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ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
5.1. INTRODUCTION:
Mechanism of charge transport can be understood from the
measurement of electrical conductivity, thermo-electric power, Hall
,coefficient and magneto-resistance. Density and mobility of charge
carriers are the key quantities for obtaining inner details of the
conductivity. The ferrites in general are semiconductors and have low
conductivity as compared to the metals and thus greatly influence their
various applications. The principle application of dielectric and the ac
electrical properties is the capacitive element in the electronic circuits and
as electrical insulators, therefore the knowledge of parameters such as
dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and dielectric strength is highly
important for their use.
160
161
5.2. RESISTIVITY:
162
5.1.
163
5.2.
5.3.
where `AE' is the activation energy, required for transfer of electron from
Fe2+ to Fe3+ or Me2+ to Fe3+ and vice versa. The valence states of two ions
get interchanged. Under the influence of an electric field, these extra
electrons are responsible for the generation of current by the jumping or
the hopping process [16].
164
5.4.
where, n and 1.1, are the concentration and mobility of electrons (e) and
holes (h), respectively.
165
166
167
lattice and tunnel from one site to the other due to a phonon-induced
transfer mechanism.
168
5.5.
169
5.6.
170
171
E's
172
5.5.1. RESISTIVITY:
Sample preparation:
Powdered
Measurement:
173
Powdered samples of MnZno_Je204 prepared by mechanochemical and wet chemical methods were pressed into pellets of the size
1.0 cm in diameter and of thickness between 2-3mm under 75KN pressure
applied for about 5 minutes. The pellets were silver pasted on either side
for establishing good ohmic contacts with the electrodes.
Measurement:
The thermo-emf measurements of these samples were carried out
from room temperature to 500 C by maintaining a temperature difference
between the two ends - hot and cold junction - of electrodes by 10 C.
174
silver pasted on either side for establishing good ohmic contacts with the
electrodes.
Measurement:
The dielectric measurements were carried out from room
temperature to 550 C, with the variation of frequencies from 20Hz to
1MHz using Wayne Kerr precision LCR meter. The capacitance C was
measured and the dielectric constant was calculated using the relation
5.8.
ct / e A
where 't' is the thickness of pellet, 'A' is Area of cross section of the
pellet, `E.' is the permittivity of free space.
5.6.1. RESISTIVITY:
Ferrite samples prepared by mechano-chemical method:
Variation of dc resistivity (logp) with different sintering
temperatures (1000/ 1) K for Mn,,Zn(l_x)Fe204 ferrite samples (with
different compositions) prepared by the mechano-chemical method, is
illustrated in the Fig.5.1 (a, b, c and d). It was observed that the dc
.
175
176
177
178
8-
7-
1E 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
Al
0.6 Mn
--4e- 0.7 Mn
e 0.8 Mn
2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
Temperature 1000/T(K)
Fig. 5.1.(a). Variation of resistivity (logp) with 1000/T (K) for different
unsintered Mn-Zn ferrite samples obtained by the mechano
chemical method.
179
7-
6-
E 5 0
(to 4 -
o_
c7)
o 3
- J
N 0.5 Mn
0.6 Mn
0.625 Mn
A
0.7 Mn
* 0.8 Mn
/".
2-
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
Fig. 5.1.(b). Variation of resistivity (logp) with 1000/T (K) for different
sintered Mn-Zn ferrite (1000 C) samples obtained by the
mechano - chemical method.
7-
E
o
P1
a-
'
0.4 Mn
N 0.5 Mn
0.6 Mn
A
41
0.625 Mn
0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
ct
-J
.1114
410-11
6-
3-
2-
10
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1000/T (K)
180
7-
,,*-t;terll=1
6-
v-v
.v im
5-
E
Y
o
ie
4-
0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
U 0.6 Mn
v 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
o 3 -1
2-
10
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1000 / T (K)
(a)
(c)
(b)
4*-
.?%: ? :.
