Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 486493

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Long-term bond performance of GFRP bars in concrete under temperature

ranging from 20 C to 80 C
Radhouane Masmoudi a,*, Abdelmonem Masmoudi b, Mongi Ben Ouezdou b, Atef Daoud b
a
b

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sherbrooke of University, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
Civil Engineering Laboratory, National Engineering School of Tunis, Tunisia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 28 March 2009
Received in revised form 8 December 2009
Accepted 17 December 2009
Available online 9 February 2010
Keywords:
Bond
Concrete
FRP bars
Pull-out testing
Bondslip modelling
Temperature effect

a b s t r a c t
Eighty pull-out specimens were used to study the effect of temperature ranging from 20 C to 80 C in dry
environment on bond properties between Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars and concrete. The
pullout-test specimens were subjected during 4 and 8 months to high temperatures up to 80 C and then
compared to untreated specimens (20 C). Experimental results showed no signicant reduction on bond
strength for temperatures up to 60 C. However, a maximum of 14% reduction of the bond strength was
observed for 80 C temperature after 8 months of thermal loading. For treated specimens, the coefcient
b in the CMR model, which predicts the bondstressdisplacement behavior, seems to be dependant with
the temperature.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Corrosion of steel in concrete has been identied as the prime
factor of deterioration and structural deciency. Various remedies,
including replacing deteriorated concrete and using epoxy-coated
or galvanized steel, have been proven to be costly and inadequate
over the long run. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars are a promising solution to this problem. Other attractive properties of FRP
materials include light weight, corrosion resistance, and high
strength. Glass FRP (GFRP) bars are gaining popularity as reinforcement for concrete bridge deck slabs and other concrete structures
due to their low initial cost compared to carbon FRP bars [16].
However, the surface deformation and mechanical properties of
FRP reinforced bars are different from those of conventional steel
bars. Therefore, the design guidelines for steel reinforcing bars cannot be directly used for FRP reinforcing bars, Benmokrane et al. [7].
FRP materials are an isotropic and characterized by high tensile
strength only in the direction of the reinforcing ber. The transverse coefcients of thermal expansion (CTE) controlled by the resin is up to three to six times the CTE of the concrete [8]. This
anisotropic behaviour should affect the shear strength action of
the FRP bar, as well as, the bond performance of FRP bars when

* Corresponding author. Address: Facult de gnie Local C1-3002-4, Universit de

Sherbrooke, 2500 Blvd. Universit Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1. Tel.: +1 819 821
8000x62767; fax: +1 819 821 7974.
E-mail address: Radhouane.Masmoudi@USherbrooke.ca (R. Masmoudi).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.040

embedded in concrete and these effects need to be evaluated. High

temperatures, such as those occurring in extremely hot climates,
may decrease the mechanical and bond properties of FRP bars.
Many research studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of high temperature on bond strength of FRP bars, Katz et al.
[911], Nanni et al [12]. However, very limited experimental data
is available on the bond effects due to high temperatures, when applied for a relatively long period of time. An experimental investigation Galati et al. [13], was carried out on concrete specimens
reinforced with an FRP bar and subjected to thermal cycles. The
testing was completed using direct pull-out specimens. A 9.5 mm
GFRP bar with different embedment lengths was placed inside a
152 mm-cube of concrete. The treated specimens were placed into
an environmental chamber for 200 h at a temperature of 70 C and
at a humidity of 80%. The testing of the specimens was undertaken
at room temperature. The inuence of the thermal treatment is
more evident with the small values of the concrete cover. Such
behaviour was explained with the micro-cracking of the concrete
due to the thermal stresses induced during the thermal treatment.
In most of the specimens, the thermal treatment induced degradation in the bond performance of about 16%. A more pronounced effect was observed for the bond stressslip curves in terms of slip
values due primarily to the degradation of the resin (Galati et al.
[13]).
Another study of the effect of high temperature on the bond between GFRP reinforcing bars (rebars) and concrete was studied by
Katz and Berman [11]. Four types of rods (12.7 mm diameter),

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R. Masmoudi et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 486493

were embedded vertically (embedment length 5d), in a normal

concrete cylinder (150 mm diameter and 300 mm long). Rod CB
has molded deformations on the surface, similar to ordinary deformed steel rebars. The polymer at the surface is a urethane modied vinylester and the polymer at the core of the rod was recycled
polyethylene terephthalate. Rod CPH contains wraps of helical
braid of bers on the surface and the polymer was vinylester
throughout the rod. Rod CPI contains wraps of a wide braid of bers on the surface. The polymer was vinylester throughout the
rod. Rod NG has tight wraps of a narrow braid of bers which produced large deformations in the rod. The polymer was polyester.
Pull-out tests were conducted at high temperature from 20 to
250 C. A comparison between the behavior of the different rods
at 80 C, showed that the NG rod have an early reduction in the

Fig. 1. Specimens submitted to accelerated ageing.

