ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional designers and
training developers. The five phasesAnalysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and
Evaluationrepresent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and
performance support tools. While perhaps the most common design model, there are a
number of weaknesses to the ADDIE model which have led to a number of spin-offs or
variations.
It is an Instructional Systems Design (ISD) model. Most of the current instructional design
models are spin-offs or variations of the ADDIE model; other models include the Dick &
Carey and Kemp ISD models. One commonly accepted improvement to this model is the use
of rapid prototyping. This is the idea of receiving continual or formative feedback while
instructional materials are being created. This model attempts to save time and money by
catching problems while they are still easy to fix.
Instructional theories also play an important role in the design of instructional materials.
Theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, social learning and cognitivism help shape and
define the outcome of instructional materials.
In the ADDIE model, each step has an outcome that feeds into the subsequent step.
Analysis > Design > Development > Implementation > Evaluation
Analysis Phase
In the analysis phase, instructional problem is clarified, the instructional goals and objectives
are established and the learning environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills are
identified. Below are some of the questions that are addressed during the analysis phase:
* Who is the audience and their characteristics?
* Identify the new behavioral outcome?
* What types of learning constraints exist?
* What are the delivery options?
* What are the online pedagogical considerations?
* What is the timeline for project completion?
Design Phase
The design phase deals with learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content,
subject matter analysis, lesson planning and media selection. The design phase should be
systematic and specific. Systematic means a logical, orderly method of identifying,
developing and evaluating a set of planned strategies targeted for attaining the project's goals.
Specific means each element of the instructional design plan needs to be executed with
attention to details.
These are steps used for the design phase:

* Documentation of the project's instructional, visual and technical design strategy

* Apply instructional strategies according to the intended behavioral outcomes by domain
(cognitive, affective, psychomotor).
* Create storyboards
* Design the user interface and user experience
* Prototype creation
* Apply visual design (graphic design)
Development Phase
The development phase is where the developers create and assemble the content assets that
were created in the design phase. Programmers work to develop and/or integrate
technologies. Testers perform debugging procedures. The project is reviewed and revised
according to any feedback given.
Implementation Phase
During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators and the learners is
developed. The facilitators' training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes,
method of delivery, and testing procedures. Preparation of the learners include training them
on new tools (software or hardware), student registration.
This is also the phase where the project manager ensures that the books, hands on equipment,
tools, CD-ROMs and software are in place, and that the learning application or Web site is
functional.
Evaluation Phase
The evaluation phase consists of two parts: formative and summative. Formative evaluation
is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests
designed for domain specific criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities
for feedback from the users.

Why Do Teachers Need Lesson Plans?

BY MOHAMMED RHALMI MAY 6, 2009
A lesson plan is a lesson project written down on paper. It is only a project because a lot
of unpredictable events occur in the classroom. It is also a dreaded part of instruction that
most teachers detest. It nevertheless provides a guide for managing the learning environment.
As one of the teachers roles is that of designer and implementer of instruction, the
preparation of lesson plan will ensure the organization of the English lesson according to
some criteria. Regardless of the format, all teachers need to make wise decisions about the
strategies and methods they will employ to help students move systematically toward learner

goals. The more organized a teacher is, the more effective the teaching, and thus the learning,
is. Writing daily lesson plans is a large part of being organized.
Goals
Teachers need to have a precise notion of educational goals / objectives / standards /
competences
Content

Lesson Plan
Content is chosen according to the level and needs of the learners. It must be interesting and
appealing to them.
Instructional procedure
The effective teacher also needs to develop a plan to provide direction toward the attainment
of the selected objectives. Teachers must decide how to sequence the teaching items
according to the methodology and approach they opted for. Sequencing may be from easy to
difficult, from known to unknown, from familiar to unfamiliar
Timing
The effective teacher certainly controls the way time is used. Effective teachers
systematically and carefully plan for productive use of instructional time.
Evaluation procedure
There should be some kind of feed back tasks to highlight lesson deficiencies.
Finally, even teachers who develop highly structured and detailed plans rarely strictly stick to
them. Such rigidity would probable impede, rather than help, the teaching-learning process.
The elements of your lesson plan should be thought of as guiding principles to be applied as
aids, but not blueprints, to systematic instruction. Precise preparation must allow for flexible

delivery. During actual classroom interaction, the instructor needs to make adaptations and to
add artistry to each lesson plan and classroom delivery.
Benefits of lesson plan

TeacherEase provides standards-based lesson planning on the web. Teachers write lesson
plans, align them to standards, check standards coverage, continuously improve lessons, and
share them with colleagues. Available to individual teachers, schools, or entire districts.
Track Standards
When writing lesson plans, teachers easily align them to standards. See which standards have
been covered and how often. State standards are preloaded. Easily understand how well
instruction covers topics on the yearly standardized test.

Save Teachers' Time

TeacherEase is also a productivity tool for teachers. Makes lesson planning easier. Never hunt
for the standards. No more manual tabulation of standards counts. Easily reuse lessons across
classes, years, or groups of students.

Enhance Teacher Cooperation

As teachers create a database of lesson plans, they can easily share them. Teachers at the
same grade level can plan together and exchange ideas. Team teachers can better coordinate
instruction with each other. Master teachers can give lessons to brand new teachers.
Improve Lesson Plans over Time
Teachers can easily reuse lesson plans, and improve them every year (instead of starting from
scratch). The teachers' lessons become a repository of knowledge and expertise the entire
staff can draw upon.

Enables the Standards-based Classroom

TeacherEase is more than just lesson planning. It's everything teachers need to manage the
standards-based classroom -- including curriculum mapping, gradebook, report cards, and
parent access. All integrated. All on the web.