Poweer Electroniccs

Prof. B.
B G. Fernan
ndes
Department Off Electrical E
Engineeringg

India
an Institute of Technoloogy, Bombaay
Lecturee No - 11
Hello, in
n the last class
c
we diiscussed haalf wave unncontrolled rectificationn. What aree our
observatiions? There was 1 diodee in between
n the source and the loadd. We foundd that, as thee load
inductancce increases, the duratio
on for which the diode c onducts alsoo increases. But then, vooltage
applied to
o the load beecomes negaative.
(Refer Sllide Time: 00
0:55)

Therefore, the rate at

a which the current decays will so increase. Instead, if we connected ddiode
across th
he load, bey
yond pi, this diode co
onnected acrross the loaad which iss also know
wn as
freewheeeling diode starts
s
conduccting. Now, the voltagee applied to the load beccomes 0. Cuurrent
decays sllowly.
What waas the third point that we discussed? When the diiode is on, thhe load voltaage is the sam
me as
the sourcce voltage. Itt is independ
dent of type of load. Yoou can have a RL or RL
LE, whateverr may
be the typ
pe of load, load voltage is same as th
he source vooltage and w
when the diodde is off, thee load
voltage is, depends on
o the type of
o load. If itt is a passivve load, voltaage is 0 andd if it is an aactive
load, in the sense, if there
t
is a batttery, RLE ty
ype of load, voltage appplied to the looad is now E
E.
oint that wee found was,, if the curreent is disconntinues and iif there is a RLE
The 4th important po
type of lo
oad, diode sttarts conductting when th
he instantaneeous value of the input vvoltage is equual to
E. In oth
her words, alpha
a
is sin inverse
i
E diivided by V m and if thee load curreent is continnuous,
1

diode staarts conducting at the positive 0 crosssing. I will rrepeat, if thee current is ccontinuous, ddiode
starts con
nducting at the
t positive 0 crossing. It
I is indepenndent of typee of load, evven if you haave E
there, it does
d
not mattter. It is beccause of L di
d by dt, volttage across tthe inductor changes andd that
voltage forward
f
biasees the diode.
So in hallf wave rectiification, app
plied voltagee to the loadd is either 0 oor negative, beyond pi. O
Other
than, whaatever 2 poin
nt that we discussed, theere is a reduuction in outpput voltage, also the inccrease
in the currrent decay, ripple in thee output volttage increases. So insteaad, we will ssee what happpens
in the fulll wave rectification.
A very popular
p
pass circuit whicch is used in
n power suppplies using a centre top transformerr with
primary number
n
of tu
urns N1 N2 and
a here N2, 2 diodes, ccathodes are tied togetheer and the looad is
connected between th
he common point and th
he ground, thhis point andd this point iss same.
(Refer Sllide Time: 5:26)

When th
he instantaneeous, when this point iss positive this is alsso positive, this also wiill be
positive. So in the positive half, D1 conductts and in thee negative haalf, D2 condducts. So, whhat is
valent circuiit when D1 conducts? V11 is the vooltage inducced in the uupper half oof the
the equiv
transform
mer. In the, V12 is the voltage ind
duced in thee lower half of the - ssecondary oof the
transform
mer. When the D1 con
nducts, sincce the cathoodes are tieed together,, this point gets
connected to the cath
hode of D2. So, what is the voltagee that is appeearing acrosss D2? Of coourse,
KVL lastt hold good, it is minus of
o V11 plus V12.
ge that is app
pearing acrosss the load? It is minus 2 V11 max w
where
So, whatt is the maximum voltag
V11 is N2 by N1 into Vin or the peak,
p
twice the peak off the secondaary voltage that is appeearing
across the load. Diod
de should be able to with
h stand twicee the Vm. Avverage outpuut voltage is ggiven
by 2Vm by
b pi. Remem
mber, in halff wave rectiffication it is Vm by pi.

