CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.01 WHAT IS AN INVERTER?
An inverter is a device that converts dc power into AC power. The
inverting process can be achieved with the help of transistors,
Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR), tunnel diodes etc. for low and
medium power outputs transistorized inverters are suitable, but for
higher power outputs SCR inverter are essential. The basic
working principle of an inverter can be explained with the help of
the circuit shown below.

Fig. 1.0
Basic diagram of an Inverter.

This is a voltage driven inverter because the dc voltage source is

connected through semiconductor switches directly to the primary
of the transformer. S1 and S2 are switching devices (i.e.
transistors or SCRs) which open and close alternatively at regular
intervals of time. The two switching devices are generally driven by
an astable multivibrator operating at a given frequency when S1 is
closed, the entire DC source voltage applied across point A and B
of the transformer primary winding. S1 remarks closed for a certain
period of time after which it is cut off and S2 closes, it also remain
closed for the same period of time during which the source voltage
v, is applied across points B and C of the transformer primary S2
then opens out and S1 closes. In this way an alternating voltage is
applied across the transformer primary which reduces an AC
voltage in the secondary.
1.0.2 THE NEED FOR INVERTERS
Inverters have become very important in modern technology
because of the need to
produce continuous supply of electric power to
critical loads such as computers, surgical
equipments, security doors, automated teller

machine (ATMs), telecommunication and

broadcast equipments, public address
systems, rechargeable lambs e.t.c.is a major
segment of an uninterrupted power supply
unit (UPS). The inverter is in high demand
because of the advantage it offers against
other alternative ways of power generation,
such as generators, some of which are listed
below.
Table 1.0 advantage of Inverters over
Generators
DESCRIPIONS
INVERTER GENERATORS
WEIGHT Very
light usually heavy
EASE OF USE Simply turn it
ON Pull start by hand

FUEL COST
Nil Diesel/petrol
MAINTENANCE
Nil Usual for motors
NOICE FACTOR
Silent Quite noisy
SIZE
Compact Bulky
The major disadvantage of the inverter is low
power generation compared to generators i.e
100watt-5000watt as against
300watt-50,000watt for generators.
1.03 INVERTER CLASSIFICATIONS
Inverters are classified based on factors
such as input voltage, output voltage power
ratings and output waveforms. Square wave
interval

are the oldest, simplest and cheapest low

power devices. These inverters generally
consist of an oscillator driving switching
transistors that switch the incoming power to
different sides of the centre tapped
transformer primary. The square wave output
is quite far from the waveform available from
normal main outlet, and this can cause
problems on equipments such originally
design with the sine wave power in mind.
Most devices with variable speed such as
electric drills and equipments such as
cordless drills and screwdrivers behave
irrationally when operating on square wave
inverters.
The next step that is close to the mains sine
wave is called the modified sine wave. This

has become popular in many even inexpensive

inverters because it is quite easy to make with
modern electronics. This type of inverters
generally uses a switch mode power supply
that generates dc voltage power transistors.
FETs controlled by output controlled timing
electronics. The modified sine wave is
compatible with electronics but it may induce
long mechanical buzzing.
The true sine wave inverters allow connected
load equipments to operate in the same way
as they wound from mains supply. The only
problem is that true sine wave inverters are
very expensive compared to the modified and
square sine wave inverters.
Finally, the success of this study will be
beneficial to the society at large. Mass

production of inverters will lead to improve

standard of living of the populace and the
nation will move forward in its pursuit of
technological development.
1.1 MOTIVATION
I was motivated by the need to generate
electrical power through a noiseless, portable
and inexpensive source that has no negative
effect on the environment. I also took up the
challenge to carry out this project because of
my quest to know more about power
generation.
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this project is to design and
construct a circuit that will take a 24v dc
input from battery and provide a 500VA (AC)
output with under voltage and over voltage

protection. Specially the study intends:

To design a circuit that converts dc power
to ac power for various appliances used in
laboratories, theatres and rural areas.
To design an inverter circuit with
undervoltage an overvoltage protection
To provide a noiseless and weightless
source of electricity generation
To have a source of generating electricity
that has no negative effect on the
environment (i.e no greenhouse effect
To provide a source of electricity power with
low maintenance cost and zero fuel cost.
To design and construct an inverter to be
used in the laboratory of the department of
electrical engineering, Federal Polytechnic
Bida.

