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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

I began my primary education in 1978 at K.L.G Primary school Lagos


street Kaduna and finished in 1983. After the completion of my
primary education, I got admitted into Government Day Secondary
School Tafawa Balewa Way Kaduna (Now Kaduna State University). I
was among the first set of Senior Secondary School student in
Kaduna state that sat for SSCE/WAEC examinations, I graduated in
1988 with eight credits in all science subjects. In late 1989, I got
admission into College of Advance Studies Zaria (Now Kaduna State
Polytechnique) for IJAMB course that would last for two years. Before
the completion of my Programme I got admission into Ahmadu Bello
University Zaria through JAMB into Civil Engineering department in
1990/1991 session. At the end of levels 200, I went through a
compulsory Student Workshop Experience Programme (SWEP) for
3weeks

where

we

are

thought

basic

engineering

workshop

knowledge in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical. I learnt a lot about


basic engineering workshop skills through exercise and mini project
given during the Programme. At the beginning of level 300, I
changed department from Civil to Electrical Engineering it was at
that point, I began to develop more interest in engineering
profession, most especially Electrical Engineering.
At the end of level 300, I went through one month Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S.1) at NITEL Zonal Headquarters
Kaduna.

was

involved

in

collation

of

switch/transmission

performance record for all the teriortories under NITEL North West
Zone. Prior to the completion of my attached, I went through the
switches, transmission equipments and power supply systems in
Nitel Kaduna teriortory.

Second semester of level 400 was for SIWES II, I was attached to
Digital Information System Company (DISC) Limited. I was involved
in computer training of students, repair and maintenance of
computer, installation of computer/structural cabling in client
premises. In December 1997, I graduated with a Bachelor degree of
Engineering (B.Eng) in electrical with 2nd Class honors

1.2

POST-GRADUATION TRAINING

After graduation, I went through one year compulsory National Youth


Service Corp (NYSC). After my orientation camp in Sagamu Ogun
State, I was posted to Lever Brothers Nigeria Agbara factory Ogun
State (Now Unilever Nigeria). Again, I was reposted at the factory to
their head office in Apapa Lagos. I was attached with Central
engineering

department

as

training

engineer

involved

in

numerous factory planning and maintenance projects. After my


service year in 1999, I was retained as a Project Engineer for the
new proposed soap factory in Agbara factory and later on moved to
Oregun Factory as Utilities/Electrical Engineering Manager. I was
involved in the following projects:

Installation of Caterpillar D335 Generator for Unilever Head Office


Apapa

Production/Engineering Assets Management and Control

Electrical Analysis and load calculation for consolidation Of


Factories

Electrical/IT safety auditing of Unilever Nigeria head office

Electrical

design,

development

of

model/specification

and

implementation of Agbara new soap factory

Electrical design and implementation of Oregun factory tooth


paste plant

Implementation and commission of Water boiler, Air compressor


and Power generator for Oregun production plant.

In

January,

2001

got

new

appoint

with

Nigerian

Telecommunication Plc (NITEL) Lagos as Telecoms Engineer. After


one year of pupilage Engineering I was sent to Iponri Digital Switch
Exchange. I carried out the following assignment and project while
in Iponri exchange:

Maintenance of SDH and PDH Transmission Systems

General Trunk modification on Siemens EWSD and Italtel Linea 10


UT

Traffic measurement on outgoing and incoming trunk

Routing and configuration of channels for subscribers

Provision and configuration of 16E1 for Shomolu/Apapa


transmission link via optic fibre.

Installation and configuration of 2000 capacity EWSD Siemens


RDLU Switch in Shomolu Exchange

General Switch maintenance and fault clearance of DLC/ALC for


Iponri and Amuwo Digital Exchange

In July 2003, I moved again into Telecommunication sector, this time


MTN Communication Nigeria as Transmission Implementation Engineer
for Abuja Region. I was responsible for Implementation of transmission
topology and microwave radio link for different vendors. The
Installation, configuration, commissioning, integration and acceptance
of Ericsson DXX multiplexers. I carried out the following project as an
implementation engineer:

Installation, configuration, integration and Mapping of E1/cross


connection of Ericsson DXX Multiplexes (DXX6300 and DXX8100
series) at various core network and transmission node points in
MTN Nigeria network for MSC, B SC, BTS, signaling and
voice/data traffic.

Implementation of Harris SDH Megastar 4+1 Microwave Radio


Backbone in Northern state of Nigeria for capacity between
switching centers and major inter city traffic.

Implementation

of

Stratex

DMC 2STM1

Microwave

Radio

Backbone installation within Abuja region: Abuja city to Owo,


Abuja to Kano, Akwanga to Makurdi, Jos to Bauchi Backbone sites
for inter city transmission capacity for BTS traffic.

Implementation of fibre Optic installation between MTN switch


and Econet wireless (Now Celtel) Abuja for inter-MSC traffic.

Installation and integration of Ericsson Mini link and Traffic Nodes


at various point in MTN Nigeria PDH Network for BTS traffic,
direct connect to office PABX for voice traffic, connect stores for
data transmission.

Installation and integration of Statrax DMC Radios (Altium,


Eclipse SDH/PDH, DXR, and XP4 series) in various MTN sites.

I was elevated to the Regional Transmission Coordinator on 1 st


September, 2004 responsible for; planning and coordinating the
installation,

integration

and

acceptance

of

Ericsson/Huawei

multiplexers, SDH/PDH microwave radio, Compression equipment,


VSAT link, BSS nodes for network roll out in MTN Nigeria. Most
recently, I was involved in MTN project Blaze fibre, a multi-million
dollar project round the country. My profile reads: Highly proficient
Transmission Implementation Engineer with 7years experience
in building transmission and access network for a major fixed
wireless and leading GSM telecommunication network in Africa that
support

20million

configuration,

subscribers,

commissioning,

by

planning,

integrating

and

installation,

acceptance

of

transmission nodes and SDH/PDH microwave radios. Now seeking a


rewarding opportunity to make a successful impact in a customer
focused team.

CHAPTER TWO
Overview of Harris MegaStar 4+1 SDH Radio
2.1

Harris MegaStar Radio

Harris MegaStar 155 is a 5, 6, 7/8 or 11GHz, 155Mbits line of sight


microwave radio. It is a compact technologically advanced system
to implement and manage synchronous or asynchronous networks.
MegaStar enables rapid network construction and can provide
backup for critical traffic on fibre optic links. It offers an optional
service channel containing Data and VF channels. The MegaStar
radio is a terrestrial line-of-sight digital microwave radio for
communications in multiple frequency bands.
Standard Features of MegaStar radio provide a high level of
reliability:

Fully digital adaptive time domain equalization (ATDE)

Fully digital adaptive slope equalization

Forward error correction (FEC)

Anticipatory errorless receiver switching (DADE)

Reverse path protection

Automatic transmit power control (ATPC)

Also, MegaStar radio offers self-aligning operation providing;

Inventory reporting

SCAN (System Control and Alarm Network)

FarScan: Computer-based network supervision system that


runs on Microsoft windows

Replace-me/Los of signal LEDs

Self Adaptive circuitry

Automatic calibration of replacement circuit packs

Local or remote software download

Fig.2.1 MegaStar155/m: n

2.2 Transmission Design of Harris MegaStar 4+1 Radio for


MTN
Network
During the planning stage of Abuja Harris metro microwave system,
field survey was carried out. The objectives of the field survey were:

Verify exact site location

Verify line-of-sight

Classify path type

Confirm space in the existing station

Check propagation conditions

Check frequency interference possibilities

Check soil conditions for new tower

Check site access and infrastructure in the area

2.3

SURVEY PROCEDURES

2.3.1

PREPARATIONS

A detailed map study is always a good start. After locating all the
sites (including alternative location), preparation of path profile was
done. A detailed map scale was used to draw terrain profile of the
microwave path. Critical obstacles were marked in order to verify
line-of-sight in the field and possible reflection points. Preminary
antenna height may be determined at this stage. Information about
other microwave link operators in the area can be important if
frequency interference measurements should be performed.
2.3.4.2

FIELD WORK

The following activities were carried out during filed work;

Verification of site positions and altitudes: This was done by


using a standard GPS (Global Positioning System) obtained in
the world today which has an accuracy of 30 100metres
depending on the quality of signal. Altitude can be determined
from the map or by using an altimeter or by using a
theodolite.

Confirmation of lineof-sight: Critical obstruction on path


profile is checked more accurately. This was done by using
flash from a mirror in sunlight can be seen from very long
distances in clear weather condition, for line of sight test. For
dusty weather, strong lamps or powerful flash-light can be
used

Path

classification:

The

prediction

model

for

system

performance uses different path classifications to improve the


accuracy of prediction model. The following classes are used:
Overland Paths:
Plain terrain/low altitude (0 400m)
Hilly terrain/low altitude (0 400m)
Plain terrain/medium altitude (400 700m)
Hilly terrain/medium altitude (400 -700m)
Plain terrain/high altitude (>700m)
Hilly terrain/high altitude (>700m)
Mountainous terrain/high altitude (>700m)
The altitude refers to the altitude of the lower of the antennas.

Propagation conditions: This depends on the atmospheric


conditions in the area as well as the path. In addition to the
path classification, interesting observation of the terrain
should be noted. Areas of flat swampy terrain like rice field
or other obviously reflecting surface should be located
exactly. Desert areas or paths running parallel to coastline
should be noted.

Frequency interference probabilities: This can be checked


by using an antenna feed horn, a low noise amplifier and a
spectrum analyzer. Existing microwave signals in the
relevant frequency band can be pickup, and based on
signal strength and direction it is possible to calculate the
interference levels.

2.3.4.3

SURVEY EQUIPMENT

The following survey equipment is typical for microwave survey and


may always be used or in some cases.

maps in scale 1:50 000 or better

Digital Camera and Binoculars


8

Compass and Satellite navigating equipment (GPS)

Tape measure, Altimeter and Theodolite

Signaling

mirror

and

hand-held

radio

communication

equipment

Antenna horn, Low noise amplifier and, spectrum analyzer

Portable PC

2.3.4.4

SURVEY REPORT

After completion of the field survey a report will be prepared. This


report would include the following:

System description

Site description and layout

Antenna and tower height

Path profiles

System performance calculation

Frequency plan

Photograph

2.3.4.5

DIFFICULT

AREAS

FOR

MICROWAVE

LINKS(Knowledge gain)
Some areas are more difficult for microwave links than others, and
the reasons can be atmospheric conditions or path dependent.

Swamp and rice fields: This may cause strong ground


reflections. The probability for multipath fading is high. The
propagation conditions may look different times of the year.
Critical period is during season (monsoon)

Over water paths: Its always difficult due to sea reflections


with a high reflection coefficient. Ducting probability is also
high. Possible solution; Reflection may be avoided by selecting
sites that are shielded from the reflected rays.

