MEDIA AND INSTRUCTION METHODS

INSTRUCTION & LEARNING MEDIA : Instructional Media • Instructional methods:

the procedures of
Instruction 1. Non-projected instruction selected to help
• The arrangement of 2. Projected learners achieve the
information and objective
environment to facilitate 3. Audio
• Instructional media: the
learning 4. Motion carriers of information
• Environment: including between instructor and
5. Multimedia learner
method, media and
equipment 6. Computer INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Learning Student-directed
• The development of new RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN • Discussion
knowledge, skills and MEDIA AND MESSAGES
attitudes as individual • Cooperative learning
interact with information • Gaming
and environment
• Simulation
MEDIA
• Discovery
1)Medium (media): a channel of
• Problem solving
communication
Teacher-directed
- Latin word = between i.e.
anything that carries information • Presentation
between a source and a receiver
• Demonstration

• Drill-and-practice

• Tutorial
Student-directed Methods
1) Discussion
• Large group vs. small group
(Buzz group)
• x more than 6 students
(Buzz group)
• discuss, presentation,
discuss conclusion with the
entire class
• Viewing a VCD provides a
common experience- gives
students something to
discuss
2) Cooperative learning
• Students learn from each
other when they work on
projects as a team (Slavin,
1989-1990; Harris, 1998)
• Students can learn
cooperatively through
(e.g.):
1) Texts discussion
2) Design and production
3) Gaming
• Playful environment –
highly motivating technique
• One learner or a group of
learners
• Require learners to use
problem-solving skills
4) Simulation
• Involves learners
confronting a scaled-down
version of a real-life
situation
• E.g. ????
Teacher-directed Methods
1) Presentation
• One-way communication (x
immediate response from
learners)
• The sources (e.g.) –
textbook, audiotape, a film,
videotape and instructor
2) Demonstration
• Learners view a real or
lifelike example of the skill
or procedure to be learned
• One-way demonstration –
information is recorded and
played back by means of
media such as video
3) Drill-and-practice
• Learners are led to through
a series of practice
exercises
• It should include feedback
to reinforce correct
responses and to remediate
errors
• E.g. Computer-assisted
Instruction (CAI)
• Two-way instruction – a live
instructor is needed
4) Tutorials
• Tutor: may in the form of a
person, computer software
or a special printed
materials
• Frequently used to teach
basic skills
• Tutorial arrangements:
instructor-to-learner,
learner-to-learner,
computer-to-learner and
print to learner
 2) Use media if we are
completely convinced our
instructional objectives can
be achieved

3) Only a good teacher can

WHY DO WE NEED ROLES OF MEDIA IN
optimize the use of media
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA?? EDUCATION

• Information received by the 1) Heighten motivation for Cate

brain comes through our learning - A teacher who
senses in following gory
proportion: 2) Provide freshness and
variety 1 Can teach well and utilizes media
1) Sight – 83%
3) Appeal to students of
2 Can teach well and does not utilize media
2) Hearing – 11% varied abilities

3) Smell – 3.5% 4) Encourage active Cannot teach

3 and utilizes media
participation well
4) Touch – 1.5%
5) Widen the range of student Cannot teach
5) Taste – 1% experience 4
well
and does not utilize media

We remember, on average: 6) Improve the effectiveness

1) 10% of what we read
2) 20% of what we hear
3) 30% of what we see
4) 50% of what we see and
hear
5) 80% of what we say
6) 90% of what we say and do
- it is just like a BMW car, it
of other media
is useless if the driver does
EFFECTIVE MEDIA UTILISATION not know how to drive it
1) Media must not replace the
teacher
INFLUENT FACTORS
– it is only a help to the
1) Hardware – the machines
teacher
2) Software – what we use
- teacher must be in control
with the machines
of it all
3) Skills - basic skills in
times
operating the machines
 4) Suitability – with the topic,
target group

5) Support services- help from

technician, media teacher

TIME TO USE MEDIA

1) Introduce a new topic

2) Explain or reinforce an idea,

a concept, or a principle

3) Interpret an idea or concept

4) Demonstrate a skill or
sequence of actions

5) Summarize a lesson

6) Give an assignment

7) Evaluate learning

8) Evaluate teaching

9) Review or revise a lesson