ACKNOWLEDEMENT

In completing this graduate project I have been fortunate to have

help, support and encouragement from many people. I would like to
acknowledge them for their cooperation.
First, I would like to thank constant guidance and encouragement
received from Mr. HARISH SAINI, HEAD, Department of BSc Voc
has been of the great help in the carrying out the project work and
is acknowledged with reverential thank.
I would also like to thanks Ms. SHILPA NARULA, my mentor who
showed immense patience and understanding throughout the
project and provided suggestion.
Finally I would like to dedicate this project to my parents for their
love, encouragement and help throughout the project.

Farheen Chauhan
2452

VISION
To be the leader in the industry oriented quality education and
training and be the countrys premier institute for certification in the
field of information, electronics and communications technology
(IECT).

MISSION
Our mission is to be the best source for quality assurance in
software education.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE

PAGE NO.

Introduction

6-9

1.1 Gas Agency System

.

1.2 Types of Toll Plaza System

1.3 Project Scope
1.4 Terminology

Problem Statement

10

Objective of System

11

Toll Plaza Design and Specification

12

Working Environment
2.1 History
2.2 Front End Details
2.2.1 About Java
2.2.2 How does it work
2.2.3 Why Java
2.2.4 Interface
2.2.5 Why Notepad
2.2.6 Languages used on Notepad
2.3 Back End Details
2.3.1 Microsoft Access
2.3.2 History of MS Access
2.4 Characteristics of Java
2.5 Advantages of Java
2.6 Features and Specification

14-26

System Design

27-36

3.1 Method to design

3.2 Java Framework
3.3 Java Architecture
3.4

Design
3.4.1 Coding for Main page

3.5 JAVA Version

Result and Analysis

36-44

4.1 Snapshots
4.2 Summary of Result

Conclusion

45

Future Scope

47

References

48

INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
1.1 GAS AGENCY SYSTEM
Toll tax is collected to recover the total capital outlay which includes the cost of
construction, repairs, maintenance, expenses on toll operation and interest on the
outlay. The new facility thus constructed should provide reduced travel time and
increased level of service. In India most of the highway projects are given on PPP
basis, i.e. Public Private Partnership. In this the private organization finances and
constructs the facility and recovers the capital from the users in the form of toll tax.
This tax is collected for a reasonable period of time after which the facility is
surrendered to the public. Of late, toll tax is being levied on parking of vehicles in the
urban centres in a move to decongest the streets and reduce the pollution levels. This
concept is known as Congestion Pricing.
Toll Plaza System (TPS) is a web-based portal through which National Highway users
may easily access information related to toll fee and other details viz. current toll
charges; and concessions/discounts available for local vehicles at various toll plaza(s)
in the Country; commercial operation date; date of toll fee notification; effective and
due date of toll rate revision; name and contact details of key personnel on toll plaza;
details of nearest police station; hospitals etc. in addition to facilities available near
toll plaza(s). The portal is GIS based wherein toll plazas may be easily searched on a
map. Toll plaza(s) can also be searched between any two stations with shortest path on
map and applicable toll fee at various toll plazas along the route can be ascertained.
Copy of Gazette Notification for Toll Fee is available for downloading. Toll Rates can
also be accessed through mobile phones by sending SMS to 56070 with predefined
text messages. TPS can be opened through internet on any browser through the URL
www.nhtis.org. This manual is prepared for the public/road users. This Manual
explains in detail how to access various information related to the toll plazas.
A facility is available to ascertain the Toll Plaza Locations as well as the amount of
fee that a user shall have to pay while travelling through a selected stretch of National
Highway. To precede a user has to click on Toll Plaza between two stations.

1.2 TYPE OF TOLL PLAZA SYSTEM

There are two types of toll collection systems available. These are: (i) Open Toll
System, and (ii) Closed Toll System.
OPEN TOLL SYSTEM
In an open toll system, not all patrons are charged a toll. In such a system, the toll
plaza is generally located at the edge of the urban area, where a majority of long
distance travellers are committed to the facility, with a minimum likelihood of
switching to the parallel free route, or at the busiest section of the toll way [2]. Patrons
are identified by their category and pay a fixed toll for it. The local traffic around the
plaza either gets rebate or can use a service lane. The general layout of an open toll
collecting system is highlighted in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.1: Open Toll System

CLOSED TOLL SYSTEM

In a closed toll system, patrons pay the toll based on miles of travel on the facility and
category of vehicle. There are no free-rides. In a closed toll system, plazas are located
at all the entry and exit points, with the patron receiving a ticket upon entering the
system. Upon exiting, patron surrenders the ticket to the collector and is charged a
prescribed fee based on category of vehicle and distance travelled [2]. It has just two
stops for the vehicles whereas open system can have multiple stops. But closed
system is expensive to construct than open system. The general layout of an open toll
collecting system is highlighted in Figure.
Manual toll collection is most widely used collection method in India. It requires a
toll collector or attendant. Based on the vehicle classification, cash toll is received by
the collector. The collector, who also dispenses change, may accept and sell scrip,
tickets, coupons, making an entry of the vehicle in the system and issuing receipt to
the patron [2]. Due to manual intervention, the processing time is highest.

Figure 1.2: Closed Toll System

1.3 PROJECT SCOPE

Here we are going to see some points regarding to purpose behind choosing this topic
& what is the requirement of this type of the project in our day to day life.

Avoid the fuel loss.

