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**
3
4
5
7
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
= 8.31 J K1 mol1
= 6.63 1034 J s
= 3.00 108 m s1
mp = 1.67 1027 kg
mn = 1.67 1027 kg
0
1
me = 9.11 1031 kg
electronic charge
= 1.60 1019 C
= 4.18 kJ kg1 K1
(= 4.18 J g1 K1)
Proton
number
1
First
1310
Second
Third
Fourth
He
2370
5250
Li
519
7300
11800
Be
900
1760
14800
21000
799
2420
3660
25000
1090
2350
4610
6220
1400
2860
4590
7480
1310
3390
5320
7450
1680
3370
6040
8410
Ne
10
2080
3950
6150
9290
Na
11
494
4560
6940
9540
Mg
12
736
1450
7740
10500
Al
13
577
1820
2740
11600
Si
14
786
1580
3230
4360
15
1060
1900
2920
4960
16
1000
2260
3390
4540
Cl
17
1260
2300
3850
5150
Ar
18
1520
2660
3950
5770
19
418
3070
4600
5860
Ca
20
590
1150
4940
6480
Sc
21
632
1240
2390
7110
Ti
22
661
1310
2720
4170
23
648
1370
2870
4600
Cr
24
653
1590
2990
4770
Mn
25
716
1510
3250
5190
Fe
26
762
1560
2960
5400
Co
27
757
1640
3230
5100
Ni
28
736
1750
3390
5400
Cu
29
745
1960
3350
5690
Zn
30
908
1730
3828
5980
Ga
31
577
1980
2960
6190
Br
35
1140
2080
3460
4850
Rb
37
403
4632
3900
5080
Sr
38
548
1060
4120
5440
Ag
47
731
2074
3361
53
1010
1840
2040
4030
Cs
55
376
2420
3300
Ba
56
502
966
3390
Heteronuclear
Bond
Energy / kJ mol1
Bond
Energy / kJ mol1
HH
436
HF
562
DD
442
HCl
431
NN
944
HBr
366
O= O
496
HI
299
PP
485
CO
1077
S=S
425
FF
158
Cl Cl
242
BrBr
193
II
151
Heteronuclear
Bond
Energy / kJ mol1
Bond
Energy / kJ mol1
CC
350
CH
410
C=C
610
CCl
340
CC
840
CBr
280
C.C (benzene)
520
CI
240
NN
160
CN
305
N=N
410
C=N
610
OO
150
CN
890
SiSi
222
CO
360
PP
200
C=O
740
SS
264
C=O in CO2
805
NH
390
NCl
310
OH
460
SiCl
359
SiH
320
460
640
PH
320
PCl
330
PO
340
P=O
540
SH
347
SCl
250
SO
360
S=O
500
in alphabetical order
E /V
Electrode reaction
Ag+ + e
Al 3+ + 3e
Ba2+ + 2e
Br2 + 2e
Ca2+ + 2e
Cl2 + 2e
2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e
Cl O + H2O + 2e
Co2+ + 2e
Co3+ + e
[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 2e
Cr2+ + 2e
Cr3+ + 3e
Cr3+ + e
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e
Cu+ + e
Cu2+ + 2e
Cu2+ + e
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2e
F2 + 2e
Fe2+ + 2e
Fe3+ + 3e
Fe3+ + e
[Fe(CN)6]3 + e
Fe(OH)3 + e
2H+ + 2e
2H2O + 2e
I2 + 2e
K + + e
Li+ + e
2+
Mg + 2e
Mn2+ + 2e
Mn3+ + e
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e
MnO4 + e
MnO4 + 4H+ + 3e
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e
NO3 + 2H+ + e
NO3 + 3H+ + 2e
NO3 + 10H+ + 8e
Ag
Al
Ba
2Br
Ca
2Cl
Cl2 + 2H2O
Cl + 2OH
Co
Co2+
Co + 6NH3
Cr
Cr
Cr2+
2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cu
Cu
Cu+
Cu + 4NH3
2F
Fe
Fe
Fe2+
[Fe(CN)6]4
Fe(OH)2 + OH
H2
H2 + 2OH
2I
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Mn2+
Mn2+ + 2H2O
MnO42
MnO2 + 2H2O
Mn2+ + 4H2O
NO2 + H2O
HNO2 + H2O
NH4+ + 3H2O
+0.80
1.66
2.90
+1.07
2.87
+1.36
+1.64
+0.89
0.28
+1.82
0.43
0.91
0.74
0.41
+1.33
+0.52
+0.34
+0.15
0.05
+2.87
0.44
0.04
+0.77
+0.36
0.56
0.00
0.83
+0.54
2.92
3.04
2.38
1.18
+1.49
+1.23
+0.56
+1.67
+1.52
+0.81
+0.94
+0.87
Electrode reaction
Na+ + e
Ni2+ + 2e
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e
HO2 + H2O + 2e
O2 + 4H+ + 4e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