(d)
(e)
181
20kU XI0,000
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
182
183
and
9-
8-
7E
C)
6-
- 0- 0.4 Mn
-- 0.5 Mn
A
0.6 Mn
- v- 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
rn 0
3-
2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
1000/T K
(a)
7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 -
5.5 _
5.0 -
- 0- 0.4 Mn
-- 0.5 Mn
- A- 0.6 Mn
-v- 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
3.5 3.0 -
2.5
10
1.5
2.5
2.0
3.0
3.5
1000/T K
(b)
7-
6-
5E
(3
E 4
- 0- 0.4 Mn
-- 0.5 Mn
*- 0.6 Mn
- A- 0.7 Mn
- v- 0.8 Mn
on 30
2-
10
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1000/T K
(c)
Fig. 5.4. Variation of resistivity (logp) with 1000/T (K) for various Mn-Zn ferrite
(a)unsintered samples, and sintered, at (b) 1200 C and (c) 1300C
samples obtained by the wet chemical method.
184
(a
(b)
(c)
185
The resistivity values obtained in the present studies for both the
methods of preparation, namely mechano-chemical and wet chemical
method, were higher compared to the resistivity values of 10 5 ohm-cm
reported [52, 53] in the surveyed literature.
The higher resistivity values seen for the samples obtained by the
mechano-chemical method as well as those prepared by the wet chemical
method amply confirm that both these methods yield Mn-Zn ferrite having
grain size in the nanometer range. This observation is in conformity with
the particle size calculated from the XRD data (3.5.9, Table 3.9) and with
the conclusion drawn from the other experimental results (3.5.7, Fig.3.7).
It can be seen from the figures that all the samples prepared by this
method show a negative value of Seebeck coefficient (Q), indicating that
the electrons were the majority charge carriers. Thus all the samples show
n-type semiconductor behaviour. The mechanism of conduction in all
these samples is predominantly due to the hopping of electrons from
186
Fe2+ to Fe3+ ions. It is also evident from the figures that the value of
Seebeck coefficient increases with increasing Mn content in the samples.
Among all the samples prepared by the mechano-chemical method,
Mn04Zn06Fe204 sample show lower (numerical) Q value of -186 uV/K
while Mn0.8Zn0ffe204 has the highest (numerical) Q value of - 452 uV/K.
run_
ti
-0.5-
L.
)11
-1.0 -1.5 -
-2.0 -
1s 0.4 Mn I
-2.5 400
300
600
500
Temperrature in K
(a)
0.5
0.0 -0.5
1 m 0.5 Mn
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
300
350
450
400
Temperature in K
(b)
187
500
550
1.0 -
0.5 0.0 -
I ----- 0.6 Mn I
250
Temperature in K
(c)
0.5 0.0
-0.5 -
ti
I --s 0.8 Mn I
-4.0 7
-4.5 -5.0
I
I I I
u
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
Temperature in K
(d)
Fig.5.6.Variation of Seebeck coefficient with Temperature (K) for various
Mn-Zn ferrite unsintered samples obtained by the mechano-chemical
method.
188
It can be seen from the figures that, like the samples prepared by
189
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Temperature in K
(a)
0-
-WIVE le
01 045 Mn
-4-
250
300
350
400
450
Temperature in K
(b)
190
500
550
600
0-
-2 "cc
Se
-4 c
b
I la 0.6 Mn
1..1
1..1,11m
11
300320340360380400420440460480500520540560580600620640660680700
Temperature in K
(c)
0-
I
-9
0.8 Mn
300 320 340 360 380400 420 440 460 480 500 520 54 0 560 580 600 620 640
Temperature in K
(d)
Fig.5.7. Variation of Seebeck coefficient with Temperature (K) for various
Mn-Zn ferrite unsintered samples obtained by the wet chemical method.
191
192
It can be seen from the figures that the value of the dielectric
constant decreases with increasing frequencies and that a very low value is
shown at higher frequencies for all the unsintered as well as sintered
samples at different sintering temperatures. This can be explained on the
basis of space charge polarization model of Maxwell [42] Wagner [43],
and the Koop's phenOmenological theory [6]. The decrease of dielectric
constant at higher frequency can be explained on this basis, by assuming
that the solid is composed of well conducting grains separated by poorly
conducting grain boundaries. The electrons reach the grain boundary by
hopping and if the resistance of the grain boundary is high enough,
electrons pile up at the grain boundaries and produce polarization.
However, as the frequency of the applied field is increased beyond a
certain value, the electrons cannot follow the alternating field. This
decreases the prossibility of further electrons reaching the grain boundary
and as a result the polarization decrease [6, 42].