Now there is an incrrease in the voltage, 2V

Vm by pi. I aam not goinng to discusss about the RMS
value, ripple value. I have told you the procedure
p
hhow to findd out, you follow the same
procedurre. Let me reepeat, I will use
u minimum
m number o f differentiaal equations. Most of thee time
I will usee a graphicall approach; writing
w
a diff
fferential equuation, solvinng, I think annyone can ddo it.
(Refer Sllide Time: 7:16)

Now, co
onsider a co
ommon cath
hode configu
uration. Whhat do you mean by ccommon catthode
configuraation? I havee large numb
ber of diodess whose cathhodes are coonnected together and there is
load heree and I hav
ve given varrious potenttials to the anodes. Noow, which oone of them
m will
conduct?? There is a plus 5 volts, plus 10, minus
m
5. W
We know thatt we cannott have a situuation
where in
n a positive voltage app
pearing across the load, sorry, appeearing acrosss the diode. The
moment the voltage across
a
it is 0.7,
0 it conduccts.
t D1 cond
ducts. If D1 conducts,
c
catthode potenttial becomess 4.3 and if I consider it to be
Assume that
an ideal, it becomes 5. Then, wh
hat happens to D2? Anodde potential is 10 volts, cathode is tten 5.
So, voltaage appear voltage acrross the diode is 5 vollts, you cannnot have thhat situationn. So
thereforee, D1 cannott conduct. Only
O
D2 can conduct beecause if D2 conducts, ccathode poteential
becomes 9.3 or so or
o 10 itself. D1 gets reveerse biased, cathode is 10, anode iss 5. Similarlly D3,
de is minus 5. So, wh
hat is the coonclusion hhere? In a ccommon catthode
cathode is 10, anod
configuraation, diode whose anod
de potential is maximum,, will conducct.
I will rep
peat, in a com
mmon cathode configuraation, diode whose anodde potential iis maximum
m, will
conduct. What happeens in comm
mon anode co
onfigurationn? I have agaain a large nnumber of diiodes,
a tied togetther and cath
hode has vaarious potenttials. I am nnot going to talk about w
where
anodes are
this point is connecteed, let us no
ot worry now
w. What happpens, whichh diode condducts here? L
Let us
assume that
t
D1 cond
ducts. If D1 conducts,
c
po
otential of X is 5 volts oor may be 5.7. If potential of
this is po
otential of X is 5.7, cath
hode potentiial of D2 is 110; in that ccase, D2 is reeverse biased, D2
cannot co
onduct. But then,
t
what happens
h
to D3?
3

Anode po
otential is 5.7, cathode potential
p
is 5, the potenntial differennce across it is approxim
mately
10.7 volts. You can
nnot have th
hat situation
n. Thereforee, D1 cannoot conduct. Let us see what
happens if D3 conduccts. If D3 con
nducts, voltaage potentiall of X is eithher minus 5 or minus 4.33, if I
assume 0.7
0 volts acro
oss the diod
de. If potential of X is 4..3, D2 is reveerse biased, minus 4.3 m
minus
10. D1 iss also sorry D2 is reversse biased ev
ven D1 is alsso reverse bbiased, minuus 4.3 plus 5. So
thereforee, in commo
on anode co
onfiguration,, diode whoose cathode potential iss minimum,, will
conduct. So I will reepeat, diode whose cath
hode potentiaal is minimuum, will connduct in com
mmon
anode co
onfiguration. So, you neeed to rememb
ber these 2 ppoints.
(Refer Slide
S
Time: 12:04)
1

ular. There are 2 diodees; D1 and D3 form a ccommon catthode

Single phase bridge, very popu
configuraation, D4 and
d D2 form a common
c
ano
ode configurration. In thee positive haalf, potentiall of A
is higherr than potenttial of B. So
o therefore, D1 starts connducting andd in the low
wer half, D2 starts
conductin
ng. so voltaage apply wh
hen D1 and D2 starts coonducting, vvoltage appliied to the looad is
same as the
t input volltage.