Saving of time in collecting toll.
Avoid financial loss.
To monitor the traffic.

So, according to serve of Maharashtra Government carried out in Sept.2010,they

have proposed to get the annual toll collection of 1500 corers/year .But in the present
situation only 1200 corers of the toll value is collected. Means there is loss of 300
cores due to some human errors. So, we have to control this leakage. Now the present
system we have with us on the high ways takes 1 minute to complete the toll
collection process for one vehicle. With this automatic process, it will take just 40 to
42 sec. to complete the whole process. As there is reduction in time for completion of
the process so indirectly there will be no traffic as such & as there is no traffic so no
fuel wastage takes place & the purpose of designing the highways is achieved i.e.
reduction in journey time & also the money loss will be reduced.
A Toll Services Consultant (TSC) for the Maine Turnpike Authority (Authority) shall
provide qualified technical and professional personnel to perform the duties and
responsibilities assigned under the terms of this Contract. Now a days there is a huge
rush in the toll plazas in order to pay the toll tax. Therefore in order to reduce the
traffic jam and to save time & also to reduce the money loss of 300 cores / year. we
have designed project for the automation in toll tax payment. This translates to
reduced Traffic congestion at toll plazas and helps in lower fuel consumption. This is
very important advantage of this system.

1.4 TERMINOLOGY
Some of the basic terms that will be used in the chapters to come have been discussed
in this section. Following are the terms and their definitions:
THROUGHPUT: - It is the number of vehicles passing through the toll plaza over a
short period of time, usually 1 hour.
DEMAND: - It is the sum of throughput and the number of vehicles queued up at the
toll plaza during 1 hour.
PROCESSING TIME: - It is the difference between the time a vehicle leaves and
the time when it enters the toll area. The entry time is taken from the moment a
vehicle stops in the queue.
QUEUING AREA: - It is the area of the toll plaza where the number of lanes of
incoming vehicles increase from the number of lanes on highway to the number of
tollbooths. The vehicles queue up in this area to make the toll payment. Fig. 3 shows
the location of queuing area in a toll plaza.
MERGING AREA: - It is the area of the toll plaza where the number of lanes of
outgoing vehicles decreases from the number of tollbooths to the number of lanes on
highway. The vehicles have to merge with other vehicles in this area before the
highway comes to its normal width. Figure shows the location of merging area in a
toll plaza.
OPTIMAL TOLL PLAZA CONFIGURATION: - It is the one which minimizes the
expected time a driver must spend while travelling through the system.

STATEMENT ABOUT
THE PROBLEM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

There are few problems with Toll Plaza system are shown bellow.

The main problem of toll plaza is how we optimize the queue length of vehicles and
the time of customers in the system. Our goal is to ensure that the toll plaza could
handle the traffic flows without any problems. Our objectives are to determine the
number and different types of tollbooths in terms of single or multiple payment. The
number of tollbooths has to be determined in order to process peak traffic hours
without long waiting times. Two extreme but natural options would be:
To offer all types of payment systems in all booths.
To have separate tollbooths for each payment type.
Clearly, offering all payment systems at all tollbooths would seem more efficient and
provide more flexibility during the operation. However, it could also be more costly
as more operators may have to be employed. The electronic payment systems do not
require manual assistance. Separate payment tollbooths, in contrast, may require more
tollbooths in total and lead to longer waiting times. The nature and the complexity of
the toll plaza required a method capable of dealing with both the queueing processes
and the traffic flows at the toll plaza.
Next problem of the highway toll plaza is to reduce waiting time of customers. If the
time taken by the vehicles in the toll plaza were as short as possible, the toll plaza
would obtain a larger traffic capacity. To improve the traffic capacity, The
relationships among the amount of the time taken by vehicles entering the system,
service time, the number of tollbooths and the departing time of the vehicles must be
considered simultaneously. If the number of the tollbooths increases or the serving
time decreases, the average waiting time decreases and the departing time increases.

OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

The cost of driving these days has far extended past the cost of a monthly car
payment and gasoline. Parking, maintenance, taxes, tolls and insurance can add up
quickly, even if you use a competitive marketplace such as Auto insurance us.

Open-road tolling is a smart technology that offers convenience and could help
lower prices for taxes and tolls.
In an open-road tolling system, the toll operator collects tolls on toll roads without
using booths. Instead, drivers equip their cars with transponders keyed to a credit
card. Users simply drive through a toll plaza at highway speeds and are charged
electronically without having to slow down. Open-road systems also can use
license-plate recognition technology to bill those who don't have transponders.
Currently, 28 states in the U.S. utilize open-road and electronic tolling-collection
systems, but none have expanded their programs throughout their metropolitan
areas.
Here are some benefits of electronic toll-collection in metropolitan areas and a
look at why toll booths will easily become obsolete within the next decade.
If the time taken by the vehicles in the toll plaza were as short as possible, the toll
plaza would obtain a larger traffic capacity. To improve the traffic capacity, The
relationships among the amount of the time taken by vehicles entering the system,
service time, the number of tollbooths and the departing time of the vehicles must be
considered simultaneously. If the number of the tollbooths increases or the serving
time decreases, the average waiting time decreases and the departing time increases.