193
The dielectric constant for all the unsintered samples is lower than
the corresponding bulk value at room temperature. Latha et al.. [62] have
reported a dielectric constant of (17-32) x10 5 at 308K measured at a
frequency of 5 kHz for MnZn ferrite in bulk form synthesized by ceramic
method. This low value of dielectric constant may be attributed to
homogeneity, better symmetry, uniform smaller grains. Smaller grains
contain large surface boundaries and are the regions of high resistance.
This reduces the interfacial polarization and hence the dielectric constant
was found to be lesser than that reported for the bulk materials.
194
reported values. In the case of samples sintered at 1300 C, the lowest value
of dielectric constant was 6.8240x10 5 for Mno sZno 2Fe204 sample.
195
18000
16000
14000
12000
to
(4 10000
0 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
V 0.7 Mn
Mn
8000
c..)
6000
Ei
4000 L
2000
0-2000
Log f
(a)
140000
120000
Dielectric Constant
100000
0 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
0.6 Mn
A
v 0.7 Mn
0 0.8 Mn
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
-20000
1P0--* *
111
1
4
Log f
(b)
20000000
Dielectric Constant
15000000
0 0.4 Mn
0 0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
v 0.7 Mn
0 0.8 Mn
10000000
5000000
Log f
(c)
Fig.5.8.Variation of dielectric constant with Log f for various Mn-Zn ferrites
(a) unsintered samples, and sintered, at (b)1100 C and, (c) 1300C
samples prepared by the mechano-chemical method.
196
3500 3000 -
Dielectric Constant
2500 -
0 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
v 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
0
500 -500
2
Log f
(a)
18000 16000 14000 -
Dielectric Constant
12000 -
0 0.4
0.5
A 0.6
v 0.7
0.8
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
log f
(b)
2000000 -
1500000 -
0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
V 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
1000000 -
500000 -
0-
.---
i0,
11-
2;z2.---f41
Log f
(c)
Fig.5.9. Variation of dielectric constant with Log f for various Mn-Zn
ferrites (a) unsintered samples, and sintered, at (b)1100 C and,
(c) 1300C samples prepared by the wet chemical method.
198
It can be seen from these figures that for all the samples dielectric
constant (e') increase with increasing temperature. Initially at lower
temperature, the (e') increases gradually as the thermal energy supplied to
the samples is not sufficient to free the localized dipoles. When a certain
temperature is reached, the thermal energy liberates more localized
dipoles, and the field accompanying the applied frequency tries to align
them in its direction. Thus, there is a sharp increase in the dielectric
constant, reaching a peak. The temperature at which the dielectric constant
is maximum (peak) is called the transition temperature. Beyond the
transition temperature, the thermal energy added to the system overcomes
the field effect and decreases the internal viscosity of the system giving
rise to more degrees of freedom to the dipoles, and increasing the entropy
(degree of randomness) of the system, thus resulting in the decrease in the
199
dielectric constant (e'). This peak is also attributed to the presence of two
types of charge carriers as reported by Rezlescu [63].
200
16000000 -
NI 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
V 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
14000000-
100
200
300
400
500
600
Temperature in C
(a)
5.00E+008 -
N 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
V 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
Dielectric Constant
4.00E+008 -
3.00E+008 -
2.00E+008 -
1.00E+008 -
z
0.00E+000 -
il
* **--*--* *- --rir--"t---y
100
200
300
al
400
500
600
400
500
600
Temperature in C
(b)
4.00E+009 -
U 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
v 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
Dielectric Constant
3.00E+009 -
2.00E+009 -
1.00E+009 -
0.00E+000 -
100
200
300
Temperature in C
(c)
Fig.5.10. Variation of dielectric constant with temperature for various Mn-Zn
ferrite (a) unsintered samples, sintered, at (b) 1100 C and (c) 1300C
obtained by the mechano-chemical method.
201
It can be seen from the figures that the Mn-Zn ferrite samples
obtained by this method also follow the same pattern as seen in the case of
the mechano-chemical method for all the samples that is the dielectric
constant (e') increases with increasing temperature. The values of
dielectric constant for the unsintered samples were in the range
6 3682 x 105-8.4891 x106 the lowest being for Mno7Zno3Fe204 and the
highest for Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe204. Similarly, in the case of the samples sintered
at 1100C and 1300C, the values of dielectric constant were in the range
of 2.3192x106-8.4934x107 and 2.3882x107 - 3.4278x108 respectively.