(Refer Sllide Time: 12

2:48)

This is th
he equivalen
nt circuit, so
ource D1, load D2, back to source. Vi is equal to V0, the ccircuit
equation is Vm sin omega
o
t is equal to R into i plus L di by dtt. Solution, we have alrready
discussed
d. i reaches a peak valuee in between
n pi by 2 annd pi. At thatt instant, insstantaneous vvalue
of the inp
put voltage is R into imaax, because L di by dt w
when i is equual to imax is 0. At omegga t is
equal to pi
p plus, poteential of B beecomes high
her than poteential of A.
So, whatt happens? D3 starts con
nducting. Thee moment D3 starts connducting, cathhode potential of
D3 is sam
me as the po
otential of B,
B assuming
g the diode tto be ideal. In that situuation, a neggative
voltage appears
a
acro
oss D1, becau
use potentiall of A is lesss than potenntial of B in the negativee half
and anod
de, cathode potential
p
of D1 is the pottential of B. So thereforre, a negativee voltage apppears
across D1, diode turn
ns off. Same thing happeens in the loower half alsso. Thereforee, in the neggative
l
D4, bacck to source. This is the equivalent
e
ccircuit.
half; D3, load,
In the po
ositive half, current reaaches maxim
mum somew
where in betw
ween pi by 2 to pi, it starts
decreasin
ng dependin
ng upon the load param
meters is conntinuous to decrease annd again it starts
increasin
ng in the neegative half cycle and the
t instant w
when the cuurrent startss increasing, that
instant th
he KVL is Vi is equal to imin into R. I will repeatt, at this instaant, Vi shoulld be equal tto imin
into R. Whereas
W
heree, it is Vi is equal
e
to imax into R.
In both these
t
points, L di by dt is 0. So therrefore, curreent continuouus to decreaase till Vi is equal
to R into imin. Beyond
d that point, current agaain starts incrreasing and after sometiime a steadyy state
is reacheed and depending upon
n the load parameters,, the load is highly innductive, cuurrent
increasess, decreases and
a attains a steady valu
ue.
So, at steeady state if the load is highly
h
inducctive, I can aassume that load currentt becomes allmost
constant. When the diodes
d
are on,
o the sourcce current iss same as thhe load curreent. Input vooltage
may be a sinusoid; since, the load is high
hly inductivve, we assuume that IL becomes allmost
constant. Therefore, source currrent will no
ot be a sinussoid. If I asssume that ssource curreent is
5

constant and ripple free,

fr the sourrce current iss a square w
wave form, iss a constant till 0 to pi or n pi
to n plus 1 pi and it is minus I0 frrom n plus 1 pi to n plus 2 pi. This I0 is the magnnitude of thee load
current, constant
c
I0.
ge is a sinuso
oid, whereass, the currennt is the rectaangular wavee. So,
Source iss a sinusoid, input voltag
what are the various parameters that
t have to be defined nnow?
(Refer Sllide Time: 18:00)

It is an odd
o function,, so if I write the 4ier seeries will havve all odd coomponents. What is the peak
of the fu
undamental? It is given
n by 4 I0 by
y pi. It is thhe magnitudde of the funndamental oor the
magnitud
de of the fiirst compon
nent. In otheer sense, 4 I0 by pi innto sin omeega t, that iis the
magnitud
de. It has thiird harmonicc componentt, fifth, sevennth, all odd harmonics aare present. N
Now,
what is a displacemeent angle? Itt is the anglle between tthe fundameental component of the input
voltage and
a the fundaamental com
mponent of th
he source cuurrent.
It is the fundamentaal componen
nt of the inp
put voltage and the funndamental ccomponent oof the
source cu
urrent. If I plot
p the fund
damental com
mponent of source currrent, it lookss like this; w
whose
frequency
y is the saame as the input voltaage. You w
will find thaat these 2 vvoltages andd the
fundamen
ntal compon
nent of the so
ource curren
nt are in phaase. In other words, displlacement angle is
0.
What is the
t displacem
ment factor?? It is the cau
use of the diisplacement angle. In othher words, itt is 1,
unity. What
W
is the in
nput power factor?
f
It is defined
d
as m
mean input ppower divideed by RMS input
VA. We know that, it is only the
t fundameental compoonent of the input voltaage and the input
current that
t
are resp
ponsible forr power tran
nsfer. I willl repeat, it is the it is the fundam
mental
componeent of the in
nput voltage and the currrent are ressponsible forr power trannsfer. The hhigher
frequency
y componen
nts, the all otther R compo
onents will ggive rise to aadditional i ssquare R heaating.
They do not contribu
ute to power transfer, theey contributee only to addditional i squuare R lossess.