The study will also serve as a means

of impacting practical knowledge and skills to
students, lecturers and others who may which
to acquaint themselves with the principles of
operation of an inverter.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.
The scope of this project is to design and
construction an inverter with an output power
rating of 5KVA, maximum output current
rating of 20.83A, output voltage of 240V from
a 24Vdc input.
1.4 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION.
The design and construction of a 5KVA
inverter is justified by the fact that it converts
24Vdc from a battery to 240Vac, 5KVA output
which can be used to power essential circuits
such as computers, surgical equipments,

security doors, e.t.c.

1.4 PROJECT LIMITATION.
In spite of the base of construction of
an inverter and its noiseless and pollution free
nature unlike other alternative sources of the
generating electricity, there is a need for
charging and recharging the battery from time
to time.
Also the use of the bulky transformer
instead of copper transformer which is lighter
and smaller in size but more expensive is
another limitation
Another limitation is the inability of the
circuit to provide a pure sine wave output
waveform. This is because it is quite
expensive to design a pure sine wave inverter
circuit.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The quest to convert
dc Power to ac Power has been since the late
19 th century and from then to the mid 20 th
century, dc-to-ac power conversion was
accomplished using rotary converters or motor
generator sets (M-G sets). In the early 20 th
century, Vacuum tubes and gas filled tubes
began to be used as switches in inverter
circuits. The origin of electromagnetic
converters explains the source the term
inverters. Early ac-to-dc converters use d an
induction or synchronous ac motor directly
connected to a generator (dynamo) so that
the generators commutators reversed its
connection at exactly the right moment to

produce dc. A later development is the

synchronous converters in which the motor
and generator windings are combined into one
armature with slip rings at one end and a
commutator at the other, with only one field
frame. The result is a dc in and ac out. With
an M-G set, the dc can considered to be
separately generated from the ac with
synchronous converter. In a certain sense, it
can consider to be mechanically rectified ac.
Given the right auxiliary equipment, an M-G
set or rotary converter can be run backward;
converting dc to ac. Hence an inverter can be
called an INVERTED CONVERTER. In modern
inverter circuits, the dc power is connected to
a transformer primary through the center tap
of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly

switched back and forth to allow current to

flow following two alternate paths through one
end of the primary winding and then the other.
The alternation of the direction of flow of
current in the primary winding of the
transformer produces an alternating current in
the secondary winding. The electromechanical
version of switching devices includes; two
stationary contacts and spring supported
moving contact. The spring holds the movable
contact against one of the stationary contacts
and an electromagnet pull the movable
contact to the opposite stationary contact.
The current in the electromagnet is interrupted
by the action of the switch so that the switch
continually switches rapidly back and forth.
This electromagnetic inverter switch called

vibrator or buzzer was used in vacuum

automobile radios. The latest inverter
circuits have transistors, FETs, SCRs and other
electronic switches incorporated in them
because of their advantages over
electromagnetic switches.
2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES RELEVANT TO THE
PROJECT A lot of research work has
been carried out over the years in the quest to
achieve a noiseless, cheap, portable and
pollution free means of converting dc power to
ac.
A circuit was designed by Lane-Fox in
1970, which consisted of two power
transistors which were connected in switching
mode and controlled by an oscillator from a
9v dc source (battery) to a 120v ac output

through a transformer secondary. The

problems with this circuit were;
(1) Very low load current (in the order of
milliamps).

(2) Poor

efficiency.
In 1986, Jacob designed and constructed a
dc-to-ac converter that yielded an output
power of 6kVA, 220v ac and 50Hz with an
efficiency of 93.5%. This solved the problem
of low output power and poor efficiency
encountered by Lane-Foxs circuit.
Everon, a manufacturing company which
produces Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS)
designed an inverter circuit that gave a 4KVA
output, 270v ac 50Hz and an efficiency of
95% in the year 2000. This was a huge
achievement in the design of inverters and

uninterrupted power supplies.