Table 1
Experimental program.
Bar
diameter
(db, mm)
8

16

2. Experimental study

Embedment
length

Temperature
(C)

Samples number
for each ageing
case

5db

20
40
60
80

20
40
60
80

5db

Time
exposure
(months)
4
8

4
8

Nominal
diameter
(mm)

Glass

Glass

16

2.1. Test program

The main objective of the test program is to evaluate, under temperature ranging from 20 C to 80 C (in dry environment) the performance of the bond strength
of FRP bars embedded in normal concrete. Specimens were submitted to three temperatures of 40, 60 and 80 C for 4 and 8 months in specially designed rooms, where
the temperature is controlled, as shown in Fig. 1. A total of 80 specimens were
tested. Table 1 presents the details of the experimental program.

2.2. GFRP bars

Table 2
Properties of the GFRP bars used in this study [14].
Type
of
bar

bond strength (about 43%) which reects its low glass transition
temperature (Tg) of the resin. For the CPH and CPI rods, the decrease of bond strength is relatively moderate, and they both have
approximately the same reduction (20%). For the CB rod, the reduction is the smallest (3%), indicating that the bond relies mainly on
the polymeric system. It is possible to conclude from the above
that improving one or some of the followings can modify the bond
at high temperature: (i) Use of a polymer with high Tg in order to
increase the temperature at which the reduction in bond begins.
(ii) Use of a polymer with a high extent of crosslinks to moderate
the gradient of bond loss. (iii) Improvement of the inorganic system, which supports the bond at a high temperature where the
polymer practically ceases to contribute to the bond. We noted
that in the same study [11], and at 200 C, the bond strength exhibited a severe reduction of 8090% (for CB, CPH, CPI and NG rod).
We conclude from these works, that reduction in the bond
strength depends on the transverse coefcients of thermal expansion. A limited experimental data is available on the GFRP bond effects due temperature ranging from 20 C to 80 C, when applied
for a relatively long period of time. The major focus of the present
paper is to evaluate the long term effect of temperature ranging
from 20 C to 80 C on bond properties of GFRP bars embedded
in normal concrete. Results from a total of 80 specimens 8 mm
and 16 mm diameters GFRP bars, after more than 5000 h
(240 days) of exposure under high temperatures up to 80 C are reported. The thermal effects on the average bond strength are compared to untreated specimens (20 C). Based on the available
experimental tests, the main parameters a of the BerteroPopov
Elingehhausen (BPE) model and of the Cosenza, Manfredi Realfonzo (CMR) model (b, Sr) have been calibrated. The relationship between temperature and the parameters are established using the
CMR and BPE models.

Tensile
modulus of
elasticity
(GPa)

Ultimate
tensile
strength
(MPa)

Coefcient of
thermal
expansion
(mm/mm/C)

Density

60 1.9

738 22

0.6  105
(axial)
2.2  105
(radial)

2.2

The Glass FRP bars Combar used in pull-out specimens were manufactured
by using ber composites and were combined with synthetic resin to achieve improved properties, such as higher strength and elevated modulus of elasticity [14].
The tensile properties of the bars used in this investigation are presented in
Table 2. These properties are based on the experimental tests conducted at the
laboratories of Schock Bauteile GmbH, Munich Technical University, and Syracuse
University [15]. Two nominal diameters were used in this study: 8 mm and
16 mm for the GFRP bars.