TOLL PLAZA DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

The Concessionaire shall provide required number of Toll Plazas for collection of toll
as per the Concession Agreement. The fee collection system shall be speedy, efficient

and user friendly. The design of the Toll Plazas should be such that they are
aesthetically pleasing and efficient and the fee collection staff should be quick,
courteous and adequately trained before deployment.
GENERAL LAYOUT: - The general toll plaza geometry of a 2+2 lane toll plaza.
Initially, the numbers of lanes become equal to the number of tollbooths, which is
equal to three in the queuing area. After the vehicle crosses the tollbooth, the number
of lanes merges back to the original width of the highway, i.e. two-lane. A lane for the
extra wide and the exempted vehicles is provided at the left hand side of the highway.
Some extra space is also maintained for the scope of future plaza expansion. The
design specifications for the design of the flared portions are as listed below:
Lane width = 3.2 m in general and 4.1 m for oversize vehicles.
Median (a) Width = 1.8 m (b) Length = 50 m
Transition - 1 in 10 may be provided from two-lane section to the widened width
at Toll Plaza on either side.
NUMBER OF TOLL LANES: - As discussed previously, tollbooths are erected to
collect the tax from the road users. The number of tollbooths depends on the flow of
vehicles on the facility. Following guidelines are generally followed while deciding
the number of toll lanes in a toll plaza:
Peak Hour Factor: Percentage of vehicles travelling during the peak hour to the
average daily traffic.
Number of toll lanes should be corresponding to the forecast traffic for at least 5
years.
Forecast traffic in terms of vehicle/day for all the toll able categories. Non-toll
able vehicles (e.g. VIP vehicles, ambulances, etc) are exempted from the toll tax
and flow through a separate lane.
If the queue becomes so long that the waiting time exceeds three minutes then the
number of tollbooths need to be increased.

Fig 1.3 Toll Plaza Design

A tollbooth is that location of the toll plaza where the tax is actually paid. This section
lays emphasis on the procedures involved in the construction of a tollbooth.

WORKING ENVIORNMENT
2.1 HISTORY OF JAVA

Java history is interesting to know. The history of java starts from Green Team. Java
team members (also known as Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop
a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions etc.
For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited
for internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by Netscape.
Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business
solutions etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naught on initiated the Java language
project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like settop boxes.
Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension.
After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
.WHY OAK NAME FOR JAVA LANGUAGE
Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries like
U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc. In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because
it was already a trademark by Oak Technologies.

WHY JAVA NAME FOR JAVA LANGUAGE

Why they chooses java name for java language? The team gathered to choose a new
name. The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt", "DNA"
etc. They wanted something that reflected the essence of the technology:
revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.
According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk". Since
java was so unique, most of the team members preferred java.
Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called java coffee).
Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym. Originally developed by James

Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and

released in 1995. In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of
1995. JDK 1.0 released in(January 23, 1996).

Fig 2.1 Oak Tree

JAVA VERSION HISTORY

There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable release of Java is
Java SE 8.
JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)
JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)
Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006)
Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)

Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)

2.2 FRONT END DETAILS

Front end part is more important. I have chosen Notepad as a front end. Because it
gives good and more workspace for designing Project and it is more secure than
others. The resulting filestypically saved with the txt extensionhave no format
tags or styles, making the program suitable for editing system files to use in
a DOS environment and, occasionally, source code for later compilation or execution,
usually through a command prompt. It is also useful for its negligible use of system
resources; making for quick load time and processing time, especially on underpowered hardware. Notepad supports both left-to-right and right-to-left based
languages. Unlike Notepad offers only the most basic text manipulation functions,
such as finding text. Only newer versions of Windows include an updated version of
Notepad with a search and replace function. However, it has much less functionality
in comparison to full-scale editors.

2.2.1 ABOUT JAVA

Java is a set of several computer software and specifications developed by Sun
Microsystems, later acquired by Oracle Corporation, that provides a system for
developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing
environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded
devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. While less
common, Java applets run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many
features of native applications and can be embedded in HTML pages.
Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that
will

be

deployed

as byte

code in

a Java

Virtual

Machine (JVM);

byte

code compilers are also available feather languages, including JavaScript, Python,
and Ruby. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the
JVM,

including Scale, Conjure and Groovy. Java

syntax borrows

heavily

from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modelled there are also available in
after Smalltalk and Objective-C. Java eschews certain low-level constructs such
as pointers and has a very simple memory model where every object is allocated on
the heap and all variables of object types are references. Memory management is
handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM. On
November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of

Java

is

used

in

wide

variety

of computing

platforms from embedded

devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. While less
common, Java applets run in secure, sandboxed environments.

Fig 2.2 Java Logo

JAVA VIRTUAL PLATFORM

The heart of the Java platform is the concept of a "virtual machine" that executes Java
byte code programs. This byte code is the same no matter what hardware or operating
system the program is running under. There is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within
the Java Virtual Machine, or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java byte code into
native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during
execution.
The use of byte code as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any
platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler means that
Java applications, after a short delay during loading and once they have "warmed up"
by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast as native programs.
Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included a just-in-time
compiler instead of an interpreter.
Although Java programs are cross-platform or platform independent, the code of the
Java Virtual Machines (JVM) that execute these programs is not. Every supported
operating platform has its own JVM.