In 2007 Zenith Bank installed 5KVA
pure sine wave Inverters to serve as a power
back up for their security doors and security
lights in some of their branches in Nigeria.
The only problem with these inverters is the
cost which is very expensive compared to the
other types of inverters (i.e. square and
modified sine wave) of the same capacity.
In 2008 Urhude Calvin, a student of
Electrical Engineering Department of the
Federal Polytechnic Bida designed and
constructed a 200w inverter. The output power
(200w) is very low with respect to the present
day demand for energy.
In 2008, Flexmore cyber caf Federal
Polytechnic Bida installed a 5KA inverter to

serve as a power back up for their computers.

2.3 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE
PROJECT
The inverter circuit consists of the
following units;
2.3.1 THE OSCILLATOR UNIT
A monolithic Integrated circuit (IC
SG3524N) was used in this section instead of
the conventional Astable multivibrator circuit.
The IC SG3524N consists of all the control
circuitry for regulating Power or switching
regulator. Included in the 16-pin dual in-line
package is the voltage reference, error
amplifier, oscillator, pulse width modulator,
pulse steering flip-flop, dual alternating
switches and current shutdown
circuitry.

The oscillator in the SG3524N uses

external resistor, RT to establish a constant
charging current into the external capacitor,
CT. The capacitor produces a linear ramp
voltage which is used as a line dependent
reference for the pulse width modulator (PWM)
comparator. The charging current is equal to
3.6v/RT and should range between 30uA and
2mA. The value of RT should range between
1.8k and 100k and CT should be between 1nf
and 10uf. The oscillating frequency is
approximately 1/RT.CT where RT is ohms and
CT is in microfarads. Since a push-pull
arrangement is required, the output outputs
are separated. The flip-flop limits the duty
cycle at each output to 0-45% and the
effective switching frequency at the

transformer secondary is of the oscillating

frequency.
2.3.2 SWITCHING
UNIT
This unit employs the push-pull amplifier
arrangement in its operation. The operation
i.e. ON and OFF time depends on the
switching time of the IC SG3524N. The
switching device used is the MOSFET. The
MOSFET was chosen of its fast switching
speed, good thermal stability, efficiency and
reliability. The output of the IC SG3524N is
used to drive the mosfets which causes an
alternating current to flow in the transformer
primary. The result is an induced e.m.f which
is then boosted to 240v ac at the transformer
secondary.

The filtering device (capacitor connected at

the output) is used for removing harmonics
and hence, providing a sinusoidal output
waveform.
2.3.3 UNDERVOLTAGE AND OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION UNIT
The unit
provides protection for the inverter circuit and
the applied load against under voltage and
over voltages. It consists of IC TC4069
transistors, D882 C9012 and C9014. It
operates by comparing the input voltage to
the reference voltage and then adjusting
(reducing or increasing the input voltage as
the situation may require) the input voltage to
bring it as close as possible to the desired
voltage level before feeding to the applied

load.
2.3.4 CHANGE OVER UNIT
Here, an 11-pin relay base (1939wz) is used
to turn OFF the oscillator and change over
from the inverter to the Mains Power supply
when power is restored by PHCN. It consist of
a 10s delay unit for conservation of power.
2.3.5 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
This unit comprises of a step down
transformer (240v-12v), bridge rectifier
(T25BA) for converting ac to dc, an
electrolytic capacitor for smoothing the
output. The dc voltage is used for powering
the relay base.
2.4 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVING
MODULES, UNITS, SYSTEMS AND
OPERATION OF DEVICES.