O2 + 2H+ + 2e
O2 + H2O + 2e
Pb2+ + 2e
Pb4+ + 2e
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e
SO42 + 4H+ + 2e
S2O82+ 2e
S4O62+ 2e
Sn2+ + 2e
Sn4+ + 2e
V2+ + 2e
V3+ + e
2+
VO + 2H+ + e
VO2+ + 2H+ + e
VO3 + 4H+ + e
Zn2+ + 2e
Na
Ni
Ni + 6NH3
2H2O
3OH
2H2O
4OH
H2O2
HO2 + OH
Pb
Pb2+
Pb2+ + 2H2O
SO2 + 2H2O
2SO42
2S2O32
Sn
Sn2+
V
V2+
V3+ + H2O
VO2+ + H2O
VO2+ + 2H2O
Zn
2.71
0.25
0.51
+1.77
+0.88
+1.23
+0.40
+0.68
0.08
0.13
+1.69
+1.47
+0.17
+2.01
+0.09
0.14
+0.15
1.20
0.26
+0.34
+1.00
+1.00
0.76
All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.
(a selection only see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)
E /V
Electrode reaction
F2 + 2e
S2O82+ 2e
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e
Cl2 + 2e
2
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e
O2 + 4H+ + 4e
Br2 + 2e
ClO + H2O + 2e
NO3 + 10H+ + 8e
NO3 + 2H+ + e
Ag+ + e
Fe3+ + e
I2 + 2e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
Cu2+ + 2e
2
SO4 + 4H+ + 2e
Sn4+ + 2e
S4O62+ 2e
2H+ + 2e
Pb2+ + 2e
Sn2+ + 2e
Fe2+ + 2e
Zn2+ + 2e
2H2O + 2e
V2+ + 2e
Mg2+ + 2e
Ca2+ + 2e
K + + e
2F
2SO42
2H2O
Mn2+ + 4H2O
Pb2+ + 2H2O
2Cl
2Cr3+ + 7H2O
2H2O
2Br
Cl + 2OH
NH4+ + 3H2O
NO2 + H2O
Ag
Fe2+
2I
4OH
Cu
SO2 + 2H2O
Sn2+
2S2O32
H2
Pb
Sn
Fe
Zn
H2 + 2OH
V
Mg
Ca
K
+2.87
+2.01
+1.77
+1.52
+1.47
+1.36
+1.33
+1.23
+1.07
+0.89
+0.87
+0.81
+0.80
+0.77
+0.54
+0.40
+0.34
+0.17
+0.15
+0.09
0.00
0.13
0.14
0.44
0.76
0.83
1.20
2.38
2.87
2.92
Period 1
atomic / nm
ionic / nm
single covalent
0.037
10
0.208
environment of carbon
atom
example structures
chemical
shift range
()
sp3
alkyl
050
sp3
next to alkene/arene
CH2
1040
CH2C=C,
sp3
next to carbonyl/carboxyl
sp3
next to nitrogen
sp3
next to chlorine
(-CH2-Br and -CH2-I are in
the same range as alkyl)
sp3
next to oxygen
CH2COR, CH2CO2R
2550
CH2NH2, CH2NR2,
CH2NHCO
3065
CH2Cl
3060
CH2OH, CH2OCO
5070
sp2
alkene or arene
>C=C<,
C
C
110160
sp2
carboxyl
RCO2H, RCO2R
160185
sp2
carbonyl
RCHO, RCOR
190220
sp
alkyne
RCC
6585
sp
nitrile
RCN
100125
13
bond
functional groups
containing the bond
appearance of peak
(s = strong,
w = weak)
CO
10401300
C=C
aromatic compounds,
alkenes
15001680
w unless conjugated
C=O
amides,
ketones and aldehydes
esters,
16401690
16701740
17101750
s
s
s
CC
alkynes
21502250
w unless conjugated
CN
nitriles
22002250
CH
alkanes, CH2H
alkenes/arenes, =CH
28502950
30003100
s
w
NH
amines, amides
33003500
OH
25003000
32003600
35803650
14
environment of carbon
atom
example structures
chemical
shift range
()
sp3
alkyl
050
sp3
next to alkene/arene
CH2
1040
CH2C=C,
sp3
next to carbonyl/carboxyl
sp3
next to nitrogen
sp3
next to chlorine
(-CH2-Br and -CH2-I are in
the same range as alkyl)
sp3
next to oxygen
CH2COR, CH2CO2R
2550
CH2NH2, CH2NR2,
CH2NHCO
3065
CH2Cl
3060
CH2OH, CH2OCO
5070
sp2
alkene or arene
>C=C<,
C
C
110160
sp2
carboxyl
RCO2H, RCO2R
160185
sp2
carbonyl
RCHO, RCOR
190220
sp
alkyne
RCC
6585
sp
nitrile
RCN
100125
13
bond
functional groups
containing the bond
appearance of peak
(s = strong,
w = weak)
CO
10401300
C=C
aromatic compounds,
alkenes
15001680
w unless conjugated
C=O
amides,
ketones and aldehydes
esters,
16401690
16701740
17101750
s
s
s
CC
alkynes
21502250