Desert areas: This may cause ground reflections, but sand


does have high reflection coefficient. The most critical is the
high possibility of multipath fading and ducting due to large
temperature variation and temperature inversion

Hot and humid coastal areas: High ducting probability


ANTENNAS

2.4

The parabolic antenna is the most commonly used antenna in


microwave radio-relay systems. The antenna parameters are very
important to the overall system performance. The most important
antenna parameters from a propagation point of view are:

Gain, Voltage-Standing-Wave-Ratio (VSWR), Side and back


lobe levels, Discrimination of cross polarization, Beam width
and Mechanical stability

41.4.1 ANTENNA GAIN


The gain of a parabolic antenna (referred to an isotropic radiator)
may be approximated by:
G = D

Where:
D = reflector diameters in meters
= signal wavelength in meters
= antenna efficiency (usually 0.55 unless otherwise quoted)
The efficiency of the antenna is related to the irregularities in the
reflector and feed arrangement. Another approximation of gain is:
G(dBi) = 20log f + 20log D + 17.8
Where: f = signal frequency in GHz, D = reflector diameter in
meters
5.2

VSWR

10

The voltage-standing-wave-ratio is important to high capacity


systems with stringent linearity objectives. To avoid intermodulation
interference the VSWR should be minimize for these systems.
Standard antennas have a VSWR in the range 1.06 to 1.15 typically.
High performance antennas (low VSWR antennas) have a VSWR in
the range 1.04 to 1.06 typically.
2.4.3 SIDE AND BACK LOBE LEVELS
These are important parameters in frequency planning and
interference calculations. Low side and backlobe levels make a more
efficient use of the frequency spectrum possible. The side and
backlobe levels are specified (in the far field) in the radiation
envelope patterns. The front-to-back ratio gives an indication of the
backlobe levels at angles larger than typically 90 degrees. It
increases with increasing frequency and increasing antenna
diameter.
2.4.4 CROSS-POLARIZATION
This is important parameter in frequency planning is the
discrimination of cross-polar signals in the antenna. A good crosspolarization enables full utilization of the frequency planes. Typical
values are 30dB for standard antennas and 40dB for antennas
especially designed for cross-polar operation. The discrimination
always has the largest value in the main lobe direction
2.4.5 BEAM WIDTH
The half power beam width of an antenna is define as the angular
width of the main beam at the -3dB point.
The 3dB beam width of a parabolic reflector antenna is:
Beam width(3dB) = 70 degree
D
Where: D = reflector diameters in meters
= wavelength in meters

11

2.4.6 MECHANICAL STABILITY


Typical limitation in sway/twist for the structure (tower/mast and
antenna) corresponds to maximum 10dB signal attenuation due to
antenna misalignment. Using the formula above, the maximum
deflection angle can be estimated for a given antenna diameter and
frequency.
2.5

POWER BUDGET

The purpose of power budget is to ensure that sufficient receiver


power to enable the system to meet a minimum requirement for a
specific amount of time. To estimate the performance of a radio link
system, a link power budget has to be prepared. The difference
between nominal input level and radio threshold level, the fading
margin, is the main input parameter in the performance prediction
model
2.5.1 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY
In practice equipment manufacturers will know equipments
modulation scheme, bandwidth for a given bit rate, receiver noise
figure, implementation efficiency, etc. and would quote a minimum
receiver input signal strength, its sensitivity to meet a stated BER.
The reference BER is usually 10-6
2.5.2 FREE SPACE LOSS EQUATION
The free space loss, expressed in decibels, is a function of distance
and frequency and is the loss between two antennas unaffected as:
The free space loss equation is express as:
LFS = 10log 4d x 103 x F x 109

3 x 108

12

dB

LFS = 92.44 + 20logF + 20 log d dB


Where F = frequency in GHz, d = distance in Km
2.5.3 ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION LOSS
In practice a terrestrial fixed link is not propagating through a
vacuum, but rather the various gases that make up the earths
atmosphere. Water vapour and Oxygen molecules in particular,
interact with electromagnetic wave energy of specific frequencies to
produce oscillation or molecular resonance within their structure.
This excitation of the molecules draws power from the
electromagnetic wave causing strong attenuation, called Specific
Attenuation. The overall attenuation on a link at a given frequency is
calculated from:
La = (Specific Attenuation x Path length) dB
2.5.4 LINK BUDGET
The purpose of power budget is to ensure that there is sufficient
received power to enable the system to meet a minimum
requirement for specified amount of time.
The overall basic power budget is express as:
Pr = Pt + (Gt + Gr) (LFS + La + LFTX + LFRX+ Ld + Ld)
Where Pr and Pt = transmit and receive power (dBw)
Gt and Gr = transmit and receive antenna gains (dBi)
LFS = free space loss (dB)
La = atmospheric absorption loss (dB)
LF = feeder loss (dB) at Tx and Rx
Ld = duplexer loss (dB)
2.5.4 EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP)
The EIRP may be calculated as the transmit power minus any
transmit site RF losses plus the transmit antenna gain.
EIRP = Pt + Gt (LFTX + Ldt + )dBm

13

The maximum will typically be a condition of the license as will be


the minimum antenna gain.
2.6

FADE MARGIN

In practice the receiver level will fluctuate due to rain or multipath


fading and a target figure above the sensitivity will have to be set to
allow for this. This additional power requirement is termed the fade
margin or Link fade.

Fading: Some losses will vary greatly in amplitude with time,


making them hard to quantify, in particular;
o Propagation disturbances and anomalous propagation
o Rainfall attenuation
o Multi-path attenuation

When one or more of these effects takes place the received signal
strength will be reduced, often dramatically, from the mean valve
calculated so far.
The drop in received signal strength is referred to as fading and
takes two forms:
o Flat or power fading
o Selective fading

Rain fade margin: depends upon a number of factors, i.e. path


length, polarization, availability required and climatic rain
zone.

2.7

WORK AUTHORIZATION

A transmission planning tool called PATH LOSS is used to prepare the


final link profile that contains the following information that would
enable the implementation of the microwave radio:

Site description and location

Equipment type/description

Antenna type, size, direction and height

14

Path length

System performance calculation

Frequency plan

The path profile for the sites on Abuja metro ring are shown on the
Appendix A. The sites are Aso Delight, Dawaki New Layout,
Oduduwa, Idu Industrial Estate, Durumi Hill and Abuja Switch Office.
These sites are the metropolitan backbone of Abuja voice traffic,
each sites have more than 5sites and each 5 sites have other sites
hopping from it and so on.
2.8

Implementation of Harris MegaStar 4+1 SDH Radio

For this project the Harris radio was implemented in two parts:
Indoor installation which consist of the radio units/dehydrator and
Outdoor installation which consist of the antenna/waveguide
installation.
2.8.1 ANTENNA INSATLLATION
The following steps were taking for the antenna and waveguide
installation at the six Harris metro sites:

Deliver the materials from the warehouse to site and taking


inventory of all materials on site. And report shortages within
24hours.

Assembling the Andrew antenna members and hoisting the


antenna at the specified height and azimuth (direction)
according to the Work Authorization.

Install four runs of EWW77 waveguide, two to each antenna.

Install three grounding kits per line: at both the top and the
bottom of the tower and at the shelter.

Terminate the lines inside the shelter above the newly


installed radio

Install a pressure window and a 2-ft flex twist section to the


radio

15

Align the path of the Andrews antenna to the calculated


receive value.

Install a dehydrator and manifold, pressurize all lines and


check for air leaks.

Perform VSWR tests on the waveguide and antennas. Record


two copies on date: one copy to be left on site the other to be
returned to the office.

Site clean up and return any unused materials back to the


warehouse

2.8.2 RADIO INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING


The following steps were taking for the MegaStar radio installation
at the six Harris metro sites:

Heed to all warning labels that are permanently affixed to the


equipment. Especially, electrical precautions and verify that
grounding configuration compiles with local code practice and
requirements.

Unpacking the Megastar radio from the shipping crate and


check for external damage. Check for bill of material

The Site is prepared with DC power source 18 to 60V and


proper lighting, ventilation, and access to both front and back
of the radio

Install the Megastar radio rack as specified in the sale order


specific information (Engineering Work Order)

Install one end of the grounding cable to the Megastar rack


and the other end of the premises ground bar in accordance
with local procedures.

Use a digital meter to test battery (source) voltage. Battery


polarity maybe positive or negative with respect to ground

Install the waveguide from antenna to ACU flange; ground the


antenna waveguide according to the recommended practice.

16

Pressurize the waveguide, and check all waveguide


connection for leaks
The commissioning of the MegaStar was carried out as follows:

Ensure that the right fuses are installed, turn on the circuit
breaker from the main power distribution

On the power amplifier assembly faceplate, flip the power


switch to ON. Do not continue until the radio has warmed up
for an hour.

Measure and record the PLS reference frequency. Do not


adjust the PLS until the MegaStar has warmed up for a
minimum of 24hours

Verify combiner null port if parallel PAs equipped, adjust the


phase until the combiner reads below 0dBm

Measure top of rack power, ad the value read on the power


meter to the value on the coupling loss sticker to determine
TOR power.

Connecting the PC with FASCAN software using a null modern


cable

Configure the SPU controller switch setting for MegaStar 4+1


configuration specified by the Work authorization.

Align the antenna for better receive level and cross pole value
while monitoring with FASCAN computer. Perform performance
monitoring which can be achieved by using MegaStar built in
performance monitoring counters.

2.9

Acceptance Test Procedure of Harris MegaStar 4+1 SDH

radios

17

CHAPTER THREE
OVERVIEW OF ERICSSON DXX6340 (Switch Node)
MULTIPLEXER
3.1

SDH PRINCIPLES

SDH enables dynamic drop-and-insert capabilities on the payload.


PDH operators, instead, would have to demultiplex and remultiplex
the higher-rate signal, causing delays and requiring additional
hardware.
This fact is represented in the picture: for transporting a PDH level 1
signal over a PDH level 4 systems a great number of equipment is
needed. Because of the non-synchronous nature of the multiplexing,
to gain access to a 2048 kbit/s signal means that the whole line
signal structure must be demultiplexed step-by-step down to the
2048 kbit/s level. From the cost perspective, gaining access to a
tributary signal for re-routing purposes covers only one half of the
equipment bill. The other half appears after re-routing since the
tributary signal must also be re-multiplexed step by step back into
the line signal for transmission. The same target can be
accomplished in a SDH level 1 system with only one multiplexer.

18

PDH Basics - Add/Drop multiplexer


34 Mbit/s
140M
LTU

140

140

34

34

140M
LTU

8 Mbit/s
34

34

2 Mbit/s

extensive asynchronous
multiplexing/demultiplexing
required (lots of PLLs etc.)!

inflexible upgrading
2 Mbit/s to customer

limited/proprietary supervision
(no management standards)

Fig.3.1 PDH Basic showing Add/Drop multiplex

SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer

STM - N

synchronous
mux/demux

STM - N

map/demap

2 Mbit/s to customer

few asynchronous multiplexing/demultiplexing stages


very flexible upgrading
comprehensive supervision (management standards)
7

Fig.3.2 SDH showing Add/Drop Multiplexer

19

Terminal

Multiplexer

terminate

lower

order

signals

called

tributaries and multiplex these into a Higher order signal called


Aggregate.
Typical tributaries are 2Mbs and 34 Mbs (PDH signals) and the
aggregate signal can be STM-1 (155Mbs),

STM-4 (622Mbs),

and

STM-16 (2488Mbs), The exact number of tributary ports depends on


the configuration If the Aggregate signal is STM-4 or STM-16, the
tributary can be STM-1 (155Mbs),
A Terminal Multiplexer is always bi-directional, so aggregate signals
are also terminated and demultiplexed to a number of tributaries.
STM-1

(155Mbs)

signals

can

be

optical

or

electrical

but,

STM-4 (622Mbs) and STM-16 (2488Mbs) only exist as optical signals

Terminal Multiplexer

STM-N
or
PDH

STM-M

TM

Lover order signals

Higher Order signal

Terminates regenerator and multiplexer-section overhead


Terminates higher-order and lower-order path overhead
Multiplexing/mapping of tributary signals
May include a connection function for allocation
of TUs within the STM frame
Includes timing and management functions
11

Fig.3.3 Terminal Multiplexer

An Add / Drop Multiplexer also terminate lower order tributary


signals and multiplex these into higher order aggregate signals.

