the
hypotenuse, and p is the opposite side of P.
Use SOH, that is
opposite
sin =
hypotenuse

a. Solve for s in the figure above.

Solution: P is an acute angle, t is the
hypotenuse, s is the side adjacent to P.
Use CAH, that is
adjacent
cos =
hypotenuse
s
t
s
cos 53 =
t
s = 12 cos 53

p
t
p
sin 53 =
12
p = 12 sin 53

cos P =

sin P =

c. Solve for a in figure 2.

Solution: B is an acute angle, b is the opposite side, and a is the side adjacent
to B. Use TOA, that is
opposite b
B
tan =
=
adjacent a
10.6
tan B =
a
10.6
tan 67 =
a
a tan 67 = 10.6
10.6
a=
tan 67

67

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b = 10.6

d. Solve for c in figure 2.

Solution: B is an acute angle, b is the opposite side and c is the hypotenuse of the given
acute angle. Use SOH, that is
opposite
sin c =
c sin 67 = 10.6
hypotenuse
sin B =
sin 67 =

b
c

c=

10.6
sin 67

10.6
c

Using the Calculator to Find Trigonometric Ratios

As you saw in previous sections, the values of the trigonometric ratios for any particular angle
are constant, regardless of the length of the sides. These values can also be found using a calculator. Also, you can use a calculator to find an angle when you are given a trigonometric ratio.
a. Finding a ratio given the angle
Example: To find the value of sin 38, ensure that your calculator is operating in degrees.
Solution:
Press sin

38

= 0.615661475

The calculator should give sin 38 = 0.616, correct to three decimal places.
b. Finding an angle given the ratio
In finding the size of the angle to the nearest minute, given the value of the trigonometric
ratio, just follow the steps in the examples below.
Example: sin = 0.725, find to the nearest minute
Solution:
Press 2ndF

sin

0.725 = 46.46884783

To convert this to degrees/minutes/seconds mode,

Press 2ndF DMS
The calculator gives you 46 28 (nearest minute)

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c. Degrees and minutes

So far, all angles have been in whole degrees. However, one degree can be divided equally
into 60 minutes. Further, one minute can be divided equally into 60 seconds. Angle measurement can also be expressed in degree/minutes form. We can use a calculator to convert a
degree measure from decimal form to degree, minute, and second form.
Example: Write 54.46 in degree and minutes, giving an answer correct to the nearest minute.
Solution:
Press 54.46 2ndF

DMS

The calculator gives 542736, or 5428. (nearest minute)

Try This
1. Use your calculator to find the value of the following, correct to two decimal places.
a. cos 85
d. cos 65
b. sin 7
e. tan 23
c. tan 35
2. Using the degrees/minutes/seconds button on your calculator, write each of the following
in degrees and minutes, give answers to the nearest minute.
a. 17.8
d. 108.33
b. 48.52
e. 35.24
c. 63.7
3. Find the size of the angle (to the nearest degree) where is acute.
a. sin = 0.529
d. sin = 0.256

b. cos = 0.493
e. tan = 0.725
c. tan = 1.8
4. Find m , to the nearest minute, given that is acute.
a. sin = 0.9
d. cos = 0.501
b. cos = 0.013
e. tan = 2.3
c. tan = 0.958

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A. Solving a right triangle given the measure of the two parts; the length of the
hypotenuse and the length of one leg
Solving a right triangle means finding the measure of the remaining parts.
Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C. If c = 23 and b = 17, find A, B and a. Express your
answers up to two decimal places.
Solution: Sketch a figure:
a. Side b is the adjacent side of A; c is the hypotenuse
of right triangle BCA. Use CAH, that is
B

cos =

adjacent
hypotenuse

b
c
17
cos A =
23
cos A = 0.7391

cos A =

c = 23

b = 17

A = cos 1 ( 0.7391)
We can use our scientific calculator to find an angle whose cosine value is 0.7391.
Using a scientific calculator, A = 42.340

b. Since in part (a), it was already found that A = 42.34,

then
B = 90 42.34

B = 47.66.
c. Using the Pythagorean theorem:
a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + (17)2 = (23)2
a2 + 289 = 529
a2 = 529 -289
a2 = 240

a = 240
a = 15.49

B. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Hypotenuse and the Measure of
One Acute Angle
Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C if c = 27 and A = 58, find B, b, and a.

