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FIGURE 1.19 Spacing of steel bars (a) in one row or (b) in two rows.
is as follows:
The total depth t is equal to the effective depth d plus the distance from the
centroid of the tension reinforcement to the extreme tension concrete fibers, which
depends on the number of layers of the steel bars. In application to the section
shown in Fig. 1.19a,
(1.56)
for two layers of steel bars, Fig. 1.19b. The overall depth t shall be increased to the
nearest 5 cm. If No. 8 (25 mm) or smaller bars are used, a practical estimate of the
overall depth can be made as follows:
Example 1.4:
For the cantilever beam shown in Fig. 1.20, if DL = 13.5 kN/m' (including own
weight) and LL = 35 kN, it is required to:
a. Design the beam section for a minimum depth when b = 250 mm.
b. Design the beam section for a minimum depth when b = 120 mm.
c. Design the beam section for an effective depth d = 450 m when b = 250 mm.
d. Design the beam section for an overall depth t = 700 m when b = 120 mm.
Given:
= 25 N/mm2 and
= 280 N/mm2.
Solution:
Part a:
Enter Table A.1 with fcu = 25 N/mm2 and
= 0.534 and
Then, calculate
= 196.7
and
as follows:
414 mm
mm2
and
For
6 20
1884
4 25
1960
5 22
1960
9 16
1800
2 25 + 2 22
1740
The area of steel bars must be closest to the required steel area. If 2 25 plus
2 22 are chosen, As = 1740 mm2, which is 102 mm2 less than the required area of
1842 mm2. But since the overall depth tmay be increased a fraction of 50 mm, the
actual effective depth will be a little greater than the calculated dmin, consequently
reducing the required As.
The 2 25 plus 2 22 would have to be placed in one row as 250 mm
width is sufficient. Calculating the required width to place 2 25 plus 2 22 in
one layer:
= 2 (25 + 2222) + 3s + 2str + 2c
= 2 (25 + 22) + 3 25 + 2 8 + 2 25 = 235 mm
which is less than b = 250 mm. The overall depth t, is then computed from:
t = d + 0.525 + str + c
= 414 + 0.5 25 + 8 + 25 = 461.5 mm; say 500 mm
The actual effective depth d = 500 - 50 = 450 mm
which is greater than the calculated d of 414 mm. Because of the small variation,
reduction in the required steel area can be approximated by the ratio of the
calculated d to the actual d.
As actually needed is as follows
1693 mm2
which is less than 1740 mm2 (2 25 plus 2 22) provided, Fig. 1.21.
Part b:
The minimum effective depth that correspond to b = 120 mm equals 597.5 mm.
The area of steel As required equals Asmax or 1276 mm2. If 4 20 is chosen, As =
1256 mm2, which is 20 mm2 less than 1276 mm2. If the steel bars are placed in one
row:
= 4 20 + 3 25 + 2 8 + 2 25 = 211 mm
which is greater than b = 120 mm, therefore, the steel bars have to be placed in
two rows as 120 mm width is not sufficient. The overall depth t is thus,
t = 597.5 + 25 + 8 + 20 + 0.5 25 = 663 cm ; say 700 mm
The actual d = 700 - 75 = 625 mm
Part c:
First calculate K1 from:
mm2
1.3
Here,
Enter Table B.2 with K1 = 0.468, the first value of K1 (that correspond to
= 25) is 0.534 which is greater than 0.468. This implies that
is required. Enter
Table C.3 (where
0.10) and obtainK2 = 201.8 and = 0.225.
1416 mm2
319 mm2
Since
The part of the slab acting with the beam is called the flange, and it is indicated in
Fig. 1.24a by the area Bts. The rest of the section confining the area (t-ts)b is called
the stem or web. As Fig. 1.24b indicates, in an I-section there are two flanges, a
compression flange, which is actually effective, and a tension flange, which is
ineffective as it lies below the neutral axis and is thus neglected completely.
Therefore, the design of an I-section is similar to that of a T-section.
As a means of simplification, rather than varying with distance from the web, an
effective width B of uniform stress may be assumed. The effective width B is a
function of span length of the beam and depends on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Spacing of beams
Width of web of beam
The ratio of the slab thickness to the total beam depth
End conditions of the beam (simply supported or continuous)
The way in which the load is applied (distributed load or point load)
6. The ratio of the length of beam between points of zero moment to the width of
the web and the distance between webs.
1. Spacing of beams
2. Width of web of beam
3. The ratio of the slab thickness to the total beam depth
4. End conditions of the beam (simply supported or continuous)
5. The way in which the load is applied (distributed load or point load)
6. The ratio of the length of beam between points of zero moment to the width of
the web and the distance between webs.
The Egyptian Code prescribes that the effective flange width B of a T-section, as
in Fig. 1.26, shall be taken as the web width b plus the effective overhanging
flange sides x1 and x2. Thus,
B = b + (x1 + x2)
(1.58)
when ts1
= ts2
(1.59b)
(1.59c)
where L2 is the distance between the points of zero moments. For a simply
supported beam, the distance L2 referred to above is just the span distance between
centers of supports. For beams continuos from one end and simply supported from the
other end, the distance L2 may be taken as 0.80 times the span distance between
centers of supports. For beams continuos from both ends, the distance L2 may be
taken as 0.70 times the span distance between centers of supports. ts1 and ts2 are the
thicknesses of the right and left slabs and S1 and S2 are the clear distances to the next
right and left beams.
and
(1.60)
The end beam of a slab-beam girder floor is called a spandrel beam. The beam
joins the slab from only one side.