20

In an Add / Drop Multiplexer there are two aggregate ports, so lower


order tributary signals in the higher order aggregate signal, can
either pass through or be added / dropped.
The exact number of tributary ports depends on the configuration
The signals are the same as for the Terminal multiplexer
Typical tributaries are 2Mbs and 34 Mbs (PDH signals) and the
aggregate signal can be STM-1 (155Mbs), STM-4 (622Mbs), and
STM-16 (2488Mbs), If the Aggregate signal is STM-4 or STM-16, the
tributary can be STM-1 (155Mbs),
A Terminal and Add/Drop Multiplexer is always bi-directional, so
aggregate signals are also terminated and demultiplexed to a
number of tributaries.
STM-1 (155Mbs) signals can be optical or electrical but,
STM-4 (622Mbs) and STM-16 (2488Mbs) only exist as optical signals

Add/Drop Multiplexer
STM-M

STM-M
ADM

Higher Order signal

Higher Order signal

Lover order signals

STM-N or PDH

Terminates regenerator and multiplexer-section overhead


Terminates higher-order and lower-order path overhead
Terminates lower-order path for terminating PDH signals
Multiplexing/mapping of tributary signals
Includes a connection function for allocation of TUs within the STM frame
Includes connection function between the two aggregate signals
Includes timing and management functions
12

Fig.3.4 Add/Drop Multiplexer

SDXC - SDH Digital Cross Connect


A Cross Connect also terminates lower order tributary signals and
multiplexes these into higher order aggregate signals. In a Cross

21

Connect there are number aggregate ports, depending on the


configuration. In a FOCUS LX the basic functionality is the same
whether its used as a Terminal, Add/drop multiplexer or Cross
Connect configuration. The exact number of tributary and aggregate
ports depends on the configuration .The signals can be the same as
for the Terminal and Add/drop multiplexer, except that STM-16
Aggregate signals are presently not possible.

Examples of a Cross Connect


SDXC 4/1
STM 4

4 x AU4

STM 1

1 X AU4

STM 1

Higher
HigherOrder
Order
((HO)
HO)
AU4
AU4/ /VC4
VC4
Cross
Crossconnect
connect

1 X AU4

4 x AU4

STM 4

1 X AU4

STM 1

1 X AU4

STM 1

---STM 1

1 X VC4

140 Mb/s

1 X VC4

34/45 Mb/s
2 Mb/s

1 X VC3
1 x VC12

Lower
LowerOrder
Order
(LO)
(LO)
VC
VC44VC3
VC3 VC12
VC12
Cross
Crossconnect
connect

1 X VC4

STM 1

1 X VC4

140 Mb/s

1 X VC3

34/45 Mb/s

1 x VC12

2 Mb/s

13

Fig.3.5 Example of a Cross Connect

The standardized line rates used in SDH. All levels are optical
signals; however STM-1 could also be electrical. Tellabs terminal
equipment can handle line rates from STM-1 to STM-16 level. STM64 transponders are available for DWDM systems STM-256 is for
future use.

22

SDH Signal Hierarchy and Line Rates


Line Rate
Mbit/s

Synchronous
Transport Module
STM -1

155.520 *

STM -4

622.080

STM -16

2488.320 (2,5Gbit/s)

STM -64

9953.280 (10 Gbit/s)

STM -256

39813.120 (40Gbit/s)

* Both electrical and optical interfaces


19

Fig.3.6 SDH Signal Hierarchy and Line Rates

Mapping in Tellabs 6300


PCM ORDER

BIT RATE

0.

64 kbit/s

1.

2.048 Mbit/s

2.

8.448 Mbit/s

3.

34.368 Mbit/s

4.

139.264 Mbit/s

STM LEVEL

BIT RATE

1-3 X 21 2M (VC12)

1-3 X 34/45M (VC3)

1 X VC4

STM-1

155 Mbit/s

4 X VC4

STM-4

622 Mbit/s

16 X VC4

STM-16

2,5 Gbit/s

64 X VC4

STM-64

10 Gbit/s

20

Fig.3.7 Mapping in Tellabs 6300

23

In 1990, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute


(ETSI) selected a subset of the original SDH specification as the
standard for use by members of the European Union. It is also used
by many countries outside the EU.
The channel capacity provided by an STM-1 has been designed to
provide transport for a 139 Mbit/s tributary signal but at the same
time different PDH frames can be transported using the STM-N
frame. For having some kind of structure the STM-N payload has
been divided in smaller parts called Tributary Units (TUs) or
Administrative Units (AUs), which have a fixed position in the frame.

SDH Multiplexing Structure (ETSI)


STM-N

xn

AUG

x1

AU-4

VC-4

x3

x1

TUG-3

C-4

139264 kbit/s

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

44736 kbit/s
34368 kbit/s

TU-2

VC-2

C-2

(6312 kbit/s)

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s

VC-11

C-11

(1544) kbit/s

x7
Groups

x1

TUG-2

Pointer processing

x3

Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping

21

Fig.3.8 SDH Multiplexing Structure

When visualized as a block the first 9 bytes of each row carry


overhead
In order for SDH to easily integrate digital services into its hierarchy,
it operates at the basic rate of 8 kHz, or 125 s per frame, so the
frame rate is 8000 frames per second. The bit rate of the basic SDH
signal structure results in 155.52 Mbit/s (i.e., 2430 bytes/frame 8
bits/byte 8000 frames/second = 155520 kbit/s).
24

When visualized as a block the first 9 bytes of each row carry


overhead information, the remaining 261 bytes carry payload. The
overhead capacity is 9 bytes/segment 9 segments = 81
overhead bytes, which is much more than 1 byte in the E1 frame.
The remaining 261 columns of the frame, a total of 2349 bytes, are
called the payload. In fact, inside the payload of the STM-1 frame
overhead bytes can be found also, but they are overhead of objects
of different layers, not the frame.
At 8000 frames/s, each byte within the SDH signal structure
represents a channel bandwidth of 64 kbit/s (8 bits/byte 8000
bytes/s = 64 kbit/s). This is the same bit rate as a PCM voice
channel.

STM1 Frame
155.520 Mbit/s serial signal
F

125us
2430 b yt e s
1

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

O ve rhe a d

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9 b y te s

261 b yte s

9
261 b yte s
p a y lo a d

9 BYTES + 261 BYTES = 270 BYTES 270 BYTES x 9 = 2430 BYTES


2430 BYTES/FRAME x 8 BITS/BYTE x 8000 FRAMES/SEC = 155.520Mbit/s
22

Fig.3.9 STM1 Frame

The PDH traffic is packed inside Virtual Containers. This operation


is called mapping. The size of the VC is according to the capacity of
the PDH frame inside. These VCs, after being assembled in the TTP,
are placed inside TUs or AUs, which sizes are corresponding to the
VC sizes. There are TU-12 (which can carry one VC-11 or one VC-12),

25

TU-2 (VC-2), TU-3 (for VC-3) and AU-4 (VC-4). Inserting a VC inside a
TU/AU is called aligning.

Container (C)
Containers are the basic payload unit in the SDH system
Containers are also carrying end-user information
besides the payload in the overhead

C4

4. level 140 Mbit/s

C3

3. level 34/45 Mbit/s

C2

2. level 6/ (8) Mbit/s

C1.2

1. level 2 Mbit/s

C1.1

1. level 1,55Mbit/s

C12
Justification bytes
= mapping rate adaption

2 Mbit/s plesiochronous stream

23

Fig.3.10 Container

The Tellabs 6340 product family is part of the TELLABS product

Virtual Container (VC)

range for telecommunication transmission networks based on the


standards and recommendations of SDH from ETSI and ITU. Other
A Virtual
Container
comprises:
parts are
the 6310,
6320,
the 6330, and the 7200 (WDM)
a Container

VC12

Which is the basic payload unit

Path Overhead

POH
POH

and the POH (Path Overhead)


The Path Overhead contains information
for maintenance and supervision.
Lower order Path Overhead (one byte called -5)
V
in level 1&2, and 9 bytes in level 3&4
(Higher order Path overhead)

C
C

Container

24

Fig.3.11 Vitual Container

26

Tributary Unit (TU)


A Tributary Unit comprises:
TU12

a Virtual Container (VC)

TU Pointer

Contains the basic payload


and the POH (Path Overhead)

and the Tributary Unit Pointer


A pointer points out the start of the VC
and eventual change of pointer value,
which allows dynamic alignment of the
VC within the TU frame

VC12

Virtual Container

25

Fig.3.12 Tributary Unit

TUG Structure in a VC4 in Tellabs 6300

V
C
4

TUG 3
no.1

TUG 3
no. 2

TUG 3
no. 3

P
O
H

TUG 3 capacity:
48.768 Mbit/s
One TUG 3 contains
either:
one 34/45 M signal
or
21 x 2M signals

26

Fig.3.13 TUG Structure in a VC4 in Tellabs 6300

27

KLM Co-ordinates used in Tellabs 6300


TUG Structure
TUG3-1

TUG3-2

TU12-1 TU12-2 TU12-3

V
C
4
P
O
H

TUG3-3

TUG2-1
TUG2-2
TUG2-3
TUG2-4

VC-12
VC-12

K: TUG-3 number
(values 1-3)
L: TUG-2 number
(values 1-7)

TUG2-5
TUG2-6

M: TU-12 number
(values 1-3)

TUG2-7

TU12 no. 1-4-2

TU12 no. ?
27

Fig.3.14 STM1 SOH (Section Overhead)

SOH - Section Overhead


The SOH relates to a certain network section
Multiplexer sections

Regenerator sections

SDH
terminal
multiplexer

AddDrop
Multiplexer
or SDXC

SDH
terminal
multiplexer
Regenerator

Regenerator
POH

Path

28

Fig.3.15 SOH Section Overhead

28

STM1 SOH (Section Overhead)


3.2

9 Bytes

261 Bytes

ERICSSON DXX6340 (Switch Node) MULTIPLEXER


A1 A16340
A1 A2
A2 A2family
J0 is partJ1
The Tellabs
product
of the TELLABS product
B1
E1
F1
B3
D1 telecommunication
D2
D3
C2 networks
range for
transmission
based on the
C4 Data
Administrative Unit Pointer(s) G1
Payload
standards
recommendations
B2 and
B2 B2
K1
K2 of SDH
F2from ETSI and ITU. Other
D4
D5
D6
H4
parts are the 6310, 6320, the 6330, and the 7200 (WDM)
D7
D8
D9
F3
D10
D11
D12
K3TM or SDXC configuration
ADM,
S1
M1 E2
N1
STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, DWDM aggregate
9 Rows
interfaces

RSOH = Regenerator Section Overhead

MSOH = MultiplexerSection Overhead


2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 45 Mbit/s,
POH = VC4 Path Overhead

Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, ATM,


STM-1 and STM-4 Tributary
Interfaces

29

Lower-Order and Higher-Order


Connectivity (VC-12, VC-3, VC-4)

Fig.3.16 shows the Tellabs DXX6340

The Tellabs 6340 network element can be used as an Add-Drop


Multiplexer (ADM-16, ADM-4 or ADM-1), Terminal Multiplexer (TM-16,
TM-4 or TM-1) or Synchronous Digital Cross-Connect (SDXC 4/3/1).
The aggregate interfaces can be STM-16, STM-4 or STM-1 and the
tributary interfaces STM-4, STM-1, Gigabit Ethernet, Fast Ethernet,
ATM, 45 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s. The cross-connections in this
node are done at Higher Order level (VC-4) and Lower Order level
(VC-12 and VC-3). The higher-order cross-connection matrix has 48
ports. Maximum 16 STM-1 equivalents can be dropped in the node.
In higher-order, STM-1 and STM-4 can be dropped. A maximum of 8
STM1 equivalent signals can be lower order connected. The lowerorder connectivity makes it possible to have direct drop of 2 Mbit/s,
34 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s.