2.3. Concrete design

Normal strength concrete was prepared in the laboratory. All the mixtures were
prepared in a 204 liters mixer, using a Portland cement type CEM I 42.5, and aggregates with maximum size of 20 mm. Concrete mixture proportioning is presented
in Table 3. Standard concrete cylinders 160  320 mm were cast and cured at room
temperature (20 C). The pull-out specimens and the standard concrete cylinders

Table 3
Concrete composition and characteristics.
Water (kg/m3)

Cement I 42.5 (kg/m3)

Sand (kg/m3)

Aggregate 4/12 (kg/m3)

Aggregate 12/20 (kg/m3)

Compressive strength (MPa)

Slump (mm)

204

300

857

296

691

30 3

90 2

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were cast in two layers and compacted using a vibrator. The compressive strength
and slump were 30 3 MPa and 90 2 mm, respectively after 28 days of curing at
20 C.
The pull-out specimens were stored in dry environment under temperature
ranging from 20 C to 80 C, until the date of testing.

2.4. Test procedure

Fig. 2. Temperature distribution versus time.

Pullout bond testing were performed on specimens which consist on a 500 mm

long GFRP bar embedded vertically in 150  150  150 mm and 180  180 
180 mm concrete cube, respectively for 8 and 16 mm bar diameters. This difference
in concrete cube dimensions is intended to avoid the concrete splitting. The embedment length for all specimens is 5db, where db is the GFRP-bar diameter. The desired
embedment length is obtained using PVC pipes which were placed around the bars
and sealed with silicon to avoid the contact of the concrete in this area. All specimens were prepared following the specications of ACI Guide Test Methods [16].
One additional specimen for GFRP rebars was instrumented with a thermocouple
placed at the surface of the bar before casting the concrete, for temperature monitoring during the time that the specimens were subjected to different temperatures.
After the thermal treatment (40, 60 and 80 C) during 4 and 8 months, pull-out tests
were performed. The pull-out specimen was installed on the machine testing
immediately after removing it out from the environmental chamber. The pull-out
test was performed about 35 min after the moment of removing it out from the
environmental chamber. During the test, which lasts approximately 5 min, it took
up to 10 min for the temperature at the FRP bar/Concrete Interface to decrease with
a couple of degree Celsius as shown in Fig. 2. So, we can conclude that at the time of
the pull-out test, the temperature at the FRP bar/Concrete Interface is close to the
studied temperature levels (40, 60 and 80 C).
The pull-out tests were carried out using a calibrated LLoyed 50 KN testing machine with a displacement-rate control. The displacement-rate of loading was constant during the tests (1.2 mm/min). Four LVDTs, with accuracy equal to 0.001 mm,

Fig. 4. Load versus bar end slip behaviour.

Fig. 3. Setup of the pull-out test: (a) schematic and (b) photo.

Fig. 5. Failure mode of the rebar.

R. Masmoudi et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 486493

Fm

489

were used for the GFRP bar to monitor the displacements. Three LVDTs were placed
at 120 segment orientation at the loaded end, and one LVDT at the free end (Fig. 3).

sm

2.5. Experimental results

where Fm, is the Peak recorded load (N) during the pull-out test, db is the nominal bar
diameter (mm), and Leb is the embedment length of GFRP bar (mm).
Table 4 presents the average bond strength values for each diameter and for
each temperature after 4 and 8 months of ageing. Fig. 6 shows the maximal bond
strength in dry environment after 120 and 240 days of ageing. The 16 mm-diameter
bar developed lower bond strength than that of the 8 mm-diameter bar, (about
14 MPa for the 8 mm and 11 MPa for the 16 mm diameter).This diameter effect,
is due to a difference in the contact surface (larger for 16 mm diameter) at the interface bar/concrete. The bond strength decreases when the diameter increases (diameter effect). This nding is in agreement with the results by Boyle and Karbhari [17],
Nanni and Faza [18], Tighiouart et al. [19].
After 120 days of ageing of the GFRP bar in dry environment, and at temperature up to 60 C, the average bond strengths do not show any signicant reduction
(1.81% and 3.36% respectively for the 8 mm and 16 mm). For the 80 C temperature,
the maximum reductions after 4 months of thermal loading were 9.39% and 13.71%,
respectively for the 8 mm and 16 mm GFRP bars, compared to the reference results
at 20 C.
After 240 days of ageing in dry environment at temperature up to 60 C, the
average bond strengths also did not show any signicant reduction (1.96% and
3.54% respectively for the 8 mm and 16 mm). However, for the 80 C temperature,
the maximum reductions after 8 months of ageing in dry environment were 9.64%
and 14.14%, respectively for the 8 mm and 16 mm, compared to the reference results at 20 C. Fig. 7 presents the curve ttings of the thermal degradation of the
bond strengths for the two GFRP bars tested in this study. As shown in Fig. 7a
and b, it is concluded that the third degree polynomial equations sm = f(T) predict
with good accuracy the thermal degradation of the bond strength from 20 to
80 C. These equations are very useful to predict the bond strength for design
purpose.
In a similar study by Alvarez et al. [20], for the investigation of the thermal effect on bond properties with GFRP V-Rod bar, with a modulus of elasticity 44 GPa
and a CTE of 3.4  105 mm/mm/C, the average bond strength reduction is found
to be up to 27% and 32% for the specimens which are subjected to 60 and 80 C,
respectively. This comparison shows that the thermal effect on bond strength of