2.2.2 HOW DOES IT WORK

Have you ever wondered how computer programs work? Have you ever wanted to
learn how to write your own computer programs? Whether you are 14 years old and
hoping to learn how to write your first game, or you are 70 years old and have been
curious about computer programming for 20 years, this article is for you. In this
edition of How Stuff Works, I'm going to teach you how computer programs work by
teaching you how to program in the Java programming language. A lowlevel programming language is something closer to what makes sense to a computer.
Details for low-level languages are unimportant in the intro CS courses.
In order to teach you about computer programming, I am going to make several
assumptions from the start:
I am going to assume that you know nothing about computer programming now. If
you already know something then the first part of this article will seem elementary
to you. Please feel free to skip forward until you get to something you don't know.
Having said these things, we are ready to go. Let's get started!
I am going to assume you do know something about the computer you are using.
That is, I am going to assume you already know how to edit a file, copy and delete
files, rename files, find information on your system, etc.
For simplicity, I am going to assume that you are using a machine running
Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT or XP. It should be relatively straightforward for
people running other operating systems to map the concepts over to those.
I am going to assume that you have a desire to learn.
All of the tools you need to start programming in Java are widely available on the
Web for free. There is also a huge amount of educational material for Java available
on the Web, so once you finish this article you can easily go learn more to advance
your skills. You can learn Java programming here without spending any money on
compilers, development environments, reading materials, etc. Once you learn Java it
is easy to learn other languages, so this is a good place to start.

2.2.3 WHY JAVA

Simple grammar - Java has a very simple grammar familiar to anyone with experience
in C and C++, which must be 99.9% of programmers. The BNF for Java has about 50
rules; that for C++, about 140. And C++ also has templates and a pre-processor in

addition to the grammar. Java just got quite a bit more complex in 1.5 (excuse me,
Java 5). They haven't even released a new version of the language spec yet.
Portability - These days Java really does run well on all the popular platforms
(Linux was a little behind, until Sun realized they needed them... now it's
just FreeBSD, OpenBsd, and NetBsd lagging) (Too bad that Ruby, Python, Perl,
Squeak don't work well on most platforms... Oh wait, they do!)
Speed - The latest JIT compilers for Suns JVM approach the speed of C/C++
code, and in some memory allocation intensive circumstances, exceed it. (Too bad
Ruby, Python, Perl, and Squeak don't even come close)
Standard APIs - You can happily write your code knowing that the standard java.*
libraries will be waiting on the client for it, assuming a recent enough version of
Java is installed
Garbage Collection- the programmer doesn't have to worry about memory (most

of the time)
VM - see Why Are Virtual Machines Great.
Checked Exception(some people hate this, but its optional) (some ppl love it)
single class inheritance
singly rooted class hierarchy (the reason that lack of templates isn't a killer)
no Operator Overloading
reflection
Inherent support for dynamic linking and loading.
Guarantees of binary compatibility w.r.t. changes to linked code.
fast edit/compile/run cycle faster than what?

I can only attest that this makes Eclipse degrees. It is wonderful to be able to make
small changes to a class and have the recompiled class linked into the running
application for immediate testing. I don't know whether this is possible in other Java
environments.

2.2.4 INTERFACE
An interface is a reference type in Java, it is similar to class, it is a collection of
abstract methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract
methods of the interface.
Along with abstract methods an interface may also contain constants, default
methods, static methods, and nested types. Method bodies exist only for default
methods and static methods.

Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes
and behaviours of an object. And an interface contains behaviours that a class
implements.
Unless the class that implements the interface is abstract, all the methods of the
interface need to be defined in the class.
An interface is similar to a class in the following ways:

An interface can contain any number of methods.

An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name of the
interface matching the name of the file.

The byte code of an interface appears in a .class file.

Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding byte code file must be in a
directory structure that matches the package name.

However, an interface is different from a class in several ways, including:

You cannot instantiate an interface.

An interface does not contain any constructors.

All of the methods in an interface are abstract.

An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an
interface must be declared both static and final.

An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class.

An interface can extend multiple interfaces.

Fig 2.3 Java Interface

Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes
and behaviours of an object. And an interface contains behaviours that a class
implements. A home screen may be made up of several pages that the user can swipe
back and forth between, though Android's home screen interface is heavily
customisable, allowing the user to adjust the look and feel of the device to their tastes.

2.2.5 WHY NOTEPAD

Microsoft's first Notepad version predates Windows. They included it in a set of
utilities they bundled with the Microsoft Mouse as early as 1983. Like subsequent
versions, it was a plain text editor that used the mouse for menu navigation and text
manipulation. However, unlike its Windows successors, it was a DOS program
limited to full-screen operation.
In all versions of Windows, Notepad uses a built-in window class named EDIT. Older
versions included with Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me and Windows 3.1,
imposed a 64 K limit on file size, which was an operating system limit of the EDIT
class. Up to Windows 95, Fixed system was the only available display font for
Notepad. windows NT 4.0 and 98 introduced the ability to change this font. As
of Windows 2000, the default font was changed to Lucida Console. The font setting,
however, only affects how the text is shown to the user and how it is printed, not how
the file is saved to disk. The default font was changed to Consolas on Windows 8.
Up to Windows Me, there were almost no keyboard shortcuts and no line-counting
feature. Starting with Windows 2000, shortcuts for common tasks like new, open and
save were added, as well as a status-bar with a line counter (available only when
word-wrap is disabled). Notepad also has a simple built-in logging function. Each
time a file that starts with .LOG is opened, the program inserts a text timestamp on the

last line of the file .Notepad accepts text from the Windows clipboard. When
clipboard data with multiple formats is pasted into Notepad, the program only accepts
text in the CF_TEXT format. This is useful for stripping embedded font type and style
codes from formatted text, such as when copying text from a web page and pasting
into an email message or other WYSIWYG text editor. Formatted text can be
temporarily pasted into Notepad, and then immediately copied again in stripped
format to paste into the other program. Notepad accepts text from the
Windows clipboard. When clipboard data with multiple formats is pasted into
Notepad, the program only accepts text in the CF_TEXT format. This is useful for
stripping embedded font type and style codes from formatted text.