(Refer Sllide Time: 21:02)

So, inputt power is given

g
by V1 I1 cos of thee angle betw
ween V1 andd I1. Both V1 and I1 are RMS
values. RMS
R
values RMS valuees of the fun
ndamental ccomponent oof the annd I1 is the RMS
value of the fundameental compon
nent of the input
i
currentt, Vi. Since, we had assuumed that vooltage
t VRMS itself. Source ccurrent is a ssquare waveeform. The third,
is a puree sinusoid, V1 is equal to
fifth, sev
venth all harrmonics are there. We have assum
med to be wee have assuumed that looad is
highly in
nductive, thaat load curren
nt remains constant
c
whoose magnitude is I0, so thhe RMS vallue of
the sourcce current is I0 itself.
undamental component
c
iss given by thhis equationn - 4 I0 by sqquare root off 2 by
RMS vallue of the fu
pi. So theerefore, if yo
ou substitutee all these vaalues in this equation, poower factor bbecomes 0.99, it is
lagging. Remember almost all the
t power electronic
e
ciircuits, power factor is lagging. Soo this
olt ampere reequirement. The size off the equipm
ment that is rrequired to ffeed a
factor deecides the vo
load depeends on VA requirementt and not on just on pow
wer.
What is the total haarmonic disttortion? It is given by, we have ddefined alreaady it is a rripple
divided by
b the fund
damental com
mponent. Th
his we havee already deefined IRMS square minnus I1
square. The
T square root divided by the fundamental com
mponent, it iis as high ass 49%. Let uus see
sometimee later in thee course, ho
ow exactly to
o reduce thiis total harm
monic distorttion. This 499% is
the ripplee content. It gives rise to
o only additiional I squarre R heatingg in the load.. It also affecct the
source side, we will see
s sometim
me later, the effects.
e
What hap
ppens if thee load is purrely inductiv
ve? In the hhalf wave reectification w
when the looad is
purely in
nductive, dio
ode conductted for the entire
e
2 pi rradians, averrage voltagee across thee load
becomes 0, current reaches
r
peak
k at omega t is equal to pi and becoomes minim
mum at omegga t is
equal to 2 pi. What happens
h
in th
he full wave rectificationn?

(Refer Sllide Time: 24

4:15)

Current starts
s
from 0,
0 sorry, it is not linear, it
i increases, reaches a peak at omegga t is equal to pi,
again at omega t is equal
e
to pi plus,
p
a posittive voltage is appearingg across the load. In positive
voltage appearing
a
across the load
d, it implies that di by dtt has to be ppositive becaause, L di byy dt is
equal to V, so left hand
h
right hand side is positive, so di by dt haas to be positive. So, cuurrent
again staarts increasin
ng. Whereass in half waave rectificaation from ppi to 2 pi vvoltage appeearing
across the load was negative
n
thatt is why di by
y dt becomees negative.
Whereas in full wavee rectificatio
on, it is posittive voltage appearing aacross the load beyond ppi, so,
a
starts increasing.
i
Here,
H
it is no
ot linear so on and sso current gooes on increeasing
current again
till, eitheer a diode haas to fail or the
t source haas to fail or something hhas to fail. T
There is no stteady
state heree, because L di by dt iss always possitive. If L ddi by dt is ppositive, di bby dt is possitive,
current goes
g
on increeasing, no stteady state. So
S far we diiscussed aboout uncontroolled rectificaation,
full wavee as well as half
h wave. Now,
N
we willl go in for a controlled rrectification.. I need to usse a 3
element device.
d

(Refer Sllide Time: 25

5:57)