437

Solution:
a. To find B, since B and A are complementary angles, then
B + A = 90
B = 90 58
B = 32

c = 27

58
b

b. To find b, since b is the adjacent side of A and c is the hypotenuse of right BCA, then
use CAH.
adjacent
cos =
hypotenuse
b
c
b
cos 58 =
27
b = 27 cos 58
cos A =

b = 27 ( 0.5299 )
b = 14.31

c. To find a, since a is the opposite side of A and c is the hypotenuse of right BCA, then
use SOH.
opposite
sin =
hypotenuse
a
c
a
sin 58 =
27
a = 27 sin 58
sin A =

a = 27 ( 0.8480 )
a = 22.9
C. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of One Leg and the Measure of One
Acute Angle
Example:
Triangle ACB is right-angled at C. If A = 63 and a = 11 cm, find B, b, and c.

438

Solution:
a. To find B, take note that B and A
are complementary angles. Then,
B + A = 90

B = 90 63
B = 27

A
63
c

b. To find b, since b is the adjacent side

and a is the opposite side of A, then

c. To find c, since c is the

hypotenuse and a is the opposite
side of A, then use SOH.
opposite
sin =
hypotenuse

use TOA.
tan =

opposite
adjacent

a
b
11
tan 63 =
b
b tan 63 = 11

b
c
11
sin 63 =
c
c sin 63 = 11

b (1.9626 ) = 11

c ( 0.8910 ) = 11

tan A =

11
1.9626
b = 5.60 cm

a = 11

sin A =

11
0.8910
c = 12.35 cm

b=

c=

D. Solving a Right Triangle Given the Length of the Two Legs

Example:
Triangle ACB is right-angled at C. If a = 18.5 cm and b = 14.2 cm, find c, A, and B.
Solution:
a. To find c, use Pythagorean theorem:
A
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = (18.5)2 + (14.2)2
c2 = 342.25 + 201.64
c2 = 543.89

b = 14.2 cm

c = 543.89
c = 23.32

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a = 18.5

b. To find A, since a and b are

opposite and adjacent side of A
respectively, then use TOA.
tan =

c. Based on the fact that A and B are

complementary, the measure of angle
B is 90 52 = 38

opposite
adjacent

a
b
18.5
tan A =
14.2
tan A = 1.3028
tan A =

A = tan 1 (1.3028 )

We can use our scientific calculator to find an angle whose tangent is 1.3028.

= 52
AA
= 52

You have just learned the definition of the six trigonometric ratios. Make sure that you will
be able to use these in the succeeding activities.

What to PROCESS
In this stage, you will solve problems involving the measures of angles or sides of a right
triangle using the trigonometric ratios.

Activity 3: Surfing the Trigonometry

Play the traditional Bingo Game as a class (activity with the teacher).
1. Make your own BINGO card. Draw a 5 x 5 grid, and number the squares in random fashion
from 1 to 24 (assuming a Free Space) or 1 to 25.
2. There must be a Bingo caller who will pick a random number from 1 to 24 by using a spinner, picking numbers from a bag, or generating a random number from a graphing calculator.
3. When he/she announces the number, your teacher will present a question. You solve the
problem and mark the box on your BINGO card that corresponds to the question number.
4. BINGO is achieved in the normal manner horizontally , diagonally, or vertically (or four
corners, if you wish).
5. Raise your hands if you have BINGO.
6. When somebody wins, everyone (including the winner) continues playing until all problems
have been solved, or until there are 5 or 6 winners.
7. Your teacher will collect your card after the game.

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BINGO BOARD

Question:
1. Did you enjoy the activity? Why?
2. What have you learned from the activity?
3. What mathematical concept did you apply to answer the problems?
4. How will you use the concepts you have learned in your daily life?
5. Is it fun to study math? Why?
Now, you have learned the definition of the six trigonometric ratios and you were able to
use them in finding the missing sides or angles of an acute angle in the triangle. The next
activity will help you master the concepts.

441

 Activity 4: Try Me!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Group yourselves by 6 and choose your leader.

Activity sheets will be given.
You have 15 minutes to answer the given activity and discuss among yourselves.
The leader will go around each group to discuss or share outputs.
A volunteer will share what he/she has learned in the activity.

(In this exercise, all angle measures are in degrees, and the lengths of the sides are in centimeters)

Try this out!

Try this out!

Using the figure below, write

expression that gives the required
unknown value.
B

Use the given figure to solve the

remaining parts of right triangle
ACB.

a
b

C
C

1. If A = 15 and c = 37, find a.

2. If A = 76 and a = 13, find b.

1. b = 17 cm and c = 23 cm

3. If A = 49 and a = 10, find c.

2. c = 16 and a = 7

4. If a = 21.2 and A = 71,

find b.