Fig 2.4 Notepad

Notepad can print files, but doesn't print correctly if Word Wrap is turned on.
Headers, footers, and margins can be set and adjusted when preparing to print a file
under Page Setup. The date, file name, and other information can be placed in the
headers and footers with various codes consisting of an ampersand ('&') followed by a
letter. This is useful for stripping embedded font type and style codes from formatted
text, such as when copying text from a web page and pasting into an email message or
other WYSIWYG text editor. Formatted text can be temporarily pasted into Notepad,
and then immediately copied again in stripped format to paste into the other program.
The date, file name, and other information can be placed in the headers and footers
with various codes.

2.2.6 LANGUAGES USED ON NOTEPAD

The following are links to older Simultaneous Release Languages distributed by the
Notepad Foundation: Ada, asp, Assembly, AutoIt
Batch
C, C++, C#, Caml, Cmake, COBOL, CoffeeScript, CSS
D, Diff
Flash ActionScript, Fortran
Gui4CLI
Haskell, HTML
INNO
Java, Javascript, JSP
KiXtart
LISP, Lua
Makefile, Matlab, MS-DOS, INI file
NSIS, Normal Text File
Objective-C
Pascal, Perl, PHP, PostScript, PowerShell, Properties, Python
R, Resource file, Ruby
Shell, Scheme, Smalltalk, SQL
TCL, TeX
Visual Basic, VHDL, Verilog
XML
YAML

2.3 BACK END DETAILS

Back end part of a system is more important because it controls all the internal
process of a system. I have chosen Microsoft Access as a back end.

2.3.1 MICROSOFT ACCESS

Microsoft Access is a DBMS (also known as Database Management System) from

Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a
graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the
Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher
editions or sold separately. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based
on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data
stored in other applications and databases.

Software developers and data architects can use Microsoft Access to develop
application software, and "power users" can use it to build software applications.
Like other Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA), an object-oriented programming language that can reference
a variety of objects including DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects,
and many other ActiveX components. Visual objects used in forms and reports
expose their methods and properties in the VBA programming environment, and
VBA code modules may declare and call Windows operating-system functions.

Fig 2.5 Microsoft Access

Software-development is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications,
included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately. Microsoft
Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine.

2.3.2 HISTORY OF MS ACCESS

Microsoft released Access version 1.0 on 13 November 1992, and an Access 1.1
release in May 1993 to improve compatibility with other Microsoft products and
to include the Access Basic programming language.
Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements for Access v2.0 as:
Microsoft Windows v3.1 with 4 MB of RAM required, 6 MB RAM
recommended; 8 MB of available hard disk space required, 14 MB hard disk
space recommended. The product shipped on seven 1.44 MB diskettes. The
manual shows a 1994 copyright date.
Microsoft Access 2013 offers traditional Access desktop solutions plus a
significantly updated SharePoint 2013 web solution. The Access 2013 desktop is
similar to Access 2010 but several features were discontinued including support
for Access Data Projects (ADPs), pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data
collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features. Access
desktop database maximum size remained 2GB.

2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF JAVA

Java is Easy to write and more readable and eye catching.

Java has a concise, cohesive set of features that makes it easy to learn and use.
Most of the concepts are drew from C++ thus making Java learning simpler.
Java program cannot harm other system thus making it secure.
Java provides a secure means of creating Internet applications.
Java provides secure way to access web applications.

2.5 ADVANTAGE OF JAVA

Java is easy to learn. Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore easy to
write, compile, debug, and learn than other programming languages. Java is
object-oriented. This allows you to create modular programs and reusable code.
Java is platform-independent. One of the most significant advantages of Java is its
ability to move easily from one computer system to another. The ability to run the
same program on many different systems is crucial to World Wide Web software,
and Java succeeds at this by being platform-independent at both the source and
binary levels.
Java is distributed. Java is designed to make distributed computing easy with the
networking capability that is inherently integrated into it. Writing network
programs in Java is like sending and receiving data to and from a file.
Java is secure. Java considers security as part of its design. The Java language,
compiler, interpreter, and runtime environment were each developed with security
in mind.
Java is robust. Robust means reliability. Java puts a lot of emphasis on early
checking for possible errors, as Java compilers are able to detect many problems
that would first show up during execution time in other languages.
Java is multithreaded. Multithreaded is the capability for a program to perform
several tasks simultaneously within a program. In Java, multithreaded
programming has been smoothly integrated into it, while in other languages,
operating system-specific procedures have to be called in order to enable
multithreading.
Because of Java's robustness, ease of use, cross-platform capabilities and security
features, it has become a language of choice for providing worldwide Internet
solutions.

2.6 FEATURES AND SPECIFICATION

The majority of new features in this edition were specified by JSR 334, Small
Enhancements to the Java Programming Language, led by Joe Darcy with an Expert

Group of Joshua Bloch, Bruce Chapman, Aleksey Kudravtsev, Mark Mathieu, Tim
Peierls, and Olivier Tomean. The origins of these features lie in Project Coin, an Open
JDK project started in 2009 with the goal of "Making things programmers do every
day easier". The project solicited proposals from the Java community for broadly
useful language features that were, in comparison with "large" features like generics,
relatively "small" in their specification, implementation, and testing. Thousands of
emails and six dozen proposals later, proposals were accepted from Joshua Bloch (the
try-with-resources statement), Derek Foster/Bruce Chapman.

SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 METHOD TO DESIGN
The basic environment required to start the project is the Java Development Kit that is
being used for running the application on Java platform. After getting familiar with
that, the next process is what kind of language we are working upon to deal with the
basic core Java, the various controls controlled by the JDK i.e. the Java Development
Kit.
After that you start with your application, first of all, the layouts of your application
are designed which basically deals with the type of Graphical User Interface you are
going to provide to make it look simple and attractive for the user who is using your
application.
When the whole Coding and the layout is completed, the developer who is
developing the project, runs it on any operating system so as to know how the
developed java project runs. To make this project notepad is used where the java code
is written and to compile this command prompt is used.
Now the basic core language i.e. Java, is used to make those layouts work properly
and to shift from one class to the other and setting up all the key actions performed by
the user while using the application or when the project is in the running state.
This field holds the basic coding language written by the user to make the project run
properly. When the whole Coding and the layout is completed, the developer who is
developing the project, runs it on JVD (Java Virtual Device) so as to know how the
developed project runs. To make this project I firstly prepare the layouts for the
screens on the notepad files and then I put the code in the JAVA file and after that I
compile it on command prompt. Once the developer is satisfied, the project can be
posted on the play store so that various users can use it.
By using this method we can manage the database for Toll Plaza. Here different type
of the method and the flowchart are present to show it working.
Let us consider the way of tracking, firstly we start from the choice which is given in
three options.
Admin Login

 User Login

Fig 3.1 Toll Plaza flowchart

ADMIN LOGIN:- Firstly we logged in with admin page, if the condition is true, then
we get all the details, otherwise if the condition is false then we get registered.
USER LOGIN:- Firstly we logged in with user page, if the condition is true, then we
get all the details, otherwise if the condition is false then we get registered.
Through this project we manage the toll plaza system.

3.2 JAVA FRAMEWORK

There are plenty of Java frameworks available on the web, and developers use them
quite frequently to build websites. These frameworks offer lots of functions and
reduce the working hours by leaps and bounds. These frameworks make the coding
process faster, thanks to their inbuilt modules and functions.
Sometimes too many options can confuse you and that is exactly the case with Java
frameworks. If you ask for suggestions in web development and programming
forums, every developer will give you different suggestions based on his personal
likes and dislikes. As a result, it becomes very difficult to select the one framework
that will fit all your requirements.

Here in this article, I will discuss the features of some well known Java frameworks
and I assure you that my sole intention is to not influence your decision. Read the
following paragraphs to get a comprehensive idea and then decide, what suits you
best?
PLAY:- Its a powerful and lightweight open source web development
framework, loved by thousands of developers all over the world for its scalability,
speed and performance. It uses the Java and Scale programming languages and if
you have knowledge in Scale, it should not take more than an hour to get used to
with this framework. The user interface of Play is simple and intuitive, thus it does
not take time to understand the basic features. One of the key features of Play is
that you dont need to compile your codes, just deploy and restart. While
developing an app, you can easily see the new changes by simply hitting the
refresh button. This feature saves a lot of time during web development. It has just
one configure file and rest of the configuration is done automatically. Play also
comes with testing tools that let developers test their application within the
framework.
GRAILS:- Its an open source web development framework which is built upon
frameworks like Hibernate, Spring and GROMS. One of the strong positive
qualities of Grails is the Enterprise Java Beans or EJB support. EJB helps
developers start their work immediately. They dont need to configure the XML.
This framework offers speedy development features and lets you create highly
robust and scalable applications. There are plenty of ready-made modules
available in Grails and you can use them for your work. It offers unit testing
feature and based on your requirements, you can integrate other testing
frameworks as well.
ECLIPSE:- Its an open source, multi language, Integrated Development
Environment. This framework is used for creating rich client side apps. With the
help of Eclipse, you can build native applications that can run on Windows, Safari
and Linux. It also comes with updated features for deploying desktop apps.
Developers can code in Eclipse using a number of languages including SCALA,
Ruby, C, C++ and COBOL. The framework can be extended easily using plug-ins.
SPRING FRAMEWORK: - Its one of the most popular frameworks that help
you create high performing and testable applications. It takes care of petty
usability features so that you dont have to code everything and can focus on the

main features of your project. One of the unique advantages of spring is that it lets
you connect various components and as a result, you can create a solution for
intricate problems. Some of the other features it offers are cloud support, support
to traditional database rdbms as well as new no sql, better security and
compatibility to mobile..
JAVA RUNTIME: - The android runtime consists of the DVM. It is basically a
virtual machine for embedded devices; while like any other virtual machine is a
byte code interpreter.
we say it is for embedded devices, it means it is low on memory, comparatively
slower and runs on battery power. Beside the DVM, it is also consists of the core
library, which are java libraries, which are java libraries and are available for all
device.

