Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
Histology and
Physiology of
Muscles
Tab. 8.1
Fig. 8.1
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.2
Fig. 8.2
Fig.
8.3bc
Fig. 8.4
Fig. 8.4
Fig. 8.4
Fig. 8.4
Fig. 8.4
Fig. 8.5
Fig. 8.6
Fig. 8.6
Fig. 8.6
Fig. 8.6
Fig. 8.7
Fig. 8.8
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
In order to contract, a skeletal muscle
must:
Be stimulated by a nerve ending
Propagate an electrical current, or action
potential, along its sarcolemma
Have a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels, the
final trigger for contraction
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Invaginations of the sarcolemma form T tubules, which
wrap around the sarcomeres and penetrate into the cells
interior at each A band I band junction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is
an elaborate, smooth
endoplasmic reticulum that
mostly runs longitudinal and
surrounds each myofibril
Paired terminal cisternae form
perpendicular cross channels
Functions in the regulation of
intracellular calcium levels
Fig. 8.9
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. An action potential produced at the
presynaptic terminal in the
neuromuscular junction is propagated
along the sarcolemma of the skeletal
muscle. The depolarization also
spreads along the membrane of the T
tubules
2. The depolarization of the T tubule
causes gated Ca2+ channels in the
SR to open, resulting in an increase
in the permeability of the SR to Ca2+,
especially in the terminal cisternae.
Calcium ions then diffuse from the
SR into the sarcoplasm
3. Calcium ions released from the SR
bind to troponin molecules. The
troponin molecules bound to G actin
molecules are released, causing
tropomyosin to move, exposing the
active sites on G actin
4. Once active sites on G actin
molecules are exposed, the heads of
the myosin myofilaments bind to
them to form cross-bridges
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. An action potential produced at the
presynaptic terminal in the
neuromuscular junction is propagated
along the sarcolemma of the skeletal
muscle. The depolarization also
spreads along the membrane of the T
tubules
2. The depolarization of the T tubule
causes gated Ca2+ channels in the
SR to open, resulting in an increase
in the permeability of the SR to Ca2+,
especially in the terminal cisternae.
Calcium ions then diffuse from the
SR into the sarcoplasm
3. Calcium ions released from the SR
bind to troponin molecules. The
troponin molecules bound to G actin
molecules are released, causing
tropomyosin to move, exposing the
active sites on G actin
4. Once active sites on G actin
molecules are exposed, the heads of
the myosin myofilaments bind to
them to form cross-bridges
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. An action potential produced at the
presynaptic terminal in the
neuromuscular junction is propagated
along the sarcolemma of the skeletal
muscle. The depolarization also
spreads along the membrane of the T
tubules
2. The depolarization of the T tubule
causes gated Ca2+ channels in the
SR to open, resulting in an increase
in the permeability of the SR to Ca2+,
especially in the terminal cisternae.
Calcium ions then diffuse from the
SR into the sarcoplasm
3. Calcium ions released from the SR
bind to troponin molecules. The
troponin molecules bound to G actin
molecules are released, causing
tropomyosin to move, exposing the
active sites on G actin
4. Once active sites on G actin
molecules are exposed, the heads of
the myosin myofilaments bind to
them to form cross-bridges
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. An action potential produced at the
presynaptic terminal in the
neuromuscular junction is propagated
along the sarcolemma of the skeletal
muscle. The depolarization also
spreads along the membrane of the T
tubules
2. The depolarization of the T tubule
causes gated Ca2+ channels in the
SR to open, resulting in an increase
in the permeability of the SR to Ca2+,
especially in the terminal cisternae.
Calcium ions then diffuse from the
SR into the sarcoplasm
3. Calcium ions released from the SR
bind to troponin molecules. The
troponin molecules bound to G actin
molecules are released, causing
tropomyosin to move, exposing the
active sites on G actin
4. Once active sites on G actin
molecules are exposed, the heads of
the myosin myofilaments bind to
them to form cross-bridges
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
1. An action potential produced at the
presynaptic terminal in the
neuromuscular junction is propagated
along the sarcolemma of the skeletal
muscle. The depolarization also
spreads along the membrane of the T
tubules
2. The depolarization of the T tubule
causes gated Ca2+ channels in the SR
to open, resulting in an increase in the
permeability of the SR to Ca2+,
especially in the terminal cisternae.
Calcium ions then diffuse from the SR
into the sarcoplasm
3. Calcium ions released from the SR
bind to troponin molecules. The
troponin molecules bound to G actin
molecules are released, causing
tropomyosin to move, exposing the
active sites on G actin
4. Once active sites on G actin
molecules are exposed, the heads of
the myosin myofilaments bind to them
to form cross-bridges
Fig. 8.11
Fig. 8.11
Fig. 8.11
Fig. 8.11
Fig. 8.11
Fig. 8.11
Fig. 8.11
Muscle Relaxation
Calcium ions are transported back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium ions diffuse away from troponin
and tropomyosin moves, preventing
further cross-bridge formation
Muscle Twitch
The contraction of a
muscle as a result of
one or more muscle
fibers contracting
Has lag, contraction,
and relaxation
phases
Table 8.2
Motor Unit
Fig. 8.13
Fig. 8.14
Multiple-Wave Summation
Fig. 8.15
Treppe
Fig. 8.15
Fig. 8.17
Fatigue
The decreased ability to do work
Can be caused by
The central nervous system (psychologic
fatigue)
Depletion of ATP in muscles (muscular
fatigue)
Energy Sources
Creatine phosphate
ATP is synthesized
when ADP reacts
with creatine
phosphate to form
creatine and ATP
ATP from this
source provides
energy for a short
time
Fig. 8.18
Energy Sources
Anaerobic respiration
ATP synthesized provides
energy for a short time at
the beginning of exercise
and during intense
exercise
Produces ATP less
efficiently but more rapidly
than aerobic respiration
Lactic acid levels increase
because of anaerobic
respiration
Fig. 8.18
Energy Sources
Aerobic respiration
Requires oxygen
Produces energy
for muscle
contractions under
resting conditions
or during
endurance exercise
Fig. 8.18
Fig. 8.18
Speed of Contraction
The three main types of skeletal muscle
fibers are
Slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers
Fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers
Fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers
Fatigue Resistance
SO fibers are fatigue-resistant and rely on
aerobic respiration
Many mitochondria, a rich blood supply, and
myoglobin
Functions
SO fibers maintain posture and are involved with
prolonged exercise
Long-distance runners have a higher percentage of
SO fibers
Tab. 8.3
Not striated
No T tubule
system and
most have less
SR than skeletal
muscle
No troponin
Fig. 8.19
Tab. 8.1
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