29

In the Tellabs 6340 product family it is possible to add equipment


protection to the network element. All interfaces and modules can
be either equipment protected or network protected.
Tellabs 6340 is built with the front-access subrack called the SF3.
The network elements consist of one main and 0-4 tributary
subrack.
Mmanagement of the Tellabs 6340 (like any other product) can be
performed from a local craft terminal, or from a network
management system.
3.3

Transmission Topology Design of Ericsson DXX6340


multiplexers in

MTN Network

The Tellabs 6340 NE can be configured as an add-drop multiplexer


(ADM), terminal multiplexer (TM) or synchronous digital crossconnect (SDXC).
A Tellabs 6340 configured as an ADM contains two modules as
aggregate. It adds and/or drops tributary signals (at the VC-4, VC-3
or VC-12 level) to and from an STM-1, STM-4 or STM-16 SDH line.
This configuration is called ADM1, ADM4 or ADM16, respectively.
A Tellabs 6340 configured as a TM is similar to the ADM, but
contains only one module as aggregate, and a number of tributary
modules. It multiplexes tributary signals to and from an STM-1, STM4 or STM-16 SDH line. This configuration is called TM1, TM4 or TM16,
respectively.
A Tellabs 6340 configured as an SDXC contains a number of
modules configured as aggregates and a number as tributary
modules. It multiplexes tributary signals to and from STM-1 or STM-4
SDH lines. It cross-connects tributary STM-1, 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s
and/or 45 Mbit/s and aggregate STM-1 and/or STM-4 signals. This
configuration is called

SDXC 4/1.

The Tellabs 6340 subrack has 22 slot positions for use by the various
modules that make up the Tellabs 6340. The slot positions used by
the modules can vary depending upon the configuration.

30

Full information about the module layout will be given later in this
course; however, there are some rules that must be followed:

Slot positions 1 and 20 are always used for Aggregate ports in


a Main subrack.

Slot 6 and 16 are used for the CXC (Cross Connect module)
(working and protection) in a Main subrack and for EXT
modules in a tributary subrack.

Slot 22 is used for the CMCC (Central Management


Communication Control)
in Main subrack only

Slots 8 to 15 are for Tributary modules (or additional


aggregates) depending on configuration

Slots 3-5 and 17-19 are for Power Supply modules

This slide show an example with the Tellabs 6340 configured as an


ADM16 with the capability of dropping 126 E1s. In this example the
Tellabs 6340 is configured in a single subrack, however, the next
slide shows how the Tellabs 6340 can occupy up to 5 subracks.
The Tellabs 6340 configuration will always have 1 Main subrack, and
an optional 0 to 4 Tributary subracks.
In the Main subrack:
- Up to 4 aggregate modules (2 x STM-16, 4 x STM-4 or 8 x STM-1)
- Tributary interfaces equivalent of
- 8 x VC-4 (2 x STM-4) or
- 2 x VC-4 for PDH (2 x STM-1, 6 x VC-3 or 126 x VC-12)
In each Tributary subrack:
- EXT8: 8 x STM-1 or
- EXT6: 4 x STM-1 + 2 x VC4 equivalents for PDH signals
(6 x VC-3 or 126 x VC-12 or mix hereof)
Note that not all tributary positions are available at the same time.
The Tellabs 6340 can be used for implementing STM-4, STM-16
regional/metropolitan rings with nodes that drop off a mixture of
2/34/45 Mbit/s and STM-1/STM-4 signals.

31

The built-in 16-port lower order cross-connect and the capability of


dropping an entire STM-16 worth of capacity may be used to
interconnect STM-16 rings at the VC-12 and VC-4 level. Or as
termination and interworking point for a number of STM-1 rings or
for direct interworking between STM-1 and STM-4 rings.
As 16-port SDXC 4/1 equipment there are also many grooming and
consolidation applications for the Tellabs 6340. It can be used in
combination with products with only VC-4 connectivity as e.g. the
AC4. For smaller offices, the Tellabs 6340 may be used as a
managed distribution frame for 2 Mbit/s signals.
Tellabs 6340 can be integrated with 6200 DWDM system to
terminate DWDM channels direct into the SDH network without the
use of transponders. 35 STM16 interface modules are available with
tuned wavelengths.
3.4

Implementation of Ericsson DXX6340 Multiplexers

For this project DXX6340 main and tributary sub rack was installed
in six metro sites as follows:
3.4.1 RACK INSTALLATION
The front of the rack is prepared for mounting of standard sub racks
with a width of up to 500 mm. The rack can be equipped with up to
four sub racks. The upper part of the rack is reserved for the RCF
(Rack Connection Field). The open top and bottom of the rack
function as cable inlets. External cables (electrical and optical)
enter the rack via the top or bottom. They are routed via cable ducts
in the side panels of the rack to the respective SCFs (System
Connection Field) or directly to the RCF (Rack Connection Field).
Cables from the RCF to SCFs are routed in the rack side member
cable ducts together with the external cables.
Safety earth connection is located at the top of the rack, and on the
left and right side the rack is provided with connectors for antistatic
bracelets.

32

ETSI Rack with RCF


Rack Connection Field
Alarm and Power interface

ETSI Rack
600 mm wide rack for
Tellabs 6300 equipment
Height 2200mm

File Name

Fig.3.17 ETSI Rack with RCF

3.4.2 RCF (RACK CONNECTION FIELD)


The RCF system provides the rack- and station alarm interface,
distributes power to the subracks in the rack and protects against
surge transients in the station power distribution network. The RCF
accommodates up to eight subracks in a rack or four subracks if
protection supply is used. The RCF system consists of the basic RCF
subrack, the rack alarm indicator module and two possible types of
power filter modules.
3.4.3 SF3, 6340 SUBRACK
One type of subrack is available for 6340 network elements: the SF3
subrack. The SF3 subrack is a front access subrack comprising 22
slots for modules. A Tellabs 6340 network element consists of a Main
subrack and up to four additional Tributary subracks, depending on
the configuration. The same subrack, SF3, is used in both cases. The
SF3 subrack can be installed both in ETSI racks (60cm.) and in 19
racks, using special adaptation brackets. The applied lasers are
embedded 1300 or 1550 nm wavelength semiconductor lasers.

33

In case of an interruption of the optical fibre path by accident (e.g.


cable rupture) an automatic safety feature will result in a periodic
shutdown of the transmitter laser. This feature is called ALS
(Automatic Laser Shutdown)
Hence, the laser radiation from any fibre end is restricted to a 2
second period, which is repeated every 70 seconds. This feature is
called ALR (Automatic Laser restart).
With less than 0 dBm (L-1.1 and L-1.2) radiated optical power during
the 2 second period, the time averaged power is less than -15 dBm,
which is harmless at relevant wavelengths. Exposure to laser
radiation risked during service or installation can be hazardous in
case of double fault conditions.

1 Main subrack and up to


four Tributary subracks

Fig.3.18 SF3 6340 Subrack

34

Fig.3.19 Diagram showing dip switch setting

Before installing the modules into the subrack, the DIP switches
located on the backplane must be set. There are three switches for
setting the Subrack ID and four switches for setting the Rack ID. The
switches are binary coded. The purpose for setting the subrack
switches is to obtain information about the rack and subrack
addresses

for

installed

modules

when

using

the

NM2100

management system.
Furthermore the information is used by the CMCC module in
applications using more than one subrack, to distinguish between
modules inserted in the same slot.
Note! After a power-up, these IDs cannot be changed without
affecting the traffic

35

This describes how to install the 600 mm rack connection field (RCF)
into an ETSI Rack. When using a 19 rack, the side flanges of the
RCF must be replaced by special adaptation brackets. Ordering
Number for 19 19" Mounting Set for RCF: NS-0279
Before mounting the RCF, the nuts including clips must be inserted
into the square holes numbered 1 and 4. of the rack side.
Insert the RCF in the rack top position (field 01), where the clips,
holding the nuts, are mounted.

Mounting the RCF

10

File Name

Fig.3.20 Mounting RCF on rack

36

Rack Alarm Indicator Module

11

File Name

Fig.3.21 RCF Alarm Indicator Module

The alarm indicator module CX4009 carries the A, B and R alarm


LEDs and is supplied from the alarm power.
terminal

block

is

located

in

the

Rack

The alarm power


Connection

Field.

A fuse for the Alarm power is located on the module (5 Amp Slow).
This Alarm power is, besides supplying the LEDs, also supplying the
LEDs on the CMCC module via the alarm cable. When inserting the
alarm cable between Tellabs 6340 Main Subrack and the Rack
Connection Field, the alarm power can be switched off by
extracting the LED module, to avoid short circuiting.
A-Alarm = Critical
B-Alarm = Major
R-Alarm = Remind

37

Filter Board with Automatic Breaker


Auto fuse and switch

12

File Name

Fig.3.22 Filter Board with Automatic Breaker

The Filter Board CX4007 module includes a surge filter on -48/60 V


and 0 V. By using the combined automatic fuse and circuit breaker,
the power supply to the appropriate system can be switched off.
The station power supply must be connected to the common
terminal block in the alarm field. The terminal block on the module
must be connected to the appropriate subrack.
Connect 0 V (red) and -48V/-60 V (blue) to the station supply cables.
Connect the optional ground connection to the ground terminal A on
the RCF. Repeat this procedure when protection power is used.
Connect instead to the Power Terminals B.
The label on the inside of the front cover shows the power
connections on the RCF motherboard. Connect 0 V (red) and -48V/60 V (blue) to the station supply cables. Connect the optional
ground connection to the ground terminal of the power filter.
Repeat this procedure for each of the installed power filter modules.

38

Connecting System Power as Alarm Power

The drawing shows the alarm power


Connected in parallel
The Alarm Power can also be
connected to a separate
power source, the Alarm Power
is fused via a fuse in the LED board

16

File Name

Fig.3.23 Connecting System

The Alarm Power feeds the LEDs on the LED board in the RCF, and
via the system alarm cable the Rack Alarm LEDs on the CMCC
module.
To connect the system power as alarm power, connect the alarm
power terminals to the power terminals A, in parallel with station
power.
To connect an external power source as alarm power, Connect 0 V
(red), -48V/-60V (blue) to the alarm power terminal block.
In both cases the Alarm Power is fused via a T 5A fuse in the LED
board, before going out on the system alarm cable to the Main
subrack.

39

System Connection Field (SCF)


C BUS

Electrical
STM1
27

2 Mb/s
Tributaries

Electrical STM1
or 34/45 Mb/s

Slot Numbers
in brackets

Craft Terminal

TISI Cable Connectors

C BUS

Ethernet Sync in/out Power

File Name

Fig.3.24 System Connection Field

SF3 has a System Connection Field (SCF) where all the electrical
connections are made. Optical connections to the modules are
provided at the front of the individual Tellabs 6340 modules and
distributed through the open guides of the slots. There are no
connections made on the rear of the subrack.
See hardware manual for details.