The Egyptian Code specifies that the effective flange width B shall be taken as the
web width b plus the effective overhanging flange width x1. Thus,
B = b + x1
(1.61)
where x1 equals the least of:
(1.62a)
(1.62b)
(1.62c)
The design of inverted L-shaped sections may approximately follow the same
procedure of T- and I-shaped sections but with employing the respective effective
width B.
1.10 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLANGED SECTIONS
In flanged sections, it can be seen that a large area of the compression flange,
forming a part of the slab, is effective in resisting a great part or all of the
compressive force due to bending. If the section is designed on this basis, the depth
of the web will be small; consequently the moment arm yct is small, resulting in a
large amount of tension steel which is not favorable.
Because of the large area of the compression flange, the design of a T-section
does not need, in most practical cases, to consider a doubly reinforced section. But,
in case of precast units, when the width of the flange is small and the effective
depth is limited, compression steel may be added.
and
ratio
may approach . After determining the ratio
estimate the effective depth using equation
(1.63)
(1.64)
Table D.1 gives values for K1min for all grades of steel and a range of commonly
used concrete strengths.
1.10.2 Design of T- and I-Sections
As already stated in Section 1.9, the design of an I-section is similar to that of a Tsection. When the depth of the equivalent stress block a lies within the flange;
i.e. a ts, the section behaves as a rectangular section with the beam width equal to
the flange width. Otherwise, if a is greater than ts, a T-section design is a must.
The design may be commenced by assuming that a ts. Taking moments of forces
about the tension steel, we have
(1.65)
solution of the quadratic equation yields a. If a ts as assumed, the tension
steel
T-Section Behavior
When the depth of the equivalent stress block is greater than the flange thickness,
i.e. a > ts, the section may be designed using the equations for a doubly reinforced
beam, as follows. As Fig. 1.32 indicates, the tension steel As may be considered to
be divided into an area As1, which resists the compression in the concrete over the
web, and an area As2 or Asf, which resists the compression in the concrete in the
overhanging of the flange.
Assuming that the tension steel is yielding, considering equation T2 = C2, then
(1.67)
or
(4.68)
The ultimate moment of the section is the sum of the two moments Mu1 and Mu2:
(1.69)
where
(1.70)
and
(1.71)
solving the quadratic equation yields a.
If a amax
This implies that
equation, T1 = C1, then
the
section
is
adequate
without
Considering
(1.72)
or
(1.73)
The total steel used in the T-section is
(1.74)
If a > amax
This implies that
(1.73)
The ultimate moment
moments Mu1, Mu2 and Mu3:
(1.75)
where
(1.70)
of
the
section
is
the
sum
of
the
three
(1.76)
and
(1.77)
and
(1.78)
The total steel used in the T-section is
(1.79)
If
, then
(1.80)
(1.81)
giving
(1.82)
Example 1.5
A T-beam section with B = 1000 mm, b = 250 mm and ts = 100 mm is to have a
design flexural strength Mu of 450 kNm. If fcu = 25 N/mm2 and steel 360/520,
calculate the required steel area when:
a. d = 550 mm
b. d = 440 mm
c. d = 400 mm
Solution:
Assume a ts. Then,
giving :
Part a: d = 550 mm
25.
solution of the quadratic equation gives a = 104 mm which is greater than ts.
Therefore, a T-section design is required. With reference to Fig. 1.32, for
equilibrium,
, hence from
we have
kNm
giving
kNm
kN
we have
mm2
Part c: d = 400 mm
solution of the quadratic equation gives a = 118.5 mm which is greater than ts.
Therefore, a T-section design is required. For equilibrium,
hence from
kN
we have
kNm
giving
kNm
kNm
kNm
As1 = Asmax = max b d = 5 x 10-4 x 25 x 250 x 400 = 1250 mm2
kNm
Since
that
= 255.56 mm2
As = As1 + As2 + As3 = Asmax + Asf +
mm2
Solution:
Since the effective depth is not given, a reduced flange width is assumed;
say
. Thus,
mm.
That is, an equivalent rectangular section, Fig. 1.36b, can be chosen with Br = 580
mm and
which results in d = 380 mm. Assume two rows of steel bars (to be checked later).
t = 380.8 + 75 = 455.8 mm; say t = 500 mm
actual d = 500 - 75 = 425 mm
Proceed as in the previous example to calculate As.
Assume a ts
as in Fig.
1.38b, the code allows the neglecting of compression in the web part below the
flange as shown in Fig 1.38c.
and K1 from
(1.67)
Then, with the known value of
(1.68)
If a >
Example 1.7:
In a slab-beam floor system, the smallest effective flange width B was found to be
1450 mm, the web width b was 250 mm and the slab thickness was 120 mm.
Design a T-section to resist an ultimate external moment Mu of 240 kNm.
Given: fcu = 20 N/mm2 and steel 240/350.
Solution:
= 580 mm
= 380 mm
Assume two rows of steel bars (to be checked later)
t = 380 + 75 = 455 mm; say t = 500 mm and therefore, actual d = 500 -75 = 425
mm
and
Enter Table E.1 and obtain K2 = 197.3 and a = 0.40 ts = 48 mm. Then,
2862 mm2
mm2 (Use 3 12)
Example 1.8:
= 286.2
=
and
Table E.3 and obtain
25) and
= 281
12)
b. d = 440 mm
and
Enter Table E.3, since a > ts, take K2 = 277.8 at a = ts. Then,
= 368.2 mm2
c. d = 400 mm
and
Enter Table E.3, since a > ts, take K2 = 273.9 at a = ts. Then,
= 410.7 mm2