The following issues were put into

consideration in the process of the design and
construction of the project.
2.4.1 TRANSFORMER CAPACITY
The Transformer should be able to handle the
input current from the battery and provide the
required output power without overheating.
2.4.2 SWITHCHING DEVICES
The switching devices should be
arranged in a parallel configuration and must
be able withstand the current from the dc
source. They should also have good thermal
stability. The devices should have a fast
switching time, this ensured by connecting a
resistor between the gate and source of the
mosfets. Also, a bridge rectifier was used to
prevent damage to the circuit when there is a

reversal of polarity when connecting the

battery to the inverter.
2.4.3 HEAT DISSIPATION
Due to the fact that power transistors
and Mosfets always heat up during operation;
there is a need for an adequate means of
dissipating the generated heat to the
surrounding to prevent malfunctioning of the
circuit. An aluminum sheet called HEATSINK
was attached to the mosfets so that the heat
generated is transferred to the Heatsink and
consequently, to the surrounding. A fan was
also incorporated in the circuit to provide
ventilation to the circuit. This was placed
close to the Heatsink to ensure good heat
dissipation to the surrounding. The size of the
casing was also selected to suit the printed

circuit board and transformer. Also, holes

were drilled on the casing to further enhance
the ventilation of the
circuit.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
The method adopted in the course of
the design and construction of this project
follows the procedure below:
The operation of
the designed and constructed 5KVA inverter is
based on the conversion of 24vdc to 240vac.
The IC SG3524N with respect to the external
resistor RT and the external capacitor CT is
used to determine the oscillating frequency for
the switching devices (MOSFET). This in turn
determines the operating frequency of the

inverter itself (50Hz).

The winding procedure of the
transformer was followed to achieve the rated
output power supply.
The relay base for switching to the
mains supply when power is restored.
3.1 PROJECT ALGORITHM
The project algorithm is the steps to
taken to successfully complete the design and
construction of a 5KVA inverter.
This is illustrated in the flowchart
shown below:
Fig.
3.1 project flowchart.
3.2 PROJECT CONCEPT
The inverter is basically a system that
converts the battery DC power (24v DC)

current into conventional any AC appliance

absolutely anywhere, such items as lights,
power tools, battery chargers, motors, e.t.c.
The inverter system comprises of an
oscillator, switching circuit, protection circuit
(under voltage and over voltage). In the
inverter circuit, DC power is connected to the
transformer through the center tap of the
primary winding. The switch is rapidly
switched back and forth to allow current to
flow back to the DC source following two
alternate paths through one end of the
primary winding and then the other. The
alternation of the direction of current in the
primary of the transformer produces
alternating current (AC) in the secondary
circuit.

The integration of the various

electronic components and electric devices
such as diodes, transistors, resistors, ICs,
transformers and using other materials such
as breadboard for testing, clay boards, wires,
e.t.c, were made it possible for the
actualization of the project work.
The arrangement of the various
components on the circuits as well as the
determination of the electrical quantities such
as current, voltage, frequency, e.t.c, were
made possible by applying the various known
principles such as Ohms law, Kirchoffs law ,
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction,
Joules law.
3.3 PROJECT DATA GATHERIG TECHNIQUES
During the process of designing and

construction of the project, various data and

information relevant to the execution of the
project were obtained trough the following
techniques:
1. Consultation of senior friends and
colleagues who are already in the field and
had knowledge on inverter/ UPS for more
ideas on designing
2. It also involved visiting the departmental
library for consultation of previous student
projects write-ups.
3. Also involved visiting the main library
for studying some books and materials
dealing with electronic circuits, devices and
laws employed in the design.
4. Also, interaction with the project
supervisor for more advice on the designing

and construction of the project.

5. It involved the use of lecture note and
materials dealing with the working principles
of components used.
6. It includes browsing through the internet
for some information on the materials or
components used. Such websites visited are:
http://www.aaroncake.net http://
www.electroniclab.com
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF 5KVA
INVERTER
This chapter is mainly concerned with
the design of various units and determination
of the parameters and quantities of the
various units and the considerations made to
select the components used in the project

construction.
4.1 DESIGN.
4.1.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
In the design of this project, some
assumptions were made
Since ideal conditions are not always
obtainable, the following assumptions were
made;
1. The input voltage is within 20 to 24vdc.
2. The AC output supply is in the range of
220-240v.
3. The relay base (contactor) should isolate
the inverter from the supply when power is
restored after 10 seconds delay.
4. The components used are in good
condition.
5. The transformer should operate at the

following design specifications;