40

Routing Tributary Cables


Max 126 x 2 Mb/s tributaries can be connected in
each subrack. 7 channels in each cable
Input /output in separate cables
Totally 3 x 6 x 2 = 36 cables for 2Mbs

28

File Name

Fig.3.25 Routing Tributary

This shows the details of the 2M (E1) connectors: Each connector


carries 7 channels, each with Input / output in separate cables.
Maximum 126 x 2 Mb/s tributaries can be connected in each
subrack.
21Mb/s tributaries in each module (slot position) so 6 modules with
each 3 inputs and 3 output cables. Can be connected to the
subrack.
The maximum number of cables is thus Totally 6
cables for 2Mbs

41

x 3 x 2 = 36

Pictures of TISI 1

29

File Name

Fig.3.26 picture shows the 2M (E1) cables

Pictures of TISI 2

30

File Name

Fig.3.27 A close-up of an installation with 2M (E1) cables.

42

System Alarm Cables


This shows how to install the alarm cables between the
system alarm connector at the RCF and the system alarm
connector on the S3 main subrack.
Connect the alarm cable as shown.
If power is connected to the Alarm power terminal block it is
recommended to extract the LED board in the RCF to
disconnect the power while inserting the connectors to avoid
short-circuiting.
Note that only Main subracks should have an alarm cable
connected.
The connection schemes for TISI cabling depends upon the
Tellabs 6340 configuration. This will be covered in a later
session.

Pictures of TISI 3

34

File Name

Fig.3.28 System Alarm cable

The picture shows an installation without the 2M cables.


See the gray TISI cables, two sets, both working and
protecting.

43

In configurations using two or more subracks, C-bus cables are


used between the main subrack and the tributary subrack(s).
Their function is to enable communication between the
subracks via the C-bus.
1. Connect the cable between C-bus B connector on subrack 1
to C-bus connector B on subrack 2. If the configuration
comprises more than two subracks, proceed to step 2,
otherwise proceed to step 4.
2. Connect the cable between C-bus A connector on subrack 2
to C-bus connector A on subrack 3. If the configuration
comprises more than three subracks, proceed to step 3,
otherwise proceed to step 4.
3. Connect the cable between C-bus B connector on subrack 3
to C-bus connector B on subrack 4.
4. Finally insert a termination plug into the unused C-bus
connector on the first and last subrack.
Note: In configurations with only one subrack, the termination
plug is not used.

44

Pictures of C-bus cables

36

File Name

Fig.3.29 The picture shows an installation without the 2M cables.

So you can clearly seethe TISI cables, fibers, Ethernet for


management, system alarm cable and C-bus cable to tributary
subracks.
Ethernet cable BNC connectors
Connect the Ethernet cables as shown in the figure.
The LAN 1 Connectors are only used for connecting the Tellabs
6340 directly (or via LAN) to the management system
NM2100.
Remember to use 50 Ohm coax cables like RG58 or similar,
unused connectors must be terminated with 50 ohms.
BNC 50 Ohm Ethernet Termination set order no.: WK-061A
The LAN 2 Connectors are only used for management of ATEX
modules in configurations where they are installed. See ATEX
Manual MA187-02 for details.

45

3.4.4 CONNECTIVITY

32 x AU-4

Higher-Order
48-port SDXC 4/4
Access for

SDXC 4/4
(VC-4 XC)

32 aggregate AU-4 ports


16 tributary VC-4 ports

16 X VC-4

Lower-Order

16-port SDXC 4/3/1

8 X VC-4 LO
(504 TU-12s or
24 TU3s)

8 X VC-4 HO
(8 STM-1s HO
or 2 STM-4)

Access for

8 aggregate VC-4
8 tributary VC-4
equivalents

SDXC 4/3
(VC-3 XC)

SDXC 4/1
(VC-12 XC)

8 X VC-4 eq.
(504 VC-12s or
24 VC-3s)

ADM Usage
STM-16

STM-16
(STM-4, STM-1)

VC-4
XC

16
(4,1)

(STM-4, STM-1)

8
VC-4

VC-12
XC

VC-3
XC
VC
12

STM-4/1 (HO)

Max 2 x STM-4 or 8 x STM1

2M

Max 504

46

VC-4

VC
3

STM-1 (LO) 34M/45M


Max 8

Max 24

Totally
max 8 VC-4
equivalents

Total maximum number of STM-1 equivalent tributary signals available in system.

Table.3.1 Tributary Capacity and TISI Cables

Table.3.2 Tributary Subrack TISI Connectors

Note:
If a tributary subrack
comprises an EXT6
module, connector
C21 must always be
connected to the main
subrack.

47

Table.3.3 SDXC4/1 Main Subrack

Main Subrack
SDXC4/1
The table shows the relationship
between module usage and
connector state, i.e. the
resources that are
left on the connectors when
tributary modules are used in
the Main Subrack

SDXC4/1 Example
8 x STM-1

8 x STM-1 + 504 x 2M

VC-4
MAIN Subrack, SDXC

LO
VC-3/12

RI1

PS PS PS CXC RI1

RI1

CXCPS PS PS

RI1

CMCC

504 x 2M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

TRIB Subrack, SDH|PDH-LO:PDH-LO


PS PS PS EXT6

TEX1P
TEX1P
TEX1PTEX1P
TEX1P
TEX1P
TEX1P
EXT6
PS PS PS

126 x 2M

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

TISI cables to subracks 2-4

Fig.3.30 Example of SDXC4/1

48

3.4.5 HAEDWARE INSTALLATION OVERVIEW

Interfaces
Optical Interfaces
>

STM-1, STM-4, STM-16


>

Optical interfaces supported (Ref. ITU G.957):


( S-1.1, L-1.1, L-1.2, S-4.1, L-4.1, L-4.2, S-16.1, L-16.1, L-16.2)

>

Coloured STM-16 Interfaces for DWDM LI16 WL-16.


Matching the ITU-T wavelength grid

>

GbE Optical Ethernet interface

>

ATM STM-1 UNI interfaces

Electrical Interfaces

>

2 Mbit/s, 34/45 Mbit/s tributary interfaces

>

10/100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet

>

STM-1 tributary, aggregate and sub-deployed interfaces

1/17/2003

The Tellabs 6340 supports SDH, PDH, Gigabit Ethernet & ATM
interfaces.
Application codes for SDH interfaces according to G.957:
S-1.1 = Short Haul, STM-1, 1310nm, Att. range: 0-12 dB, distance: 030 km
S-4.1 = Short Haul, STM-4, 1310nm, Att. range: 0-12 dB, distance: 030 km
S-16.1= Short Haul, STM-16, 1310nm, Att. range: 0-12 dB, distance:
0-30 km
L-1.1 = Long Haul, STM-1, 1310nm, Att. range: 1-31 dB, distance:
25-70 km
L-1.2 = Long Haul, STM-1, 1550nm, Att. range: 2-31 dB, distance:
40-110 km
L-4.1 = Long Haul, STM-4, 1310nm, Att. range: 10-24 dB, distance:
25-65 km
49

L-4.2 = Long Haul, STM-4, 1550nm, Att. range: 10-24 dB, distance:
40-95 km
L-16.1 = Long Haul, STM-16, 1310nm, Att. range: 10-24 dB,
distance: 30-50 km
L-16.2 = Long Haul, STM-16, 1550nm , Att. range: 10-24 dB,
distance: 40-85 km
The coloured STM-16 interfaces for 6200 / Tellabs 7200 Optical
Transport System, are available in 39 different wavelengths
matching the ITU-T grid. These coloured STM-16 interface modules,
are handled as any standard STM-16 interface modules .
ETEX modules:
SX (Short-haul) 1000BASE-SX supports up to 500 meters across
multimode fibre.
LX (long-haul) 1000BASE-LX supports up to 5 km across single mode
fiber.
NOTE: The distance in km is only to be used as a guidance.
Calculated acc. to G.957/G.958 with assumptions:
Attenuation 0.40 dB/km @ 1310nm (G.652 fibre)
Attenuation 0.25 dB/km @ 1550nm (G.652 fibre)
For exact calculation a Power Budget must be made for the optical span.
Attenuation range according to standard end-of-life spec.

1/17/2003

50

LI16

LI4

LI1

RI1

Aggregate Interfaces

Type

Interfaces

LI1

1 x STM - 1

RI1

2 x STM - 1

LI4

1 x STM - 4

LI16

1 x STM - 16

The available aggregate modules are LI16, LI4, LI1 and RI1. The line
interconnects modules LIn support one STM-N port, and the ring
interconnect module RI1 supports two STM-1 ports:
RI1- Ring Interconnect STM-1, supports two STM-1 ports optical or
electrical.
LI1- Line Interconnect STM-1, supports one STM-1 ports, optical or
electrical.
LI4- Line Interconnect STM-4, supports one optical STM-4 port.
LI16- Line Interconnect STM-16, supports one optical STM-16 port.
The optical modules supports different interfaces according to ITU
G.957. Note that also each interface type is a separate item.
Bit-rate

Interface

Options

2488 Mbit/s SDH STM-16


16.WL2

Short name

Optical S-16.1, L-16.1, L-16.2, L-

LI16

622 Mbit/s SDH STM-4 Optical S-4.1, L-4.1, L-4.2

LI4

155 Mbit/s SDH STM-1 Optical S-1.1, L-1.1, L-1.2, ElectricalLI, RI

Tributary SDH & Data Interfaces

2 x STM - 1

>

LI4

1 x STM - 4

>

ETEX1 1 x GbE

>

ETEX2 2 x GbE

>

ETEX4 4 x 10/100 Ethernet

>

ATEX

ETEX 4

RI1

LI1

>

ETEX 2

1 x STM - 1

LI4

LI1

ETEX 1

>

RI1

Interfaces

ATEX

Type

1 x ATM UNI STM-1

1/17/2003

RI, LI, ETEX, and ATEX are the tributary SDH & Data interface
modules.

51

[Note that RI and LI modules can be used both as aggregate and as


tributary modules]
Bit-rate
622 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s

Interface
SDH STM-4
SDH STM-1
ATM STM-1

Options
Short name
Optical S-4.1, L-4.1, L-4.2
LI4
Optical S-1.1, L-1.1, L-1.2, El.
LI, RI
UNIOptical I-1.1, S-1.1
ATEX

155 Mbit/s GbE Opt. SX 850nm MM, LX 1300nm SM

ETEX

Tributary PDH Interfaces

>

TEX31

1 x 34 Mbit/s

>

TEXDS31

1 x 45 Mbit/s

>

TEX33

3 x 34 Mbit/s (always + TIP33)

>

TEXDS33

3 x 45 Mbit/s (always + TIP33)

>

TIP33

Tributary Interface Protection

TEXDS31

21x 2 Mbit/s

TEXDS33

TEX1P

TEX31

>

TEX33

TEX 1P

Interfaces

TIP33

Type

1/17/2003

TEX nn, are the tributary interface modules for PDH ports.
Note that a special module called the TIP33 is mandatory when
using TEX33 or TEXDS33. The TIP33 interfaces to the connectors,
and is used as switch for protection of 34 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s
interfaces.
Bit-rate

Interface

Options

Short name

45 Mbit/s

PDH DS3

Electrical

TEXDS33, TEXDS31

34 Mbit/s

PDH E3

Electrical

TEX31, TEX33

2 Mbit/s

PDH E1

Electrical, 75 or 120 ohm

+ 2Mbit/s monitoring

TEX1P

TEX1Pm

All TEX1P and TEX1Pm are available in Resyncronised or Not


Resyncronised versions.