2.5.1. Pullout load versus slip behavior

The obtained experimental results are plotted in the form of load versus end slip
curves. These curves contained mainly two phases as shown in Fig. 4. In the ascending phase, the load increases rapidly with small slip until it reaches the maximum
load. In the descending phase, the load decreases gradually with signicant slip increase. The maximum bond stress for GFRP bars 8 mm diameter was recorded at the
free end at a slip of 0.55, 0.53, 0.49 and 0.43 mm respectively for 20, 40, 60 and
80 C temperature. For 16 mm diameter, slips were 0.60, 0.58, 0.56 and 0.47 mm,
respectively for 20, 40, 60 and 80 C. It can be concluded that as the temperature
increases, the slip corresponding to the maximum pullout load decreases. For all
GFRP bars, the failure mode is shearing off the concrete corbels (Fig. 5).
2.5.2. Bond strength
The maximal bond stress sm was calculated using the following equation:

Table 4
Specimens and summary of test results.
Temperature
(C)

20
40
60
80
a

Average bonda (MPa)

4 months

8 months

8 mm
(GFRP)

16 mm
(GFRP)

8 mm
(GFRP)

16 mm
(GFRP)

14.37 0.40
14.27 1.04
14.11 0.75
13.02 0.22

11.01 0.25
10.87 0.36
10.64 0.15
9.50 0.27

14.32 1.19
14.22 1.99
14.04 1.24
12.94 1.49

11.03 0.92
10.86 0.21
10.64 0.44
9.47 0.93

Based on ve identical tests.

Fig. 6. Loss in bond strength in dry environment after 120 and 240 days of ageing.

pdb Leb

Fig. 7. Thermal degradation of the bond strength.

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R. Masmoudi et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 486493

GFRP Combar is less pronounced than that of GFRP V-Rod bar due to a lower CTE
and higher elasticity modulus (60 GPa).
The axial and radial GFRP coefcients of thermal expansion are respectively 0.6
and 2.2  105 mm/mm/C. For comparison, the coefcient of thermal expansion of
concrete is between 0.5 and 1.2  105 mm/mm/C, which may explain why there
is no signicant thermal effect for the specimens subjected to temperatures from 20
to 60 C.

3. Analytical models of the bondslip behaviour

In spite of a large number of formulations proposed in the past
for steel reinforcements and FRP bars, even though many experimental programs have been conducted worldwide examining the
bond characteristics of FRP bars, very little work has been published on analytical modelling. The available models for FRP reinforcement bond properties are reported hereafter.
3.1. Eligehausen, Popov and Bertero (BPE model)
Fig. 7 shows a schematic of the BPE model, the ascending
branch of the well-known bondslip model proposed by Eligehausen et al. [21], given by:

s s1

Fig. 8. BPE model [17].

 a
s
s1

where s1 is the maximum bond strength, (MPa), s and s1 is the slip

and maximum slip at maximum bond strength, (mm).

Fig. 9. Local bondslip relationships GFRP 8 mm.

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R. Masmoudi et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 486493

Therefore s1 = sm and s1 = sm. In Eq. (2), a is a curve-tting

parameter that must be not larger than 1 to be physically meaningful (a = 0.4 for steel bars).
The value of parameter a, which the ascending branch depends
on, is evaluated by equating the area, As1, underneath the ascending branch of the analytical bondslip curve (see Fig. 8) given by
Eq. (3), to the area, Ass, underneath the ascending branch of each
actual curve:

Z s1
Z s1   a
s
s1  s1
As1
ss  ds
s1
 ds
s1
1a
0
0

In Eq. (3), s1 and s1 represent the bond strength and the corresponding slip, respectively. Therefore, a can be expressed as a function of
As1 given by:

sm  sm
As 1

1

Fig. 10. Local bondslip relationships GFRP 16 mm.