So, we have
h
already discussed about
a
SCR - anode, cathhode and the gate. So, w
we can turn oon the
SCR wheen it is forwaard biased by
y applying a positive gaate signal witth respect too the cathodee; that
we have already stud
died. So wheen the devicce is on, circcuit behaviorr is same as that of the ddiode
hat is almost the same, there is no much
m
differeence. There could be soome differennce in
circuit, th
the wavee form. So, we
w will see.
So in thee positive half, I am assu
uming the load to be passsive, somew
where in betw
ween 0 to pii I am
triggering
g, alpha is a trigger anglle, finite Ig is
i flowing, S
SCR turns offf, turns on. The momennt that
SCR turn
ns on, SCR is
i triggered somewhere at this instaant. Input vooltage is the same as thee load
voltage. So, the instaantaneous vaalue of the in
nput voltage is the same as the load voltage. So,, load
voltage ju
umps to thiss value, this follows the input till thee current beccomes 0. If tthe load is ppurely
resistive,, current beccomes 0 at omega
o
t is eq
qual to pi, SC
CR turns off
ff. Till you trrigger it agaain, in
the positiive half, SCR
R is off. So, what is the voltage
v
appeearing across the SCR?
It is trigg
gered only at
a alpha. So
o, omega t is equal to 0 to alpha. IIt is in the fforward bloccking
mode, it is forward biased,
b
a possitive voltagee is appearinng, but then there is no ggate signal. So, it
onduct. Thiss is Vi, at om
mega t is equaal to pi, it beecomes 0. Innput voltage is also becooming
cannot co
negative,, voltage acrross it is also
o becomes negative,
n
till 2 pi and cyycle continuees. This is foor the
purely reesistive load. Average vaalue we can determine
d
byy integratingg this wave fform.
What hap
ppens if the load is a pu
urely inductiv
ve? Again, w
we have to ttrigger the S
SCR at alphaa. We
know thaat average voltage acrosss the inducttor is 0 here or should bbe 0. Purely inductive, ccircuit
equation is; when th
he SCR is on,
o Vi is equ
ual to L di by dt. Instaantaneous vaalue of the input
i 0 at omeega t is equ
ual to pi, cu
urrent startss increasingg, reaches a peak and starts
voltage is
decreasin
ng. So, this area
a is positive L di by dt.
d
Average,, I said averrage voltage across indu
uctor should be 0. So, iff it has startted conductiing at
alpha or if the in the positive hallf the duratio
on is pi minuus alpha, so it has to be equal to, evven in
m
alphaa. So, SCR tu
urns off at 2 pi minus allpha. So, thaat average vooltage
the negattive half, pi minus
9

across th
he inductor becomes 0.. Positive L di by dt, negative L di by dt, ccurrent charrge is
decreasin
ng at pi and becomes 0 at
a 2 pi minus alpha. So, this is the ddifference beetween contrrolled
rectificattion and unco
ontrolled recctification.
0:44)
(Refer Sllide Time: 30

