Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
2
Professionals
2.1
Pharmacists
2.2
Pharmacy technicians
3
History
4
Types of pharmacy practice areas
4.1
Community pharmacy
4.2
Hospital pharmacy
4.3
Clinical pharmacy
4.4
Ambulatory care pharmacy
4.5
Compounding pharmacy
4.6
Consultant pharmacy
4.7
Internet pharmacy
4.8
Veterinary pharmacy
4.9
Nuclear pharmacy
4.10
Military pharmacy
4.11
Pharmacy informatics
4.12
Specialty pharmacy
5
Issues in pharmacy
5.1
Separation of prescribing from dispensing
5.2
The future of pharmacy
6
Pharmacy journals
7
See also
8
Symbols
9
Notes and references
10
References
11
External links
12
External links
Disciplines[edit]
Pharmacy, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)
The field of pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines:
Pharmaceutics
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy
Pharmacy Practice
The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as bioche
mistry, are not always clear-cut. Often, collaborative teams from various discip
lines (pharmacists and other scientists) work together toward the introduction o
f new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However, pharmacy is not a basi
c or biomedical science in its typical form. Medicinal chemistry is also a disti
nct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and
chemical biology.
Pharmacology is sometimes considered as the 4th discipline of pharmacy. Although
pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharm
acy. Both disciplines are distinct.Those who wish to practice both pharmacy (pat
ient oriented) and pharmacology (a biomedical science requiring the scientific m
ethod) receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline.
Pharmacoinformatics is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug di
scovery and development with efficiency and safety.
Professionals[edit]
The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 2.6 million phar
macists and other pharmaceutical personnel worldwide.[3]
Pharmacists[edit]
Main article: Pharmacist
Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training
who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients
through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business pro
prietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know abo
ut the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological
effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optim
isation of a drug treatment for an individual.
Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical
Federation (FIP). They are represented at the national level by professional org
anisations such as the Royal Pharmaceutical Society in the UK, the Pharmaceutica
l Society of Australia (PSA), the Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA), and t
he American Pharmacists Association (APhA), See also: List of pharmacy associati
ons.
In some cases, the representative body is also the registering body, which is re
sponsible for the regulation and ethics of the profession.
In the United States, specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the Boa
rd of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, on
cology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry.[4] The Commission f
or Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharma
cy practice. The American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and
other medical professionals in applied toxicology.
Pharmacy technicians[edit]
Main article: Pharmacy technician
Pharmacy technicians support the work of pharmacists and other health profession
als by performing a variety of pharmacy related functions, including dispensing
prescription drugs and other medical devices to patients and instructing on thei
r use. They may also perform administrative duties in pharmaceutical practice, s
uch as reviewing prescription requests with medics's offices and insurance compa
nies to ensure correct medications are provided and payment is received.
A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and oft
en does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a
hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmac
y technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been
passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in ph
armacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert fiel
d as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in rese
arch. A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on
the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing bo
dy for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice
of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.
In the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under supervision of pharma
cists. Although they may perform, under supervision, most dispensing, compoundin
g and other tasks, they are not generally allowed to perform the role of counsel
ing patients on the proper use of their medications.
History[edit]
Main articles: History of pharmacy and List of pharmacists
Physician and Pharmacist, illustration from Medicinarius (1505) by Hieronymus Br
unschwig.
The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the Sushruta Samhita,
an Indian Ayurvedic treatise attributed to Sushruta in the 6th century BC. Howe
ver, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD.
Many Sumerian (late 6th millennium BC
early 2nd millennium BC) cuneiform clay ta
blets record prescriptions for medicine.[5]
ovement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often
collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharm
aceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdiscip
linary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds d
rug product selection.
The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy pl
an for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing al
l prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient.
The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the dr
ug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy)
and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactio
ns, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing an
d initiating a drug therapy plan.[15]
Ambulatory care pharmacy[edit]
Since the emergence of modern clinical pharmacy, ambulatory care pharmacy practi
ce has emerged as a unique pharmacy practice setting. Ambulatory care pharmacy i
s based primarily on pharmacotherapy services that a pharmacist provides in a cl
inic. Pharmacists in this setting often do not dispense drugs, but rather see pa
tients in office visits to manage chronic disease states.
In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Serv
ice, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing
authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist c
linicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority.[16] In
2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy p
ractice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmaci
sts who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be B
oard Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the i
nitials BCACP.[17]
Compounding pharmacy[edit]
Main article: Compounding
Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in new forms. For
rug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding
t make a medicated lollipop that contains the drug. Patients who
swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop
example, if a d
pharmacist migh
have difficulty
instead.