3.3 JAVA ARCHITECTURE

At the heart of Java technology lies the Java virtual machine--the abstract computer
on which all Java programs run. Although the name "Java" is generally used to refer
to the Java programming language, there is more to Java than the language. The Java
virtual machine, Java API, and Java class file work together with the language to
make Java programs run.
The first four chapters of this book (Part I. "Java's Architecture") show how the Java
virtual machine fits into the big picture. They show how the virtual machine relates to
the other components of Java's architecture: the class file, API, and language. They
describe the motivation behind--and the implications of- -the overall design of Java
technology.
This chapter gives an introduction to Java as a technology. It gives an overview of
Java's architecture, discusses why Java is important, and looks at Java's pros and cons.
One challenge presented to software developers by the increasingly network- centric
hardware environment is the wide range of devices that networks interconnect. A
typical network usually has many different kinds of attached devices, with diverse
hardware architectures, operating systems, and purposes. Java addresses this
challenge by enabling the creation of platform-independent programs. A single Java
program can run unchanged on a wide range of computers and devices. Compared
with programs compiled for a specific hardware and operating system, platform-

independent programs written in Java can be easier and cheaper to develop,

administer, and maintain.
Another challenge the network presents to software developers is security. In addition
to their potential for good, networks represent an avenue for malicious programmers
to steal or destroy information, steal computing resources, or simply be a nuisance.
Virus writers, for example, can place their wares on the network for unsuspecting
users to download. Java addresses the security challenge by providing an environment
in which programs downloaded across a network can be run with customizable
degrees of security.
One aspect of security is simple program robustness. Like devious code written by
malicious programmers, buggy code written by well-meaning programmers can
potentially destroy information, monopolize compute cycles, or cause systems to
crash. Java's architecture guarantees a certain level of program robustness by
preventing certain types of pernicious bugs, such as memory corruption, from ever
occurring in Java programs. This establishes trust that downloaded code will not
inadvertently (or intentionally) crash, but it also has an important benefit unrelated to
networks: it makes programmers more productive. Because Java prevents many types
of bugs from ever occurring, Java programmers need not spend time trying to find and
fix them.
One opportunity created by an omnipresent network is online software distribution.
Java takes advantage of this opportunity by enabling the transmission of binary code
in small pieces across networks. This capability can make Java programs easier and
cheaper to deliver than programs that are not network- mobile. It can also simplify
version control. Because the most recent version of a Java program can be delivered
on-demand across a network, you needn't worry about what version your end-users
are running. They will always get the most recent version each time they use your
program.

3.4 DESIGN
Write the code in java language on notepad and compile and run it onto command
prompt. The code for the main page is shown bellow:3.4.1 SOURCE CODE FOR THE MAIN PAGE
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

import java.sql.*;
public class midsrc extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
ImageIcon c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c8,c9,c10,c11;
JLabel leb1,leb2,leb3,leb4,leb8,leb9,leb10,leb11;
JPasswordField pas1;
JButton buser,badmin,bexit;
char ch;
public midsrc()
{
setLayout(null);
c1=new ImageIcon("poiuyt.jpg");
leb1=new JLabel(c1);
leb1.setBounds(0,0,1400,730);
c8=new ImageIcon("toll1.png");
leb8=new JLabel(c8);
leb8.setBounds(100,40,650,100);
c2=new ImageIcon("ioo.jpg");
leb2=new JLabel(c2);
leb2.setBounds(420,280,200,115);
pas1=new JPasswordField();
pas1.setBounds(432,440,250,28);
pas1.setVisible(false);
c3=new ImageIcon("pok.jpg");
leb3=new JLabel(c3);
leb3.setBounds(750,280,200,115);
c4=new ImageIcon("adm.jpg");
badmin=new JButton(c4);
badmin.setBounds(453,410,130,30);
badmin.addActionListener(this);
c5=new ImageIcon("shetal.jpg");
buser=new JButton(c5);
buser.setBounds(788,410,130,30);
buser.addActionListener(this);
c6=new ImageIcon("b7.jpg");
bexit=new JButton(c6);
bexit.setBounds(1230,88,110,29);
bexit.addActionListener(this);
c9=new ImageIcon("car4.png");
leb9=new JLabel(c9);
leb9.setBounds(130,600,1165,99);
add(pas1);
add(leb3);
add(leb2);
add(leb8);
add(badmin);
add(buser);
add(bexit);
add(leb9);

add(leb1);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
String s=ae.getActionCommand();
badmin.setActionCommand("Admin");
buser.setActionCommand("User");
bexit.setActionCommand("Exit");
if(s.equals("Admin"))
{
pas1.setVisible(true);
if(pas1.getText().equals("1234567"))
{
dispose();
adminsrc admi=new adminsrc();
admi.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
admi.setTitle("Admin Screen");
admi.setSize(1400,730);
admi.setVisible(true)
}
}
else if(s.equals("User"))
{
dispose();
signin in=new signin();
Thread thread=new Thread(in);
thread.start();
in.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
in.setTitle("User Login");
in.setSize(1400,730);
in.setVisible(true);
}
else if(s.equals("Exit"))
{
int x=JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null,"Are You Sure??");
if(x==JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
midsrc m=new midsrc();
m.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
m.setSize(1400,730);
m.setVisible(true);}}

3.5 JAVA VERSIONS

Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:

JDK 1.0 (January 21, 1996)

JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)
J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)
J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)
J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)
J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)
Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)
Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)
Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014)

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 SCREENSHOTS

Fig 4.1 Splash Screen

Fig 4.2 Middle Screen

Fig 4.3 Registration form

Fig 4.4 Create New User

Fig 4.5 Modify User

Fig 4.6 Change Password

Fig 4.7 Show Password

Fig 4.8 Rate Insertion

Fig 4.9 User login

Fig 4.10 Payment Type

Fig 4.11 Generate slip

Fig 4.12 Check slip validity

Fig 4.13 Check pass validity

Fig 4.14 Show user password

Fig 4.15 Login stock report

Fig 4.16 Slip stock report

4.2 SUMMARY OF RESULT

On an open toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay
a toll. (Not to be confused with "open road tolling", where no vehicles stop to pay
toll.) While this may save money from the lack of need to construct toll booths at

every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll
plazas (toll barriers). It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after
one toll barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free.
Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this
practice, known as "shunpiking".
With a closed system, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway. In some
cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the
amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay
the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no
intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists
travelling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit
the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the
two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon
exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee
at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary. In addition, with most systems,
motorists may only pay tolls with cash and/or change; debit and credit cards are not
accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists
can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls.
The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit
chosen.