Input power = output power = 5000VA
Frequency = 50Hz
Input voltage =24v 0 24v dc
Output voltage = 240v ac
4.2 DETERMINATION OF PROJECT
PARAMETERS, VALUES, AND QUANTITIES.
The parameters and quantities of each of the
unit of the project work were determined as
follows:
4.2.1 OSCILLATOR STAGE.
The oscillator stage here is used to determine
the frequency
of the inverter. It generates 50Hz frequency.
A pulse width modulator IC is employed
in this type of oscillation. The pulse width
modulator has an internal RC oscillator which

could be made to oscillate to frequencies in

the excess of 1MHz depending on the external
components used. The advantage of using
pulse width modulator is that the inverter
gives a low harmonic content of the frequency
which is suitable for inductance loads and
also gives two different outputs that are 180
degree out of phase to drive the push pull
amplifier. The circuit of the oscillator is shown
below:
Fig 4.1 Pulse width modulator (oscillator
stage).
The oscillator outputs of a frequency
that is 180 degree out of phase from each
other pin 11 and 14.the output of the
oscillator stage now goes to the driver stage.
The frequency of the oscillator is given by

F=1/RC
(Where R and C are frequency determining
components).
Application which is 50Hz meant for effective
switching).
100=1/R*0.1*10^-6
R=1/100*0.1*10^-6 = 100,000ohms = 100K.
So 100kilo ohms resistor was used. Resistors
10K (the two 10ks) and 3k3 are used to bias
the internal amplifier of the IC.
4.2.2 THE ELECTRONIC SWITCHING CIRCUIT .
This is the stage where voltage
polarity and power generation takes place. A
centre tapped transformer is required for
switching of the push pull arrangement. T1
and T2 are the power MOSFETS and the
bridge rectifier (which is RS407L) is to protect

the switches from reverse voltage spike. Fig.

4.2 shows the push-pull amplifier stage.
Fig
4.2 the electronic switching circuit.
When large amount of power is needed, the
MOSFETS is cascaded to get the amount of
power required. The power to be generated
depends on the capacity of the MOSFET and
the rating of the transformer.
The power output for the design is 5000VA by
using a power factor of 0.7P (.VA)
=0.75000VA=3500Watts.
I = P (w)/V (v) =3500/24(using battery)
= 145.83A
This implies that the power element must
have a current handling capacity in excess of
145.83A. since the max. AC power for a class

B amplifier (switching circuit) is given as

Pac = Vcc Imax/2 = 24145.83/2
=1749.96W
1750W
The power dissipation of the circuit is given
by
Pdiss = 2 Pac/2
= 2 1750/2
= 354.62W
355W
This means that energy dissipated as heat
on the MOSFET on full load will be
appropriately 355W
The choice of MOSFET selection depends
on max current and power dissipation of the
project; IRFP250N MOSFETs were used. The
IRFP250N has the following specifications.

Table 4.1 Characteristics of MOSFET

ID (max) VDS(v)

VGS

(v) PD(max)
30A 200V

2.0-

4.0v 214W
Where ID = Drain current
VDS = Drain source voltage
VGS = Gate threshold voltage
PD =Power dissipated
Since each MOSFET has a drain current of
30A, ten MOSFETs are connected in parallel
and is capable of 300A which will conveniently
suffice considering that on full load, 145.83A
is adequate.
4.2.3 STANDBY INDICATOR CIRCUIT.
The IC 555timer is employed in this
circuit. The 555 timer has 8 pin and is in a

dual line package. It is con figured in this

application as a low frequency astable
multivibrator when mains is restored. It is
used to blink the LED (light emitting diode)
meant for standby indicator. Its frequency of
operation is determined by external capacitor
CT (47) and the external resistor RT (47K)
connected to pin 2 and pin 3 respectively.
Transistor C9014 is used for amplication of
the output from the 555 timer. The power
indicator circuit is shown below:Fig 4.3 indicator circuit (standby
indicator circuit)
4.2.4 FAULT INDICATOR CIRCUIT
The function of this circuit is to
indicate through the glowing of the led
assigned for fault indicator when any input to