52

Support Modules
> CXC Central cross-connect Module

to additional tributary subracks


(two if equipment protection is required)

EXT

CXC

> EXT6 /EXT8 modules for interconnection

CMCC

(two, if equipment protection is required)

> CMCC Central Management and

PS

PS

(one or more can be added for


equipment protection)

PS

PS

> PS Power Supplies

PS

Communications Controller

1/17/2003

The CMCC module is a central management module from which the


NE is controlled. It contains a flash memory card where the
application software and the configuration information is stored.
CXC is the main cross-connect module of the NE. It has a 48-port
SDXC 4/4 and a 16-port SDXC 4/1 and it handles the synchronization
function of the NE. The CXC module can be 1+1 equipment
protected.
The EXT6 and EXT8 modules are only used in tributary subracks.
CXC and EXT modules are interconnected by cables. These cables
are called TISI cables (Tributary Internal Section Interface) If two CXC
modules are used for protection, also the EXT module and the TISI
cables should be duplicated.
The power supply for the Tellabs 6340 is handled by the PS power
supply modules. The exact number of power supply modules
needed depends on the actual configuration.

53

SF3 Subrack
SF3 front access subrack
Dimensions
width 449 mm
depth 245 mm
height 474 mm

22 module slots
SF3 used for both main and
tributary subracks

10 1/17/2003

The Tellabs 6340 subrack is called SF3, and has 22 slots for
modules. The modules occupy one or two slots depending on the
module type.
The subrack is closed with a front plate covering the modules placed
in the subrack.
An Tellabs 6340 network element consists of a main subrack and up
to four additional tributary subracks, depending on the
configuration. The same subrack type SF3 is used for both main and
tributary subracks.
The SF3 subrack can be installed both in ETSI racks (60cm) and in
19 racks. One rack can be equipped with up to four subracks.

54

PDH and Data Interface Modules

TEX1P

ETEX1/2

ETEX4

TEX31

TEX33/
TEXDS33

12 1/17/2003

Layout of modules,
see Hardware Installation Manual MA303 for details.

55

TIP33

Support Modules

CXC

EXT6 and EXT8

14 1/17/2003

Layout of modules,
see Hardware Installation Manual MA303 for details.

56

CMCC

Power Supply Module (CM3174-02-01)


> Power Supply Rating:
> The power supply operates from 48 V or 60
F-Interface

V (nominal)

> The maximum available power from the PS


module is 60 W

> Two filtered and equal output voltages of


+5 V and -5 V are obtained. All outputs are
implemented with power share circuits.
This ensures that modules connected in
parallel share the actual power level
equally

Acknowledge
Button

Green LED
Red LED

15

1/17/2003

Acknowledge button
When the button is pushed the current rack alarm will be
acknowledged
Red LED
When the LED lights up, the module contains one or more alarm
conditions. No LED lit indicates no alarms.
Green LED
The green LED is an ON indication.
F-Interface
This five pole connector is used to connect a craft terminal

57

Power System Modularity


Secondary Power
-UB1
-UB2
Surge filter
and/or
Circuit Breakers
/Fuses

Tertiary Power
+5V
0
-5V

Power supply
Modules

Each power supply module


is capable of delivering
37 Watts (CM3174-01-01) or
60 Watts (CM3174-02-01)
CXC
CXC

TEX
TEX

XXX
XXX

YYY
YYY
Traffic
Modules

The total power


consumption for the
Subrack has to be
calculated

The necessary number


of power supplies needed
is inserted in Subrack,
according to the total
power consumption
for the Subrack

16 1/17/2003

The customer can choose to use one of the two secondary inputs
from the station, or use one as main power supply and the other
as protection supply (in case the main supply fails).
The power supply module (PS) convert secondary supplies to
+5 / 0 / 5 V tertiary power.
The power supply automatically switches from the main supply
to the protection supply, if the main supply is below 36 V. The
switching is completed within 500 sec. after the main supply has
fallen below 36 V.
The switching is revertive, that is the input switch selects the
main supply again, if the voltage on the main supply increases to
more than 40 V.
More power supply modules can work in parallel. Enough power
supplies must be used to meet the total power consumption
specifications of the modules in the system.
See Hardware Manual MA241-02 for details on Power
Consumption
More power supplies can be added to provide power supply
redundancy
(M:N protection).

58

Fan Unit
> The Fan Unit is used in configurations
comprising LI16, L-16.2 and LI16 WL

> Three cooling fans are used in a redundant configuration


> Dynamic control of fan speed

Not used

Red/Green LEDs

17 1/17/2003

The fan unit consists of three cooling fans operated in a 1:2


redundant configuration. The fans are placed in a pressure
chamber that ensures a uniform airflow through a
replaceable air filter in to the subrack above.
The cooling unit starts automatically when power is
applied. When the temperature sensor detects a too high
temperature, the fan speed is increased.
Power to the Fan unit is taken via the SF3 subrack with a
special power cable, and an alarm cable is connected to
the AUX alarm connector at the SF3.
To ensure optimum cooling under normal environmental
conditions, it is recommended to replace the air filter every
12 months.

Description

Item no.

Fan module

CM4412

Mounting bracket for fan module

NS-0284

Cable assembly, power cable fan unit

WK-478X-03.0-01

Cable assembly, alarm cable fan unit


59
Filter for fan module
NS-0285

WK-479X-01.5-01

Architecture
UB1 UB2

STM-N

Data Mon

Ext clock

Ethernet F

PS

Agg

Trib

CXC

CMCC

Alarms

5V,0V,-5V
TISI

MAIN
UB1 UB2

C-bus

TISI

TISI

Data Mon Data Mon

PS

Alarms

5V,0V,-5V

Trib

Trib

Alarms

EXT

C-bus

TISI

TRIBUTARY
18 1/17/2003

The core of the transport system is the CXC module, which


holds a 48-port SDXC 4/4, a 16-port SDXC 4/1 and the
synchronization function of the network element. Modules
are interconnected over the TISI interface, which is an STM1 like point-to-point interface. In the tributary subracks the
CXC module is replaced by an EXT (Extension) module. CXC
and EXT modules are interconnected by means of TISI
cables. The synchronization reference sources on interface
modules are brought to the CXC module embedded in the
TISI cables.
Internally the Tellabs 6340 system is managed by means of
a master controller on the CMCC module and slave
controllers on the other modules. Internal management
communication between modules takes place via the Cbus.

60

COMMISSIONING DXX6340 NODE


Commissioning can be done from the 6300 Network Editor or the
Craft Terminal using identical dialogues. Prerequisites for
commissioning an NE are:

Subrack and cables (TISI, C-bus, Ethernet, Alarm and Power)

Modules installed

COMMISSIONING TASKS

Edit the NE Name and Location Label

Create NE Model

Equipment Commissioning (select Subrack and Module Usage)

Configure Optical Ports & SDH Termination Points

Configure the Synchronization

Configure the DCN channels

The purpose of commissioning a 6340 NE is to create a model of the


NE. This model allows you to manage (control and monitor) the NE
from the Network Manager and Craft Terminal. Before you start
commissioning a 6340 that is to be taken into service, you must
make sure that the following tasks have been performed:

The subracks and cables (Ethernet, Alarm and Power) have


been installed.

The modules have been installed in the correct slot positions.

A hierarchy has been defined in the Network Manager in


which the new NE is to be placed

COMMUNICATING WITH NE
61

NSAP (NE Agent Address)


490001 00a0821179fc 01
Area Address Ethernet Address Selector Field

The NSAP address can be


user-defined
Default NSAP address is
stored on CMCC
module (not on the
memory card), and
printed on the front of
the module
The user-defined NSAP is
stored on a flash
memory card. A faulty
module can then be
replaced and, using
this flash card, keep
its configuration
including the same
identify

The Tellabs 63xx managed access equipment utilises the OSI network
protocol for communication between the management system and
the network. The NSAP address (Network Service Access Point) is a
unique address used to identify each NE.
Tellabs

6340

NEs

are

assigned

the

default

NSAP

address

490001<System/Node ID>01 during production.


The Area Address 490001 and the Selector Field part 01 of the
address are always the same. The System/Node ID is the NEs
Ethernet Address (also known as MAC address). Each master module
is given its own unique Ethernet address in the factory, which is
printed on the main board label on the front of the CMCC module. The
first three bytes (00 A0 82) denote Tellabs Denmark equipment, and
the following three bytes are unique to the specific piece of
equipment.
The NSAP address can be changed, but it must fulfil certain
requirements. For example, addresses starting with 49 can be used
for private networks, and with 39 must be allocated by the ISO
organizations. As the 6340 only supports IS-IS level 1 routing, 6340s
that have different area addresses will not be able to communicate

62

with one another. So, if the NSAP address is changed then the NE and
many other NEs may be unreachable from the management centre.
Also, if two NEs have the same NSAP address it will not be possible to
communicate with them.
Note A new NSAP address does not replace the old NSAP address
until a Reset NE procedure is performed.

LAUNCHING THE CRAFT TERMINAL DIALOGUE

Craft Terminal
Equipment view

The Craft Terminal for the Tellabs 6340 is called 6300 Craft terminal.
This is a service terminal used mainly by technicians when
installation/commissioning the 6340.
The Craft Terminal runs on a Windows 2000 platform and the userinterface is started either by using an icon on the desktop or directly
via the PCs start button.
The CT users a suite of graphical user interfaces to enable you to
easily operate the 6340. These GUIs are identical to those found on
the 6300 network manager.

63

Creating the NE Configuration Model

Create the NE Model


The model is stored in the NE
and defines its
configuration
If actual and expected are
different, a module
cannot be managed
Create Automatically
Copy info from the actual
equipment
Used for first time
commissioning of an NE
Create Manually
Used for changes
(adding/removing
modules)

To be able to manage an NE, you have to create a model of the actual


physical equipment. You can create the model automatically by
transferring information directly from the actual equipment or you
can create the model manually. The model is stored in the NE itself.
Typically, you will create the initial model of a new NE automatically
and then, when adding or removing equipment from the NE, make the
changes to the model manually.
You can see a representation of the actual modules present in the NE
as well as the corresponding model of the NE equipment in the
Equipment Commissioning window in Element Manager and Craft
64

Terminal. It is in this window that you create the model (automatically


or manually).
An NE in a network which is managed by a Management System, is
constantly monitored for discrepancies. If the actual equipment of the
NE

differs

from

the

NE

model

(usually

called

the

expected

equipment), then the NE is un-manageable and an alarm is sent to


the management centre indicating the corresponding fault.

Copy Actual to Expected Wizard


Used for creating the NE model automatically
information transferred from HW
Copies from the Actual to the Expected field the
racks
subracks
Modules
cabling
Default value for the Module Usage
If only one possible value the Wizard suggests that value
Use the Wizard only when commissioning
- not when adding or removing modules on equipment i service

An NE model can be created automatically by transferring information


directly from the actual equipment. This can be done using the Copy
Actual to Expected Wizard.
Start the Wizard by pressing the Copy Actual to Expected button in
the Equipment Commissioning window.
The Wizard guides the user through the operation of assigning values
for the subrack and module usage.
Use the Wizard only when doing the initial commissioning of the node.
When adding or removing modules, use the methods described later
65

in the material because you may get bit errors in the existing
modules when using the Wizard.
USING WIZARD
Using the Wizard

System copies the


Actual to the
Expected
configuration,
prompting for
module usage if
necessary
? - A module
where no usage
has been selected

- A module where
a usage has been
selected

- A module that
has no usage to be
defined.