ng you need
d to know iss type of loaad and the c ircuit equatiion, you cann solve that. Half
Only thin
controlled bridge: jusst now we sttudied uncon
ntrolled bridgge, now we are, let us deeal, let us diiscuss
half conttrolled bridg
ge wherein, there are 2 SCRs and 2 diodes. C
Configurationn 1, what arre the
other asssumptions? Other
O
assum
mptions are lo
oad is highlyy conductivee, so load cuurrent is assuumed
to be con
nstant and reepel free, thee magnitude of I0, magniitude of IL iss I0, whateveer the analyssis we
did for diiode circuit, they are vallid and sourcce side inducctance is 0.
We will see,
s why it is 0 or what happens
h
if itt is finite, sometime laterr. As of now
w, we will asssume
that sourrce side indu
uctance is 0. Another th
hing is SCR
R turns off im
mmediately when a neggative
voltage is
i applied to
o it. In the sense, though
h all the devvices are noon ideal, theyy require a finite
time to atttain the forw
ward blockin
ng mode, thee forward bloocking capaability.
In the an
nalysis will assume
a
that all the devicces are ideall, turn off ass well as turnn on time is 0. In
other words, the mom
ment you turrn on, the mo
oment you aapply a posittive gate signal to a thyrristor,
o and the moment
m
you apply a negaative voltagee across it, iit turns off. A
At in the positive
it turns on
half; of course,
c
T1 an
nd D3, they fo
orm a comm
mon cathode configuratioon and T4 annd D2, they foorm a
common anode conffiguration, th
he positive half
h potentiaal of A is higgher than pootential of B
B. So,
T1, if the gate signal is
i applied, T1 can conducct.
n the positivee half, someewhere at om
mega t is equual to alpha T1 is triggereed. In
Let us asssume that in
the loweer half, sincce T4 and D2 form com
mmon anodde configuraation, devicee whose catthode
potential is least willl start condu
ucting. So, D2 starts condducting. So, this is the eequivalent ciircuit;
s
back to
o the sourcee. Here are the wave foorms; at om
mega t is equual to
source T1, load D2 sorry
alpha, T1 is triggered, at omega t is equal to pi
p plus alphaa, T4 is triggeered.
10

(Refer Sllide Time: 33

3:50)

So, when
n T1 and D1 are conducting, load vo
oltage is sam
me as the souurce voltagee, it becomess 0 at
omega t is equal to pi. What haappens from
m pi to pi pluus alpha? T4 is triggered only at pii plus
alpha. In the upper haalf, potentiall of B is lesss than higherr than potenttial of A, in tthe negativee half.
p
of B becomes hhigher than potential off A. Immediaately,
At omega t is equal to pi plus, potential
nt D3 starts conducting, a negative vvoltage appeears across T1; T1
D3 starts conducting.. The momen
turns off.
f. Nothing off that sort haappens in thee lower half,, because T, though T4 is forward biiased,
we have not applied gate signal to
t T4. So, T4 is still in forrward blockiing mode.
h
inducctive. So, cu
urrent starts flowing throough D2 andd D3. In otheer words, cuurrent
Load is highly
free wheels through D3 and D2, the
t equivaleent circuit is D3, D2. So, this is the ccondition; D2 was
conductin
ng, potentiall of A, thoug
gh it is higher than poteential of B, w
we have an oopen circuit here,
T4 is not triggered.

11

(Refer Sllide Time: 35

5:44)

So, D2 continues
c
to conduct, th
hat is the loaad circuit. V
Voltage appllied to the lload is 0. Soource
current iss 0, (not aud
dible) alpha, current freee wheels throough D3 to D 2. What haappens at om
mega t
is equal to
t pi? T4 was forward biiased at omeega t is equall to pi. So att pi plus alphha, it is trigggered,
it starts conducting.
c
The momen
nt it starts co
onducting, ppotential of A will becoome potentiaal, the
anode po
otential of D2. In the negative
n
half, potential of B is higgher than potential of A. A
negative voltage appears across D2, D2 turns off.
(Refer Sllide Time: 37
7:24)