w unless conjugated
CN
nitriles
22002250
CH
alkanes, CH2H
alkenes/arenes, =CH
28502950
30003100
s
w
NH
amines, amides
33003500
OH
25003000
32003600
35803650
14
X
2
3
+ Y+
+ H+
NO2
OH or OR
NH3
NHCOR
CN
CH3, alkyl
CHO, COR
Cl
CO2H, CO2R
15
3-letter abbreviation
NH2
1-letter symbol
CH
CO2H
alanine
Ala
CH3
aspartic acid
Asp
HO2CCH2
cysteine
Cys
HSCH2
glutamic acid
Glu
HO2CCH2CH2
glycine
Gly
lysine
Lys
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2
phenylalanine
Phe
serine
Ser
tyrosine
Tyr
CH2
HOCH2
HO
CH2
CH3
valine
Val
CH3
16
CH
13
14
15
16
17
Key
18
2
He
hydrogen
helium
1.0
4.0
10
atomic number
Li
Be
atomic symbol
Ne
lithium
beryllium
name
boron
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
neon
6.9
11
9.0
12
10.8
13
12.0
14
14.0
15
16.0
16
19.0
17
20.2
18
17
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
sodium
magnesium
phosphorus
sulfur
chlorine
argon
24.3
20
silicon
23.0
19
aluminium
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
27.0
31
28.1
32
31.0
33
32.1
34
35.5
35
39.9
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
potassium
calcium
scandium
titanium
vanadium
chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
nickel
copper
zinc
gallium
germanium
arsenic
selenium
bromine
krypton
39.1
37
40.1
38
45.0
39
47.9
40
50.9
41
52.0
42
54.9
43
55.8
44
58.9
45
58.7
46
63.5
47
65.4
48
69.7
49
72.6
50
74.9
51
79.0
52
79.9
53
83.8
54
Mo
Tc
In
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
rubidium
strontium
yttrium
zirconium
niobium
85.5
87.6
88.9
91.2
92.9
molybdenum technetium
95.9
10
11
12
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
Sn
Sb
Te
ruthenium
rhodium
palladium
silver
cadmium
indium
tin
antimony
tellurium
iodine
xenon
Xe
101.1
102.9
106.4
107.9
112.4
116.7
121.8
127.6
131.3
82
83
84
126.9
85
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
55
56
5771
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
114.8
81
Cs
Ba
lanthanoids
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Au
Hg
Tl
caesium
barium
hafnium
tantalum
tungsten
rhenium
osmium
Ir
Pt
iridium
platinum
gold
mercury
thallium
lead
bismuth
polonium
astatine
radon
132.9
137.3
178.5
180.9
183.8
186.2
190.2
195.1
197.0
200.6
204.4
207.2
209.0
87
88
89103
104
105
106
107
108
192.2
109
110
111
112
Fr
Ra
actinoids
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cr
francium
radium
rutherfordium
dubnium
seaborgium
bohrium
hassium
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Pr
Nd
57
lanthanoids
actinoids
La
Ce
lanthanum
cerium
138.9
89
140.1
90
praseodymium neodymium
140.9
91
144.4
92
114
67
116
Fl
Lv
flerovium
livermorium
68
69
70
71
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
promethium
samarium
europium
gadolinium
terbium
dysprosium
holmium
erbium
thulium
ytterbium
lutetium
93
150.4
94
152.0
95
157.3
96
158.9
97
162.5
98
164.9
99
167.3
100
168.9
101
173.1
102
175.0
103
Ac
Th
Pa
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
actinium
thorium
protactinium
uranium
neptunium
plutonium
americium
curium
berkelium
californium
einsteinium
fermium
mendelevium
nobelium
lawrencium
232.0
231.0
238.0
86
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