The dielectric constant values were lower for the wet chemical
method as compared to the values obtained for the samples prepared by the
mechano-chemical method, for the same composition. Better homogeneity,
symmetry and the uniform smaller grains in the case of the samples
obtained by the wet chemical method may be the reason for lower values
of the dielectric constant.
202
10000000 -
8000000 -
N 0.4 Mn
N 0.5 Mn
0 0.6 Mn
A 0.7 Mn
. 0.8 Mn
6000000 a
0
U
4000000 -
-6
2000000
as
0-
-=
-2000000
100
200
300
400
500
600
Temperature in C
(a)
1.60E+008 -
N 0.4 Mn
0 0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
* 0.7 Mn
4-- 0.8 Mn
1.40E+008 -
2.00E+007 -
0.00E+000 -
-2.00E+007
100
200
300
400
500
600
Temperature in C
(b)
6.00E+008 -
Dielectric Constant
5.00E+008 -
0 0.4 Mn
0 0.5 Mn
0 0.6 Mn
A 0.7 Mn
IN 0.8 Mn
4.00E+008 -
3.00E+008 -
2.00E+008 -
1.00E+008 -
as
0.00E+000 0
a
100
200
300
a
400
a-500
600
Temperature in C
(c)
Fig.5.11. Variation of dielectric constant with temperature for various Mn-Zn
ferrite (a) unsintered samples, sintered, at (b)1100 C and (c) 1300C
obtained by the wet chemical method.
203
204
N 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
A 0.6 Mn
y 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
Log f
(a)
5 -
N 0.4 Mn
0.5 Mn
a. 0.6 Mn
V 0.7 Mn
0.8 Mn
4 -
3 -
2 -
0 -
Log f
(b)
Fig.5.12. Variation of relative loss factor with log f for Mn-Zn ferrites
(a)unsintered (b) sintered at 1300 C samples, obtained by the
mechano- chemical method.
205
figures, that for all the samples the tan 6 value decreases as the frequency
is increased and reaches to a constant value at 1 MHz for the unsintered as
well as for the sintered samples.
10-
111 0.4 Mn
0 0.5 Mn
0.6 Mn
A
v 0.7 Mn
0 0.8 Mn
8-
6-
4-
2-
0-
Log f
(a)
7-
111 0.4 Mn
0 0.5 Mn
0.6 Mn
A
v 0.7 Mn
0 0.8 Mn
6-
5-
U)
cn
0
a)
4
3
CL
0
-1
Log f
(b)
Fig.5.13. Variation of relative loss Factor with log f for various Mn-Zn
ferrite (a) unsintered (b)sintered at 1200 C samples, obtained
by the wet chemical method.
206
REFERENCES:
[1] A. R. Von Hippel, 'Dielectric Materials and Applications', Chapman
and Hall Ltd, London, (1954).
[2] J. Peters, K. J. Standley, 'The Dielectric Behaviour of Mn- Mg
Ferrite', Proc. Phys. Soc., 71 (1958) 131.
[3] L.G. van Uitert, Proc. IRE., 44 (1956) 1294.
[4] K. Iwauchi, Japan J. Appl. Phy., 10 (1971) 1520.
[5] E. J.W. Verwey, J. Helman, Chem. Phy., 15 (1947) 174.
[6] C. G. Koops, Phy. Rev., 83 (1951) 121.
[7] C. Gillaud, R. Bertrand, J. Des. rese. Cont. Nat. Res. Scientific, 3
(1950) 73.
[8] T. E. Bradburn, G. R. Rigby, Tras. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 52
(1953) 417.
[9] M. Rosenberg, P. Nicolau, I. Bunget, Phys. Stat. Sol., 4
(1964) K 121.
[10] S. A. Maizen, Phy. Stat. Solidi, (Germany), 70/1 (1982) k 71.
[11] A. B. Naik, J. J. Powar, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 23
(1985) 436.
[12] A. A. Samokhvaloy, A. G. Rustamov, Sov. Phys. Sol. State, 6 (1964)
749.
[13] A. A. Samokhvaloy, A. G. Rustamov, Sov. Phys. Sol. State, 9 (1965)
961.
[14] A. J. Bosmann, C. C. Creve, Phys. Rev., 144 (1966) 763.
[15] G. H. Jonker, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 9 (1959), 165.
207
208
209
210