In

the

United

States,

for

instance,

the Kansas

Turnpike, Ohio

Turnpike, Pennsylvania Turnpike, New Jersey Turnpike, most of the Indiana Toll
Road, and portions of the Massachusetts Turnpike, New York Thruway, and Florida's
Turnpike currently implement closed systems.
The Union Toll Plaza on the Garden State Parkway was the first ever to use an
automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the
first quarter collected at its toll booths.

CONCLUSION
By doing of toll plaza we can have the best solution over money loss at toll plaza by
reducing the man power required for collection of money and also can reduce the

traffic indirectly resulting in reduction of time at toll plaza. From the above
discussions we can conclude that toll tax is a fee which is used for the use of a newly
constructed facility to recoup the total capital outlay. The private organization builds,
operates and then transfers the facility after a projected period of time. The Electronic
Toll Collection (ETC) system is the most efficient method of toll collection with
minimum delays. But due to its high installation cost its not that prevalent in India.
We can find the optimum number of tollbooths by applying queuing theory to
ascertain the delays in both queuing and merging areas. The optimum number of
tollbooths should minimize the overall delay time. The toll plaza design should be
done in accordance with the Indian Standard Codes available. Toll prices are set in a
way that they attract maximum number of users and the agency should be able to
recover the cost within specified period of time.
As mentioned above the toll rates should not be more than savings derived by the road
user by using the facility. The savings will be perceived differently by people of
different category and people using different modes. For public transport user, he/she
is not concerned with vehicle operating cost. Instead, he/she is concerned with the
fare to be paid for the unit distance travelled. But for private mode, the user is
concerned with the vehicle operating cost and travel time saved. Travel distance,
travel time and toll are taken as deterrence measure. Maximum limit of toll as a
deterrence is found, beyond which the suggested shortest path becomes
uneconomical. Toll is a fee collected for the use of the road, bridge, tunnel, etc. to
recover the total capital outlay which includes interest on outlay, cost of repairs,
maintenance and also expenses on collection of toll. Hence the amount of toll should
not exceed the benefits which the user receive while using the toll road. The benefits
are due to savings in travel time, travel cost, increase in comfort and convenience. The
toll structure should be fixed in such a way that investments and expenses are
recovered within a reasonable period of time. The product of optimum toll rate and
traffic volume finally determines the gross toll revenue.
The entire toll plaza area can be divided into two areas namely queuing and the
merging area. The vehicles line up to pay the toll in the queuing area. The vehicles
wait for their turn to pay the toll at the toll booth. The delay is called as the queueing
delay. Similarly, once the vehicle crosses the toll booth, the number of lanes reduces
from number of tollbooths to the original width of the highway. A vehicle travelling in
a lane has to wait or slow down to allow another vehicle in the adjacent lane to pass.

These kind of delays are termed as merging delays. Manual toll collection is most
widely used collection method in India. It requires a toll collector or attendant. Based
on the vehicle classification, cash toll is received by the collector. The collector, who
also dispenses change, may accept and sell scrip, tickets, coupons, making an entry of
the vehicle in the system and issuing receipt to the patron Due to manual intervention,
the processing time is highest.

FUTURE SCOPE
ETC lane / RFID based tolling system will be used at almost every toll plaza in India
in the near future. ETC tolling systems have been recommended in a report by the
Apex Committee constituted by the Government of India under the chairmanship of
Nandan Nilkeni. Toll collection systems based on GPS technology will be
implemented in the near future. The free-flow system can manage several lanes,
electronically collecting tolls from vehicles as they pass beneath an overhead gantry.
This system is currently being used in countries such as the United States, Australia,
Canada, Chile and Israel. In a free-flow system, there are no lane dividers and
therefore no automatic barrier gates. When vehicles pass through a gantry, data gets
exchanged between tags installed on vehicles and readers installed on gantry. This
exchange happens simultaneously on all lanes at once. Vehicles dont even have to

slow down. If a vehicle does not have a valid tag, the system records the transaction
as a violation, recognises its licence plate automatically, and the toll is collected later.
Total cost of that road.
The duration of toll plaza.
And the remaining balances after each transaction.
Implementation of automatic money debit system
Implementation of image processing for centralize data recording
Designed a system to give complete solution for traffic and transport related problems
such as Toll gate control, traffic signal control, traffic rules violation control, parking
management and special zone alert using the latest RFID technology. It is proposed as
a low cost optimized solution using RFID and GSM mobile technology.

REFERENCES
WEBSITES
Web link Used:- www.tollplazasystem.com
Web link Used:- www.wikipedia.com/java
Web link Used:- http://www.zeegmo.com/tollplazasystem.php