the inverter circuit whether the mains of

battery supply is low for the inverter
operation. It is use of the indication when
there is any abnormality in the inverters
operation. The zener diode (18v)is use as a
reference element. The figure 4.4 shows the
circuit of the fault indicator circuit.
Fig 4.4 fault indicator circuit
Note D1-D4 =1N 5393
The characteristics of transistor
C9014 is as follows
Collector Base voltage (VCBO) =50v
Collector Emitter voltage (VCEO)
=45V
Emitter Base voltage (VEBO)
=5V
Collector current (IC) =100mA

Collector Dissipation (Pc) =450mW

4.2.5 UNDERVOLTAGE AND OVERVOLTAGE
Fig 4.5 Undervoltage and overvoltage
circuit pins the delay circuit
In this circuit, TC 4069UBP is the
major components used in this circuit. This
circuit is used as a stabilizing and protection
circuit for other circuit and stages in the
inverter. A reference voltage is passed through
the two variable resistors (10k) each meant
for undervoltage and overvoltage section.
Transistor D882 is used to drive the relay for
switching to mains after \10 seconds of
restoration. Transistors C9012 and C9014 are
used for overvoltage and undervoltage signals
respectively send to the IC TC 4069UBP for
comparison between the output and the

reference voltage (VREF). The characteristics

of D882 are as follows;VCBO (min) =40v
VEBO (min) =6v
ICBO (max) =1A
ICEO (max) =1A
IEBO (max) =1A
VCEO (min) =30v
4.2.6 TRANSFORMER DESIGN
Assuming we are working with an ideal
transformer, where the output is equal to input
power, that is
VsIs = VpIp
Vp =Primary voltage
Ip =Primary current
Np =Number of turns in primary
coil

Vs = Induced voltage in primary

coil
Is = Secondary Current
Ns =number of turns in
secondary coil.
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
Battery peak voltage =
24v
Vrms output expected from the inverter is;
vp/2 =24//2 =
17Vrms
i.e. transformer input/output voltage
is;
17v-0v-17v/240v
secondary current =
Secondary
Power

secondary
voltage
=
5000VA
240V
= 20.83A
Assuming the transformer
efficiency is 96%,
Therefore the required current will be;
Ieff = 20.83 96/100
= 19.9968A

20A.
Transformer primary
current;
Vs = Ip => 240
=Ip

Vs Is 34 20.83
Ip = 249 20.83/34
=
147.04A
effective primary current = 147.04 0.96 =
141.16A
Note:- The diameter of the core used for the
primary winding is 22gauge while that of the
secondary is 15gauge.
But Vt =
KS
where Vt = e.m.f. per
turn
S=
KVA
k is the specific magnetic loading of the
transformer, it varies from 0.50 to 0.75 for a

single phase core. Assuming K is

0.55;
0.55S when S = 5 (i.e.
5KVA) =
1.23V/
turn.
Therefore, Number of turns in the
secondary winding is Vs = 240
= 195turns.
Vt 1.23
For
Primary;
Ns = Vs = 195 =
240
Np Vp Np 34
Np = 195 34 = 27.6
28turns.

Vt =

240
Summary;
Vp = 24Vdc Vs =
240Vav Np =
28T Ns =
195T Ip =
147A

Is =

20.83A.
4.3 PROJECT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM.
The project circuit diagram and the PCB
layout diagram on appendix page.
4.4 PROJECT ASSEMBLY (TOOLS AND
PROCEDURES APPLIED IN THE PROJECT
ASSEMBLY).
This project was achieved by gathering the
right component for each unit. We used the
circuit diagram to assemble the components