12

So, the equivalent circuit is now; source D3, load D4 and back. So, in the first half or from alpha
to pi, current was flowing in this fashion or if I showed in the page, it is T1 load T2. In the second
half, source current has reversed, pi plus alpha to 2 pi, it is enters back to 2.
How do we turn off T1? T1 turns off the moment D3 starts conducting. When the potential of B
becomes higher than potential of E, potential of A, D3 starts conducting. A negative line voltage
appears across T1. Hence, this set of common turn off process is known as line commutation.
Why it is line commutation? I am using the input line voltage itself to turn off the conducting
thyristor. There are other processes that we will see sometime later, other processes of turning
off the thyristor, we will see later. So, this is known as line commutation. The input voltage itself
is used to turn off the thyristor, hence, the name line commutation.
The source current wave form; pi to alpha to pi, it is I0, pi plus alpha to 2 pi, it is I0 in the negative
direction. What happens again at omega t is equal to 2 pi? At omega t is equal to 2 pi plus,
potential of B becomes less than potential of A, may be. But then, T1 is not triggered. T1 is
triggered at only after alpha, 2 pi plus alpha. Till then, we have open circuit here. So, potential of
A does not appear at the cathode of D3. So, D3 starts continuous to conduct.
I repeat, D3 continuous to conduct, whereas in the lower half we have an uncontrolled device D2,
a common anode configuration. So, immediately D2 starts conducting. The moment D2 starts
conducting, a negative line voltage appears across T4, T4 turns off. So, current again starts
flowing in D3 and D2. So, from 2 pi to 2 pi plus alpha, D3 and D2 continuous to conduct. Voltage
applied to the load is 0. T4 is again commutated or turned off using the line voltage, hence, the
name line commutation.
So, if I plot the duration of diode conduction with time, you will find that D2 starts conducting. If
I plot D, D3 starts conducting at pi, continuous to conduct till 2 pi plus alpha. Please, this should
be ID3, sorry about that, it should be ID3. So, D3 starts conducting at pi plus, it continuous to
conduct till 2 pi plus alpha. Please correct it, this is D2 and this is D3, D2 D3, sorry, 2 pi plus alpha,
whereas, thyristor conducts from alpha to pi itself.
So if I see, if you see, in 1 circuit some devices are conducting for a longer duration and some
devices conduct for a very short duration. Magnitude of the current that is flowing through
device is same. I have assumed load to be highly inductive. So, load current is constant and repel
free, magnitude is I0. So, average current rating of thyristor is less than the average current rating
of the diodes, because they conduct for a shorter duration.
Somehow, that is not desirable. In 1 circuit, average current rating of some device is different
from that of the others. There is a small mistake here, D1 this should be D1, D2, D3. So, here D3
and D2 start conducting and here T4 and D3. So, this is the current wave form of ID3.

13

(Refer Sllide Time: 44

4:17)

So, whatt is the averaage output voltage? Whaat is the averrage value oof this wave form? 0 to alpha
it is 0, pii to pi plus alpha
a
it is 0. So, if I takee the averag e, it is givenn by Vm by ppi into 1 pluus cos
alpha. Alpha is vary
ying from 0 to pi, so av
verage valuee is always positive. Soo, if I plot alpha
verses V0,0 this is the variation, whereas, wherre this is 1 pper unit. 1 peer unit is 2 Vm by pi, 2 Vm by
pi. When
n alpha is equ
ual to pi by 2,
2 this becom
mes 0.
So, averrage value of
o output voltage
v
is 0..5, per unitt value is 00.5. Load current is allways
unidirecttional. Curreent is alwayss flowing fro
om positive DC bus to tthe negative DC bus. I m
mean,
current is always flo
owing from positive DC
C bus to neegative DC bbus, unidireectional. Average
value of the output voltage is also
a
always positive. Soo, power innput to this bridge is allways
positive. In another words,
w
sourcce is always supplying
s
poower to this bridge.
So, if I plot
p VI characteristics of
o this, V0 is positive, I0 is also posiitive. It is opperation is iin the
first quad
drant. What is the displaacement ang
gel? What is the, what iss the angel bbetween the input
sinusoid and the fun
ndamental co
omponent off the sourcee current? A
Again, it is oodd functionn, odd
harmoniccs are presen
nt. The angeel between th
he fundamenntal componnent of the iinput voltagee and
fundamen
ntal compon
nent of the so
ource curren
nt is found too be half of alpha. In annother wordss, it is
alpha by 2. So, displacement factor is cos off this angel. M
Minus sign indicates thaat power facctor is
lagging.
It is even
n the sorry, even the dissplacement factor
f
is laggging. Becauuse, if you ssee here, sinuusoid
input sinu
usoid fundam
mental comp
ponents cutss the 0 axis aat somewherre in here. Soo if you see here,
fundamen
ntal compon
nent lags th
he fundamen
ntal componnent of the voltage. H
Hence, the ppower
displacem
ment angel iss lagging.
What aree the RMS value
v
of the fundamental
f
componentt of source, ii? Proceduree is the samee. It is
found to be this valu
ue. You need
d to find thee RMS valuue of the souurce current,, this is the vvalue
and the power
p
factorr is given by this equatio
on. The proccedure you uuse is same aas that we ussed in
the full bridge
b
uncon
ntrolled rectiffier.
14