Table 5
Mean values for each temperature and diameter of GFRP bars.
GFRP 8 mm

4 months

8 months

CMR model

b
Sr (mm)

BPE model

CMR model

b
Sr (mm)

BPE model

GFRP 16 mm

20 C

40 C

60 C

80 C

20 C

40 C

60 C

80 C

0.458
0.134
0.087

0.463
0.149
0.088

0.476
0.145
0.09

0.496
0.137
0.095

0.416
0.155
0.085

0.425
0.172
0.089

0.456
0.149
0.087

0.512
0.105
0.084

0.458
0.148
0.093

0.463
0.146
0.089

0.477
0.147
0.092

0.498
0.136
0.094

0.417
0.166
0.088

0.425
0.161
0.090

0.458
0.147
0.086

0.515
0.112
0.089

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R. Masmoudi et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 486493

Diameter 8 mm :

3.2. CMR model

Cosenza et al. [22], proposed a law to model the rst branch of
the ss curve

ss sm 1  esr

b

where sm is the maximum bond strength, (MPa), Sr and b are

parameters based on curve-tting of the experimental data. Parameters Sr and b were calibrated for each diameter of bar and temperature by the least-square method.
The local bondslip laws of the considered bars after thermal
treatment have been determined via the BPE and the CMR models.
The ascending branch is the most important branch because this
branch gives the bond strengthslip of the bar below the ultimate
load. A comparison of the ascending branch obtained from the analytical curves with the modied BPE and CMR models, and the
experimental results submitted to different temperatures are presented in Figs. 9 and 10 respectively, for the diameter 8 and 16 mm
after 8 months of ageing. Table 5 presents the mean values of a and
b parameters for each temperature and each diameter of bar studied and calibrated to the experimental phase after 4 and 8 months
of ageing in dry environment. The CMR model appears to be the
most reliable for all specimens; the ascending branch of the
bondslip law is well interpreted by the CMR model valid for
0 6 s 6 sm.
The average values obtained for the coefcient a, from the rst
branch of the BPE model for reference (20 C) GFRP-Combars specimens is 0.089. It is noted that the average value found by Cosenza
et al. [22] for sand-coated bars is 0.067. No signicant effect was
detected after 8 months of ageing on the calibrated coefcient a
for specimens submitted to temperature ranging from 20 C to
80 C.
For the CMR model and after 8 months of ageing, the coefcient
b calibrated to the experimental data for specimens after conditioning depends on the temperature T. The coefcient b, from the
rst branch of the CMR model increases as temperature increases,
as shown in Fig. 11. The third degree polynomial equations b = f(T)
for each diameter predicts this dependence on temperature as presented by Eqs. (6) and (7). These equations are t for temperature
ranging from 20 C to 80 C with this particular kind of rebar and
diameters used in this investigation

bT 0:0002T 3 0:005T 2  0:0088T 0:462

Diameter 16 mm :
bT 0:0005T 3 0:008T 2  0:0185T 0:426

4. Conclusions
The following conclusions are deduced from the experimental
and analytical results:
For temperature up to 60 C applied for periods of 4 and
8 months, the average bond strengths did not show any signicant reduction.
For the 80 C temperature, the maximum reductions after
8 months of ageing in dry environment were 10% and 14%,
respectively for the 8 mm and 16 mm GFRP bars, compared to
the reference results at 20 C.
No signicant damages were observed on the interface GFRP
rebars/concrete after 240 days of thermal loading in dry
environment.
No signicant effects were detected on the coefcient a of the
BPE modied model submitted to temperature ranging from
20 C to 80 C.
The bond strength decreases when the diameter increases
(diameter effect).
The thermal effect on bond strength of GFRP Combar is less pronounced than that of GFRP V-Rod bar due to a lower CTE and
higher elasticity modulus.
To predict the bondstress slip behavior, the CMR model provides better accuracy with the experimental results, than the
BPE model.
The coefcient b, from the rst branch of the CMR model
increases as temperature increases. This nding is t for temperature ranging from 20 C to 80 C with this particular kind of
rebar and diameters used in this investigation.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the manufacturer of the GFRP
Combar (Schck, Baden-Baden, Germany) for providing the GFRP
bars. The opinion and analysis presented in this paper are those of
the authors.
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Fig. 11. Temperature dependence of parameter beta after 8 months of ageing.

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