Right-click in the Network Element title bar and select Copy Actual to
Expected. The Copy Actual to Expected Wizard appears.
Assign a usage to modules marked with a blue question mark (?) by:
a) Double-click on the module, or, alternatively press the spacebar
when the cursor is on it.
b) Select the relevant value for the Module Usage attribute in the
window that appears.
c) Click OK.
Note: The Module Usage attribute of all other modules marked with a
green check mark may be changed using the same procedure.

66

Using the Wizard


System copies the
Actual to the
Expected
configuration,
prompting for
module usage if
necessary
? - A module
where no usage
has been selected

- A module where
a usage has been
selected

- A module that
has no usage to be
defined.

Right-click in the Network Element title bar and select Copy Actual to
Expected. The Copy Actual to Expected Wizard appears.
Assign a usage to modules marked with a blue question mark (?) by:
a) Double-click on the module, or, alternatively press the spacebar
when the cursor is on it.
b) Select the relevant value for the Module Usage attribute in the
window that appears.
c) Click OK.
Note: The Module Usage attribute of all other modules marked with a
green check mark may be changed using the same procedure.

67

Using the Wizard TISI cable length


System copies the
Actual to the
Expected TISI
cable
configuration,
prompting for
cable length

In the next window that pops up you can assign or change a cable
length.
When done, repeat for all TISI cables and click Finish
To configure an NE manually you can use a number of single
operations.
1- Insert an Expected Rack in the NE
2- Insert an Expected Subrack in an Expected Rack of the NE
3- Insert an Expected Module in an Expected Subrack of the NE
This method should be used when adding or removing modules to an
NE which already is in service. In which case only step 3 is applicable.
Note that if you instead use the automatic configuration tool (the
Copy Actual to Expected Wizard) you may get bit errors in the
existing modules.

68

Default Module Configurations


A module that is Actual but Not Expected will have the following
configuration:

Any module executing SW has a default configuration that puts the


module in a well-defined state if no other configuration has been
imposed on the module. An actual, but not expected module will use
its default configuration. The default configuration is determined by
the SW, so only when the SW has been successfully booted, the
module is able to use the default configuration (or the management
system defined configuration for that matter).

69

Removing a Module from the HW


To avoid generation of a Unit Main Type Mismatch alarm, first remove the
Expected module from the NE

To avoid generation of the equipment alarm Unit main type


mismatch (by the managed object class called Slot), you must first
remove the expected module from the NE in the Equipment View
window and then remove the module from the physical NE.
CONFIGURING THE DCN
The physical medium for management traffic is via Ethernet, RS-232
or via the embedded control channel DCCR/M. The procedures for
configuring ECC is reasonably comprehensive and is therefore
covered in a later course module
The choice of DCCR or DCCM as physical medium for ECC will survive
a reset to default, but will not survive a reset to factory settings.
Note. The default embedded control channel configuration for a
traffic module is no ECC management.
CONFIGURING THE OPTICAL PORT
The Tellabs 6340 system is classified as a Class 1 laser product in
accordance with IEC 825, so exposure to hazardous laser radiation is
impossible during normal operation and maintenance. When the
system has been installed, the laser radiation is effectively enclosed
in the optical fibre path between optical modules at each end.
70

The applied lasers are embedded 1300 or 1550 nm wavelength


semiconductor lasers. 6340 equipment is configured per default, so
that in case of an interruption of the optical fibre path by accident
(e.g. cable rupture) an automatic safety mechanism will result in a
periodic shutdown of the transmitter laser. Hence, the laser radiation
from any fibre end is restricted to a 2-second period, which is
repeated every 70 seconds. With less than 0 dBm (L-1.1 and L-1.2)
radiated optical power during the 2-second period, the time averaged
power is less than 15 dBm, which is harmless at relevant
wavelengths.
Exposure to laser radiation risked during service or installation can be
hazardous in case of double fault conditions.
MONITORING SDH TERMINATION
Port Mode determines whether alarms from the termination point in
question are reported to the management centre. Valid Input:
Automatic, Monitored, Not Monitored. If you set Port Mode to
Automatic, alarms from the termination point will not be reported to
the management centre until a signal is received. When a signal is
received Port Mode automatically changes to Monitored.
Generate Alarms enables the selection of Remote Defect Indication
(+ also Signal Server Failure for VC4s).
The MS Exc Def. Cons. Action Enable check box determines
whether an AIS is issued when the MS Signal threshold on the
received signal is crossed. The threshold is set to BER of 10-3. An AIS
results in no traffic being received. You can transmit a 16 character*
Trail Trace Identifier (TTI), and monitor a Received TTI. Detect
Mismatch enables alarm generation in case of a TTI mismatch (i.e
Received TTI Expected TTI). Enable TIM Consequent Action
enables insertion of AIS if a TTI mismatch alarm is generated.
*If not all 16 characters are used, then the system will insert NULL for
the unused characters (padding).

71

Configuring the Synchronization


Assign and configure timing inputs & outputs
Traffic Ports STM-n
Station Clocks 2Mb/s, 2 MHz

2 MHz or
2 Mb/s inputs

2 MHz or
2 Mb/s outputs

STM-n inputs

Output

Current clock

The synchronization of the network element can be derived from a


number of sources, both from traffic inputs and station clocks.
The procedures for selecting and configuring timing inputs is
reasonably comprehensive and is therefore covered in a later course
module.

72

Identifiers of an NE

Stored in the NEs DB


NE Identification
name and location label
NE Address (compulsory)
NSAP
The new is used after Reset NE
Password
additional security
User Labels
to identify HW and SW components of the NE

6340-01 Training 1

Room A0.453

NE Identification
A name and location label. It consists of information about the
location of the NE. It is possible to set the address, location, floor, row
of racks, etc.
For example in the:
NE Name:

6350_1_LondonSW1

NE Location:

96 Main Street, Wimbledon

Note: A maximum of 64 Latin1 characters can be entered in each


label field.
NE Address
A globally unique address, the NSAP address, which makes it possible
for the management software to communicate directly with, and
therefore manage, the NE in question.
Change Password
The password provides additional access security to the NE (in
addition to the NSAP Address). The password is required when
connecting to the NE with craft terminal or when using the Network

73

Manager. During production 6340 CMCC modules are not assigned a


default password. Therefore when you first communicate with an
6340 network element, you do not need to enter anything in Enter
Password field.
User Labels
User-defined labels to identify the NE's hardware and software
components. This helps you to keep a track of versions of software.
USER LABEL
You are allowed to assign your own text labels to parts of the NEs making it easier for you to identify a specific point in an NE.
You can assign user labels for the:

NE name and NE location

Rack

All modules, both software and hardware labels

Each connector on traffic modules

OHA channels EOW and User Channels

Fan trays

Tip: The shortcut to a label is L. Select the item in question and


press L
In a telecommunications network it is important that the NE clock in
every managed NE is synchronized, so that when alarms are reported
to a management centre, the times are absolute, not relative to the
local time. The sequence of a chain of events (alarms) can then more
easily be interpreted.
Universal time coordinated (UTC time) is the time read on a clock
situated at 0 longitude (Greenwich, England). UTC time was originally
known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT time).
Synchronizing with PC time:
If your telecommunications network operates in more than one time
zone, or you are connected to another telecommunications network

74

operating in another time zone, then it is advisable to synchronize


your NE clocks by using this option. All personal computers have
clocks that are synchronized with UTC time. Therefore, by
synchronizing all NE clocks with PC time you can synchronize them
with UTC time.
Synchronizing with User time:
If your telecommunications network is a purely local network (it
operates in only one time zone) and has no connections to other
telecommunications networks operating in other time zones, then you
can use this option so that all NEs in your network are synchronized
with local time - which is the same for all NEs.
The System Date and Time is automatically adjusted by 6300NM.

NE Security
Password protection can be enabled on NEs
Any management system connected via F-interface, Ethernet of via ECC must
then supply a password prior to execution of management commands
Only one user/password exists
Routing through a NE is possible regardless of password
If the password is forgotten, the NE must be de-commissioned to reset the
password!!

If the TP4 connection between a management system and a


network element is broken or the cable is removed from the Finterface, the management system must supply the password again.
Note. The NE password is also stored in the management system.
So, if you change the NE Password from the 6300, it will still possible
to make a connection to the NE. However, if another management
75

system tries to connect to the NE it will be prompted for the new


password.
3.4

Acceptance Test Procedure(ATP) of Ericsson


DXX6340

3.4.1

Multiplexers

DXX6340 TESTING

TTI (Trail Trace Identifier) is a 16-byte string that identifies the


transmitter of the SDH signal. It consists of 15 ASCII characters and
CRC of the string. If you specify a TTI of less than 15 characters, the
system adds spaces (nulls).

Trail Trace Identifier


Received
Station A

Station B

Transmitted
Station A

SDH transport network

Station A

TTIs:

> Can be setup in RS, VC4, VC3 & VC12


> Can be up to 15 characters long
> If the Received TTI Expected TTI then AIS is inserted
> Unreliable TTI means that TTI cannot be understood

You can use the Trail Trace Identifier to verify that the signal from a
transmitting NE is routed correctly.You insert the identifier in the
Transmitted TTI parameter of the transmitting NE.
The Received TTI, is the received identifier from another NE, This
parameter is read only. The Received TTI can be compared to the
Expected TTI, to verify that the signal sent to the NE is routed
correctly.

76

You enable the text field of the Expected TTI by checking the
Defect Mismatch: check box. If a mismatch occurs then AIS is
inserted into the signal and an alarm corresponding to Path Trace
Mismatch or Section Trace Mismatch is issued
TTI not read is displayed in the Received TTI field if a port is
disabled. If the acceptance criterion of 16 TTI bytes repetitively
received is not met then <Unreliable TTI> is dis-played.

Setting up TTIs
Received TTI:

Expected TTI:
A user-defined text string
that is the same as the
Transmitted TTI from the
other end of the trail

The TTI actually received from the other end of the trail

Transmitted TTI:
A user-defined text string to
be sent (and hopefully
received at the other end of
the trail!)

Detect Mismatch:

Should a check be made to see whether the Expected and Received TTI are
the same?
If they are not, a Path Trace Mismatch alarm is generated, and AIS inserted

LOOP BACK TEST


A loopback test is a test in which a signal is sent to a network
destination that is returned as received to the originator. A
discrepancy between what is sent and received may help diagnose a
problem. Sending a loopback test signal to each piece of equipment
in succession, one at a time, is a technique for isolating a problem.
The LX loopback tests
You can make loopback tests on the 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 45 Mbit/s
and GbE signal interfaces for an LX NE. For each interface you have
the possibility of making the following types of loopback tests.
77

Line loopback test (not possible on GbE interfaces)

Terminal loopback test

Loop Back Connections


On 2, 34 and 45 Mbit/s signals you can make two kinds of loopback

connection:
Line Loopback
Terminal Loopback
On 1 GbE signals you can only make a terminal loopback connection
Normal Operation

Line Loop back

Terminal Loop back

Switching
Matrix

Switching
Matrix

Switching
Matrix

PDH 2M, 34M, 45M, GbE

PDH 2M, 34M, 45M

PDH 2M, 34M, 45M, GbE

It is possible for you to select one of the 21 x 2 Mbit/s ports of the


TEX1P modules to monitor its output signal at the monitoring point
of the module. All other modules have individual monitoring points
for each traffic port therefore no configuration of the port is
required.
Note: The traffic on both the output and input of the selected port
is not affected. The 2Mbit/s monitor port is unidirectional, i.e. no
input signal is associated with it.
You monitor the chosen 2 Mbit/s traffic port by connecting a 2 Mbit
tester to the PMP connector on the SCF of the subrack as shown in
the figure.