on a breadboard. The purpose of which is to

test whether or not the system will work.
4.4.1 THE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)
ETCHING.
The PCB was designed by using the
etching method. The schematic layout on the
paper was transferred to the clayboard. The
conducting paths were protected against the
echant material by using a permanent marker.
The clayboard was then immersed into echant
solution. This was done to remove the
unwanted copper on the board. The board was
then rinsed with water to remove the echant
solution.
4.4.2 DRILLING AND SOLDERING
The PCB was then drilled with respect to
the position of the components the

components were then transferred to the

board and soldered to provide firm contact.
The Heatsink was also attached to the
components that are expected to dissipate
much heat.
4.4.4 TOOLS USED
The following tools were used in the
construction process;
1. Soldering iron for soldering
2. Hacksaw was used to cut the Heatsink.
3. File was used to smoothen the rough
edges of the Heatsink.
4. Clayboard cutter was used to cut the
clayboard to the required
size
5.

Hammers, Pliers, oscilloscopes, etc were

used.

4.5 PROJECT TESTING

The output voltage, current, power and
frequency were measured using multimeter,
watt meter oscilloscope and frequency counter
respectively. Household appliances such as TV
set, Radio cassette player computer system
etc were conneted to the inverter and results
obtained are tabulated below.
Table 4.5 Output parameters obtained from
testing the inverter.
S/N INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT
OUTPUT OPERATING
VV
I

POWER FREQ

1 12V 176V
14.5A 2552VA 50HZ
2 24V 238V

19.6A 4665VA 50HZ

The results obtained shows that the output
voltage, current, and power
depends on the rating of the battery.
4.5.1 DURATION OF OPERATION OF
INVERTER.
Table 4.5.1 Duration of operation of the inverter on different loads.
1
1360W 3hrs 10mins
2
1700W 2hrs 46mins.
3
1815W 2hrs 20mins
4.5.2 EFFICIENCY
4.6 PROJECT MAINTANANCE
PRESCRIPTIONS
PRESCRIPTION

S/N FAULT SYMPTON CAUSES REMEDIIES

1
i. check battery contacts ii. Check
the switch iii. Change the IC
SG3524N iv. Check
the relay base and the transistor
driving the relay
2
3 Bad filter capacitor Replace filter capacitor
4.7 PROJECT COST ESTIMATION
The project cost estimation breakdown is
shown in the table below
Table 4.7 Project cost estimation
S/N Materials
Qty Unit Price

Total

1. Resistors
90

20 1,800

2. Capacitor
17

30 510

3. Transistors
6 40 240
4. Relay (Contactor)
1 900 900
5. Zener diodes
5 40 200
6. Bridge Rectifiers
2 300 600
7. Transformer (Step down)
2 250 500
8. Transformer (Step up)
1 16,500 16,500
9. MOSFETs
20

300 6,000

10.

IC SG3524N

1 200 200
11.

IC TC4069B

1 100 100
12.

Diodes (1N 5392)

8 15 120
14.

555 timer

1 70 70
15.

LEDs

3 30 90
16.

Heat sinks

1 400 400
17.

Connector cables

1 1400 1,400
18.

Jumper wires

1 500 500
19.
1 530 530

Fan

20.

Nuts

1packet

500 500

21.

Soldering lead

10yards

30 300

22.

Clay board

1sheet

1200 1,200

23.

Casing

1 2500 2,500
24.

Battery connector

2 130 130
25.

Transportation -----

4000 4,000
26. Miscellaneous
----- -----8,500
TOTAL
48,520

The project estimation is forty-eight thousand,

five hundred and twenty naira only
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .
REFERENCES
ANDREW, A.L (1998). Applied Physics for electronic Technology,
London, Arnold Holder Headline publishers
DAVE, M (1996). Design and make electronics product, London;
London, Thomas Ltd
HUGES, E (1993). Electrical Technology, Planet publishers,
Moscow.
THERAJA, A.K and THERAJA, B.L (2005).
Electrical Technology Multicolor Edition, S Chand and
Company Ltd, Ram Magar, New Delhi.
http://www.aaroncake.com

http://www.alldatasheet.com
http://www.datasheet4u.com
http://www.epanorama.net
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inverter (electrical)
Posted by www.falana.tk at 22:15 MEST
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