for controlled drugs, when the patient is unable to see their doctor, as could h
appen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable. In the United Sta
tes, pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on t
he practice of pharmacy.[32] Moreover, the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree
is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one
or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation. In additi
on, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing home
s are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of
"senior care pharmacy."[33]
Pharmacy journals[edit]
List of Pharmacy Journals
See also[edit]
American Society for Pharmacy Law
Apothecary
Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy, Doctor of Pharmacy
Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
Clinical pharmacy
Consultant pharmacist
Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
History of pharmacy
Hospital pharmacy
International Pharmaceutical Federation
International Pharmaceutical Students Federation
List of pharmacies
List of pharmacy associations
List of pharmacy organizations in the United Kingdom
List of pharmacy schools in the United States
List of pharmacy schools
Nuclear pharmacy
Online pharmacy
Pharmaceutical company
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical industry
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacology
Pharmaconomist
Pharmacy Automation - The Tablet Counter
Pharmacy residency
Pharmacy informatics
Professional Further Education in Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health
Raeapteek (one of the oldest continuously run pharmacies in Europe)
Telepharmacy
Symbols[edit]
The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking count
ries are the mortar and pestle and the ? (recipere) character, which is often wr
itten as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th c
entury. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygi
eia which is often used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in
their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cr
oss in France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, an
d India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands, and a red stylized lett
er A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from t
he same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary').
Bowl of Hygieia, the internationally recognised symbol of pharmacy (the professi
on)
Jump up ^ Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, Journal of the International Society for the His
tory of Islamic Medicine, 2004 (3), pp. 3-9 [8].
Jump up ^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy. The definition of clinical phar
macy. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28(6):816-817.
Jump up ^ Burke JM, Miller WA, Spencer AP, et al. (2008). "Clinical pharmacist c
ompetencies" (PDF). Pharmacotherapy 28 (6): 806 815. doi:10.1592/phco.28.6.806.
Jump up ^ Knapp, KK; Okamoto, MP; Black, BL (2005). "ASHP survey of ambulatory c
are pharmacy practice in health systems--2004". American Journal of Health-Syste
m Pharmacy 62 (3): 274 84. PMID 15719585.
Jump up ^ BPS Approves Ambulatory Care Designation; Explores New Specialties in
Pain and Palliative Care, Critical Care and Pediatrics
Jump up ^ American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, Frequently Asked Questions
Jump up ^ Strand LM (1990). "Pharmaceutical care and patient outcomes: notes on
what it is we manage". Top Hosp Pharm Manage. 10 (2): 77 84. PMID 10128568.
Jump up ^ Hepler CD, Strand LM (1990). "Opportunities and responsibilities in ph
armaceutical care". Am J Hosp Pharm 47 (3): 533 43. PMID 2316538.
Jump up ^ Protecting Patients from Counterfeit and Other Substandard Drugs/Suppl
y Chain Threats
Jump up ^ London Free Press Regional News Archive, Canada Internet Pharmacy Merg
ed In $3.8 Million Deal
Jump up ^ NBCH Action Brief: Specialty Pharmacy. Specialty Pharmacy December, 20
13. Accessed 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Wild, D. Specialty Pharmacy Continuum Carving a Specialty Niche Within
the ACO Model." Volume 1 (Summer Issue). August, 2012.
Jump up ^ Shane, RR (15 August 2012). "Translating health care imperatives and e
vidence into practice: the "Institute of Pharmacy" report.". American Journal of
Health-System Pharmacy 69 (16): 1373 83. doi:10.2146/ajhp120292. PMID 22855102.
Jump up ^ "Health Care Cost Drivers: Spotlight on Specialty Drugs" (PDF). Septem
ber 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Specialty Pharmacy Certification Board
Jump up ^ American Association of State Compensation Insurance Funds, Prepackage
d Drugs in Workers' Compensation
Jump up ^ British Medical Association, briefing on dispensing doctors, 30 Januar
y 2009 [1]
Jump up ^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Evidence of the Economic Benefi
t of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996 2000
Jump up ^ American Pharmacy Student Alliance (APSA)[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Defined
Jump up ^ American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, What is a Senior Care Phar
macist?
References[edit]
Watkins Elizabeth Siegel (2009). "From History of Pharmacy to Pharmaceutical His
tory". Pharmacy in History 51 (1): 3 13.
(Japanese) Asai,T. (1985). Nyokan Tukai. Tokyo: Kodan-Sha.
(French) Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gaho, 1652], N
ipon o da itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translati
on Fund of Great Britain and Ireland....Click link for digitized, full-text copy
of this book (in French)
High Performance Pharmacy - A landmark study in hospital pharmacy performance ba
sed on an extensive literature review and the collective experience of the Healt
h Systems Pharmacy Executive Alliance.
External links[edit]
Look up pharmacy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Excipient selection for injectable / parenteral formulations
External links[edit]
Look up pharmacy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pharmacy.
Pharmacy Professionals Guide Guide for Pharmacy students and Teachers Pharmacist
s
Navigator History of Pharmacy Collection of internet resources related to the hi
story of pharmacy
Soderlund Pharmacy Museum - Information about the history of the American Drugst
ore
The Lloyd Library Library of botanical, medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific
books and periodicals, and works of allied sciences
American Institute of the History of Pharmacy American Institute of the History
of Pharmacy resources in the history of pharmacy
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Federation representing national a
ssociations of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Information and resour
ces relating to pharmacy education, practice, science and policy
Pharmaboard German association of pharmacy students
[show] v t e
Allied health professions
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Branches of chemistry
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Health care
Tabletten.JPGPharmacy and Pharmacology portal
Authority control
GND: 4045705-9 NDL: 00574198
Categories: PharmacyMedicinal chemistry
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