78

2 Mbit/s PMP Connector


> It is possible to monitor the outgoing signal from one
2 Mbit/s port of each TEX1P module.

> Output and input traffic on the selected port is not affected
> It is the outgoing signal which is tested.
The input signal to the port is not monitored.

Output via
PMP Connector

To / from
CXC Module

PMP Connector:
Output signal from one port of each
TEX1P module can be monitored

2 Mbit/s
port

For test and diagnostic purposes it is possible to create Test Access


Points (TAP) and Test Access Connections (TAC) on selected PDH and
SDH ports.
A Remote Test Unit (RTU) (a Test-set) can be connected to the test
port (TAP) and via a Test Access Connections (TAC) this can be
connected to any signal in a connection function.
A Test Access Points (TAP) is a port dedicated for test purposes
A Test Access Connection (TAC) is a connection between the test
port (Test Access Points (TAP)) and the normal signal
Test Access Connections can be used for:
Monitor:
Non-intrusively monitoring of a signal entering a connection function
Split Access:
Splitting the connection allowing for intrusive access to one side of
the connection and the capability of inserting AIS in the other
Loopback:
Looping the signal of a connection while simultaneously monitoring

79

the input and with the capability of inserting AIS in the other part of
the signal.

Test Access
> For test and diagnostic purposes it is possible, on selected
PDH and SDH ports, to create
Test Access Points (TAP)
Test Access Connections (TAC)
A Remote Test Unit (RTU) (a Test-set) can be connected to
the TAP and via a TAC this can be connected to a signal

> Test Access Connections can be used for:


Monitoring
Split Access
Loopback (not VC4)
9

Test Access Points points can be made on the VC-12 termination


point and/or at the termination point at the physical port.
Which one to choose depends upon the application.
For a termination point that has been converted into a Test Access
Point, no cross connections can be made (normal traffic). Only a Test
Access Connection (TAC) can be connected to a Test Access point

80

Test Access Set-ups


Terminal
Loopback

Loopback
Test Access

Near-end Monitoring
LX C
LX D

LX A
With AIS ?

Monitor
Split
Access
Access
TAP
Create Test Access Point
in a TCP (Terminating
Connection point)
RTU
(Test set)
11

Monitor
A single unidirectional connection from a termination point to a TAP.
Split Access
A single unidirectional connection from a termination point to a TAP,
and a single unidirectional connection from the TAP the termination
point.
Split Access with Insertion of AIS
In addition to the split access, an AIS signal is inserted in the signal
transmitted from the other termination point.
Loopback
Can be made on either a termination point or on TAP.
Loopback with Insertion of AIS
In addition to the loopback, an AIS signal is inserted in the signal
transmitted from the other termination point.
Loopback with Monitor
A loopback connection on a termination point and a monitor
connection from it to a TAP.

81

Loopback with Monitor and Insertion of AIS


In addition to the loopback with monitor, an AIS signal is inserted in
the signal transmitted from the other termination point.

Creating a Test Access Connection 1

12

Right click at Test Access Point or a Termination Point to see the


menu. From the Test Access menu, choose the appropriate type of
Test Access Connection, then the Test Access Connection window
appears.

82

Creating a Test Access Connection 2


Purple lines indicate Test Access Connections

Green lines indicate normal connections

AIS

The boxes on
the left side
show the four
different
.
configuration
types

The boxes on
the right side
are used if AIS
should be
inserted
downstream

Monitor alone

Split Access w. AIS

Split Access alone

Loopback alone with AIS insertion

Loopback alone

Loopback with monitor and AIS insertion

Loopback with monitor


13

The Create Test Access Connection window is used to choose the


type of TAC to configure.
The green lines indicate normal traffic connections and the purple
lines indicate Test Access Connections. These colours are also used
in the Cross connection window.
In the boxes on the left side it is possible to choose between the four
different configuration types. The boxes on the right side has the
same configurations but are chosen if an AIS signal should be
inserted downstream (exept for Monitor alone).

83

Test Access Connection (TAC)


Types of Test Access Connection:
Loopback alone
Monitor
Split Access
Loopback with Monitor (not shown)

Test Access Point (TAP)


(symbolized by
).

14

Test Access Connections can only be made to a Test Access Point. If


you try to make a Test Access Connections to a Connection Point
the line will become red showing this type of connection is not
allowed.
The example shows Lower Order VC-12 / 2Mbit/s connections, but
Test Access Connections can also be made on VC-3 / 34/45 Mbit/s
and VC-4 / STM-1 signals.other levels. For the later case some
restrictions exist regarding the loopbacks.

84

Test Access Set-ups


Far-end Monitoring via dedicated monitor trail
LX A

LX C
LX D

TAP
Create Test
Access Point
in a CP
(Connection Point)

Monitor
Access

Configure a
dedicated
monitor trail

TAP
Create Test
Access Point
in a TCP
(Terminated
Connection Point)

RTU
(Test set)
15

Monitor
A single unidirectional connection from a termination point to a TAP.
Split Access
A single unidirectional connection from a termination point to a TAP,
and a single unidirectional connection from the TAP the termination
point.
Split Access with Insertion of AIS
In addition to the split access, an AIS signal is inserted in the signal
transmitted from the other termination point.
Loopback
Can be made on either a termination point or on TAP.
Loopback with Insertion of AIS
In addition to the loopback, an AIS signal is inserted in the signal
transmitted from the other termination point.
Loopback with Monitor
A loopback connection on a termination point and a monitor
connection from it to a TAP.

85

Loopback with Monitor and Insertion of AIS


In addition to the loopback with monitor, an AIS signal is inserted in
the signal transmitted from the other termination point.

Far-end Monitoring

Types of
Test Access Connection:
Monitor
Loopback alone
Loopback with Monitor
Split Access (not shown)
16

Termination points can be made on the VC-12 termination point


and/or at the termination point at the physical port. Which one to
choose depends upon the application.
The acceptance test procedure for on the Appendix B was used to
carried out the physical Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP)
3.5

Problems encounter and solution proffer

86

CHAPTER FOUR
1.1. RECOMMENDATION

4.2

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX A
Abuja MSC
X0014
L6

Durumi Hill
X1034
L6

87

Elevation (m)
498.00
515.00
Latitude
09 04 22.00 N
09 00 53.80 N
Longitude
007 29 05.00 E
007 28 25.80 E
True azimuth ()
190.60
10.60
Vertical angle ()
0.11
-0.16
Antenna model
HSX6-107
HSX4-107
Antenna height (m)
22.00
20.00
Antenna gain (dBi)
43.90
40.20
TX line type
EW90
EW90
TX line length (m)
32.00
30.00
TX line unit loss (dB /100 m)
10.20
10.20
TX line loss (dB)
3.26
3.06
Connector loss (dB)
0.50
0.50
Other TX loss (dB)
0.70
0.70
Other RX loss (dB)
0.40
0.40
Frequency (MHz)
11000.00
Polarization
Horizontal
Path length (km)
6.45
Free space loss (dB)
129.49
Atmospheric absorption loss (dB)
0.10
Field margin (dB)
1.00
Net path loss (dB)
54.91
54.91
Radio model
MegaStar11 STM1
MegaStar11 STM1
TX power (watts)
0.32
0.32
TX power (dBm)
25.00
25.00
EIRP (dBm)
64.44
60.94
TX Channels
Ch3 - H 11325.0000H
Ch3 - L 10795.0000H
Ch3 - H 11325.0000V
Ch3 - L 10795.0000V
Ch5 - H 11405.0000V
Ch5 - L 10875.0000V
Ch7 - H 11485.0000V
Ch7 - L 10955.0000V
Ch7 - H 11485.0000H
Ch7 - L 10955.0000H
RX threshold criteria
BER 10-6
BER 10-6
RX threshold level (dBm)
-68.50
-68.50
RX signal (dBm)
-29.91
-29.91
Thermal fade margin (dB)
38.59
38.59
Dispersive fade margin (dB)
46.50
46.50
Dispersive fade occurrence factor
1.00
Effective fade margin (dB)
37.94
37.94
Geoclimatic factor
1.98E-04
Path inclination (mr)
2.33
Fade occurrence factor (Po)
2.56E-03
Average annual temperature (C)
24.00
Effective frequency spacing (MHz)
37.00
37.00
FD improvement factor
23.73
23.73
Worst month - multipath (%)
100.00000
100.00000
(sec)
0.05
0.05
Annual - multipath (%)
100.00000
100.00000
(sec)
0.20
0.20
(% - sec)
100.00000 - 0.41
Rain region
ITU Region N
0.01% rain rate (mm/hr)
95.00
Flat fade margin - rain (dB)
38.59
Rain rate (mm/hr)
1420.86
Rain attenuation (dB)
38.59
Annual rain (%-sec)
100.00000 - 0.00
Annual multipath + rain (%-sec)
100.00000 - 0.41
Thu, Apr 14 2005
Abuja MSC - Durumi Hill RevSC.pl4

88

Reliability Method - ITU-R P.530-7/8


Rain - ITU-R P.530-8

APPENDIX B

DXX 6300 Acceptance Test Record

89

DXX 6300 Acceptance Test Record for


6310, 6320, 6340, 6345 and 6350
NODE NAME:
DATE:
LOCATION:

____DXX 6340_____________
__________________________
__________________________

90

General Hardware Details


Location
Node Type

DXX 6300

NSAP Address

49000200a08

Hardware Configuration
Number of Sub-rack

Sub rack Type


Main Sub rack

Tributary Sub-rack 1

Tributary Sub-rack 2

Tributary Sub-rack 3

Tributary Sub-rack 4

Power
Power Supply Type

A Only

A and B

Voltage

Measured Voltage

COMMENTS

APPROVALS
CPG Engineer

NWG Operations Engineer

Name:

Name:

Signature:

Signature:

Date:

Date:

91

CARD INVENTORY
#

SUBRACK

SLOT

CARD

RI1

PS

PS

PS

CXC

RI1

11

RI1

16

CXC

17

PS

10

18

PS

11

20

RI1

12

22

CMCC

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

COMMENTS

APPROVALS
CPG Engineer

NWG Operations Engineer

Name:

Name:

Signature:

Signature:

Date:

Date:

92

SERIAL #

INSTRUCTION: Tick appropriate block


ACCEPTANCE CHECK LIST
#

DESCRIPTION

1.a

Node Installed as per WA

1.b

Serial number of all cards recorded

2.a

System A and B power connected


System A and B connected from
independent source
(Either from a rectifier or direct from rack)

2.b

Correct circuit breaker/Fuse rating

2.c

Input Voltage and output voltage of supply


A and B within Range?

2.d

System A and B Power Protection working

2.e

Power Supply Redundancy working

3.a

Rack properly grounded

3.b

RCF grounded according to Ericsson


recommendations

3.c

All sub racks grounded according to


Ericsson Recommendations

All cabling neatly done (with tie wraps)


TISI cabling neatly done

E1 cabling neatly done

CBUS cabling neatly done

Alarm cabling neatly done

Power cabling neatly done

Fibre cabling neatly done

PASS

CBUS termination done

DDF or TJF positions labelled correctly


according to WA

No alarm in current problem list

All TEX1/TEXIP passed E1 test

10

TEXIP protection test

11

EXT protection test

12

CXC/M6-1/M3-1/SIMx protection test

13

Equipment fit for traffic

FAIL

ACTION
TAKEN

APPROVALS
CPG Engineer

NWG Operations Engineer

Name:

Name:

Signature:

Signature:

Date:

Date:

93

94

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