(Refer Sllide Time: 48:30)

So, whatt is our obseervation? If alpha is equ

ual to 0, if aalpha is nott equal to 0,, the duratioon for
which thee thyristor co
onducts is no
ot the same as that of dioode. Gammaa for thyristoors is not equual to
gamma for
f the diod
des. So thereefore, averaage current rrating of thyyristors is less than average
current of
o the diode.
(Refer Sllide Time: 49
9:05)

Let see, we
w will takee a second co
onfiguration. In the prevvious configuuration, we cconnected T3 and
T1 in 1 leeg. Now, wee are conneccting T3 and T1 in 2 diffferent legs. W
We have T1 and T3 makking a
common cathode con
nfiguration and
a D4 and D2 making a common annode configuuration. At om
mega
15

t is equall to alpha, T1 is triggered

d. The operattion of the circuit is sam
me as that of the previouss one,
source, T1, load, D2.
What hap
ppens at om
mega t is equ
ual to pi? In
n the lower arm, D4 andd D2 form a common aanode
configuraation. Potenttial of B is higher
h
than potential off A from om
mega t is equual to pi pluus. So
immediattely, D4 starrts conductin
ng. In the up
pper half, T3 is forward biased but tthen we havve not
applied a gate signall to T3. So th
herefore, T3 has not starrted conductting as yet. Since the looad in
inductivee, current staarts flowing between T1,1 load and D4. So, curreent starts floowing througgh T1,
load and D4.
In the previous case,, current starrted flowing
g from D2, D3 so on. So,, current freee wheels thrrough
T1 and D4. Voltage applied
a
to th
he load is 0,, source curr
rrent is also 0. At omegga t is equal to pi
plus, T3 is
i triggered. The momen
nt T3 is trigg
gered, cathodde potential is same as tthe potentiall of B
which is higher than
n potential of
o A, then neegative voltaages appearss across T1, T1 turns off
ff. So,
again line commutatiion, the proccess is know
wn as line coommutation. I am using the input vooltage
to turn offf T1.
So, from
m omega t iss equal to pii plus alphaa, T3 starts cconducting. T3, D4 startted conductiing at
omega t is
i equal to pi plus. So, th
his is an equiivalent circuuit.
(Refer Sllide Time: 52
2:18)

This is th
he equivalen
nt circuit at omega
o
t is equal
e
to pi too pi plus alppha and this is the equivvalent
circuit at from 2 pi to
o 2 pi plus allpha.

16

(Refer Sllide Time: 52

2:38)

So, here are the various wave fo

orms. Take given
g
gate siignal to T1, ggate signal tto T4, T1 D2,, they
will cond
duct from allpha to pi and from pi to pi plus aalpha, T1 D4, same leg, 1 thyristor aand 1
diode not conducting
g, from pi plus alpha to 2 pi, T2 D4 starts condducting and from 2 pi too 2 pi
plus alph
ha T3 D2 startts conductin
ng.
So, will if I plot thee current flo
owing throu
ugh thyristorr T1 with allpha, we willl find that T1 is
conductin
ng from alph
ha to pi pluss alpha and D4 if I plot, any diode ffor that mattter, pi to 2 pi. So,
you will find that gamma for T1 is pi radiaans and gam
mma for dioodes is againn pi radianss. So,
average current
c
ratin
ng of thyristo
or is same ass that of the diodes. Thee source currrent wave foorm is
as same as
a the previo
ous one; alph
ha to pi, it iss positive I0, ppi plus alphaa to pi, it is m
minus I0. Average
value of the output voltage
v
is again Vm by pi into 1 pluss cos alpha. W
Wave form is the same,, only
the devicces they theree are conduccting are diffferent. Pleasse, this shoulld be T3.

17