3. b = 10 ad c = 20

5. If a = 13 and B = 16, find c.

4. b = 6 and c = 13

6. If A = 19 and a = 11, find c.

5. c = 13 and a = 12

7. If c = 16 and a = 7, find b.
8. If b = 10 and c = 20, find a.
9. If a = 7 and b = 12, find A.
10. If a = 8 and c = 12, find B.

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Try this out!

Try this out!

Sketch a figure and solve each right

triangle ABC with right angle at C,
given that:

Sketch a figure and solve each right

triangle ABC with right angle at C,
given that:

1. A = 15 and c = 37

1. A = 76 and a = 13

2. B = 64 and c = 19.2

2. A = 22 and b = 22

3. A = 15 and c = 25

3. B = 30 and b = 11

4. A = 45 and c = 16

4. B = 18 and a = 18

5. B = 56 and c = 16

5. A = 77 and b = 42

Try this out!

Sketch a figure and solve each right

triangle ABC with right angle at C,
given that:
1. a = 15.8, b = 21
2. a = 7, b = 12
3. a = 2, b = 7
4. a = 3, b =

5. a = 250, b = 250

Questions:
1. How did you find your answers?
2. What are the mathematical concepts that you have learned in the activity?
3. Do you think you can apply these concepts in your daily life? How? Why?
You skills in finding the missing sides and angles of a right triangle were developed through
the previous activities. The next one will help you reflect or understand and apply the six
trigonometric ratios.

What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND

In this section, your goal is to check your understanding on how the six trigonometric ratios
are used.

443

 Activity 5: Use! List! Explain!

Study the lesson. Then complete the following.
C
1. Use the figure below to answer the following questions.
t
8
a. What is the length of side t?
b. What is the measure of B? C?
B
T
15
c. How did you find the measure of the angles?
2. List the trigonometric ratio or ratios of B that involve the measure of the hypotenuse.
3. Explain how to determine which trigonometric ratio to use when solving for an unknown
part of a right triangle.
In the preceding activity, the discussion was about your knowledge on the six trigonometric
ratios. What are the new things that you have realized? Do you think you can use them in
your daily life? How and why?
The next activity will help you answer these questions.

What to TRANSFER
In this section you will also learn how to make and use a clinometer, an improvised
instrument used to measure the height of a certain object. Your goal now is to apply the
knowledge that you have learned about the six trigonometric ratios.

Activity 6: The Clinometer

Objective: To make a clinometer and use it to measure the height of an object.
Materials required: Stiff card, small pipe or drinking straw, thread, a weight
(a metal washer is ideal)
Pre-requisite knowledge: Properties of right triangles
Procedure:
(A) To make a clinometer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Attach a protractor on a cardboard and fix a viewing tube (straw or pipe) along the diameter.
Punch a hole (o) at the center of the semicircle.
Suspend a weight {w} from a small nail fixed to the center.
Ensure that the weight at the end of the string hangs below the protractor.
Mark degrees (in sexagecimal scale with 00 at the lowest and 10 to 900 proceeding both
clockwise and counterclockwise). [Fig 1].

444

(B) To determine the height of an object:

6. First measure the distance of the object from you. Let the distance be d.
7. Look through the straw or pipe at the top of the object. Make sure you can clearly see the
top of the object.
8. Hold the clinometer steady and let your partner record the angle the string makes on the
scale of the clinometer. Let this angle be .
9. Determine the height of the object.
10. Write your observation. You may change the distance of the object (by either moving the
object or by changing their position) and note how the angle of elevation varies.
Questions:
1. What have you realized after doing the activity?
2. How did you find the height of the object?
3. What other methods or devices can you suggest to solve the same type of problem?

445

 Activity 7: Trigonome Tree

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Look for a tree in your community then find

its height using a trigonometric ratio.
Draw an illustration.
Write a paragraph explaining how the
height of the tree was computed.
Determine the other trigonometric ratios.
What learning have you discovered in doing
such activity? Would you be able to use this
in your life? How and why?
In this section, your task was to measure the height of a tree using the trigonometric ratio.
How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you realize the real-life application of the concepts?

SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION
This lesson was about the six trigonometric ratios. Various activities were provided to help
you illustrate and define the six trigonometric ratios. You also learned how to use them
in finding the missing sides and angles of a right triangle and applied them to real-life
situations. Your knowledge in this lesson will help you understand the next topic, which is,
the trigonometric ratios of special angles.

446