Raffles Junior College

H2 Chemistry 2010/11
Tutorial 1: Atoms, Molecules and Stoichiometry (Suggested Solutions)
The Mole and Related Concepts
1. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2. (a) 1.00 x 1026

(b) 7.22 x 1024
(c) 2.69 x 1023

8.00 kg
1.60 x 106 kg
360 g
28.6 g

3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

6.49 mol
84.4 mol
2.23 x 10-4 mol
8.31 x 10-3 mol

4. Consider 1.000 g of ascorbic acid.

Amount of C = Amount of CO2 = 1.500/44 = 0.0341 mol
Amount of H = (2)(Amount of H2O) = (2)(0.405/18) = 0.045 mol
Mass of C = (0.0341)(12.0) = 0.409 g
Mass of H = (0.045)(1.0) = 0.045 g
Mass of O = 1.000 - 0.409 - 0.045 = 0.546 g
Amount of O = 0.546/16.0 = 0.0341 mol
Mole ratio of C:H:O = 0.0341 : 0.045 : 0.0341 = 1 : 1.32 : 1 = 3 : 4 : 3
Hence the empirical formula of ascorbic acid is C3H4O3.
Let the molecular formula of ascorbic acid be (C3H4O3)n.
Mr of (C3H4O3)n = [(3)(12.0) + (4)(1.0) + (3)(16.0)](n) = 176
88n = 176
Hence the molecular formula of ascorbic acid is C6H8O6.

n = 176/88 = 2

5.
Element

Cu

% composition

24.1

6.1

36.4

Molar mass
(g mol-1)
Amount in
100 g of K
(mol)
Mole ratio

63.5

1.0

16.0

24.1/63.5
= 0.380

6.1/1.0
= 6.1

36.4/16.0
= 2.275

Mole ratio
using the
formula of K

0.380/0.380 :
1
:
1

6.1/0.380
16

:
:

2.275/0.380
6.0

(3x + 2y)

(y + 4)

From the table, y + 4 = 6 y = 2

and 3x +2y =16 3x = 16 - (2)(2) =12 x = 4
Molar mass of [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]SO4 = 263.6 g mol-1
Mass of S in one mole of the salt K = 32.1 g
Hence % by mass of S in the salt K = (32.1/263.6)(100%) = 12.2%

6.

Molar mass of BaSO4 = 233.1 g mol-1

Amount of BaSO4 formed = 4.66/233.1 = 0.020 mol
Amount of SO42- = Amount of BaSO4 = 0.020 mol
Amount of M2SO4 = Amount of SO42- = 0.020 mol
Mass of 0.020 mol of M2SO4 = 5.34 g
Mass of 1 mol of M2SO4 = (1/0.020)(5.34) = 267 g
Hence Mr of M2SO4 = 267
Mass of 1 mol of SO42- = 32.1 + 64.0 = 96.1 g
Hence Ar of M = (267 - 96.1)/2 = 85.45 85.5
M is Rb.

7(a)

Molar mass of Fe2O3 = 159.6 g mol-1

Molar mass of C
= 12.0 g mol-1
Amount of Fe2O3 = (700 x 106)/159.6 = 4.39 x 106 mol
Amount of coke = (70.0 x 106)/12.0 = 5.83 x 106 mol
2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) 3CO2(g) + 4Fe(s)
Mole ratio
2 :
3
Amount of Fe2O3(s) which would react with 5.83 x 106 mol of coke
= (2/3)(5.83 x 106) mol
= 3.89 x 106 mol
Hence Fe2O3 was present in excess.
The limiting reagent was coke.
Hence amount of Fe produced = (4/3)(Amount of coke) = (4/3)(5.83 x 106) mol
= 7.77 x 106 mol
6
8
Theoretical yield of Fe = (7.77 x 10 )(55.8) = 4.34 x 10 g = 434 tonnes

7(b)

Amount of CO2 produced = Amount of coke reacted = 5.83 x 106 mol

Hence volume of CO2 produced at s.t.p. = (5.83 x 106)(22.4) = 1.31 x 108 dm3

7(c)

Percentage yield of Fe = (300 / 434) (100%) = 69.1%

Acid-base Titrations
8(a) Amount of NaOH required = (250/1000)(0.120) mol = 0.030 mol
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g mol-1
Hence mass of NaOH required = (0.030)(40) = 1.2 g
8(b) Amount of NaCl present = (900/1000)(0.120) = 0.108 mol
Concentration of NaCl(aq) required = 0.100 mol dm-3
Volume of NaCl solution = (0.108 / 0.100) dm3 = 1.08 dm3 = 1080 cm3
Hence volume of water to be added = (1080 - 900) = 180 cm3
8(c) Let the volume of 0.0500 mol dm-3 HCl(aq) required = y dm3
Then the volume of 0.0100 mol dm-3 HCl(aq) required = (2.00-y) dm3
Amount of HCl in the final solution = (2.00)(0.0200) mol
i.e. (0.0500)(y) + (0.0100)(2.00-y) = (2.00)(0.0200)
y = 0.02/0.04 = 0.5
Hence 0.500 dm3 of 0.0500 mol dm-3 HCl(aq) must be mixed with 1.50 dm3 of 0.0100
mol dm-3 HCl(aq).

8(d) Amount of NaOH(aq) reacted = (50.0/1000)(0.200) = 0.0100 mol

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Amount of H2SO4(aq) reacted = () (Amount of NaOH) = ()(0/0100) = 5.00 x 10-3
mol
Amount of H2SO4 used = (40.0/1000)(0.250) = 0.0100 mol
Amount of unreacted H2SO4 = (0.0100 - 5.00 x 10-3) mol = 5.00 x 10-3 mol
Total volume of solution = 90.0 cm3
Hence concentration of H2SO4 in the solution obtained = (5.00 x 10-3)/(90.0 x 10-3)
= 0.0556 mol dm-3
9.

Molar mass of NaOH = 40.0 g mol-1

Concentration of NaOH in FA 2 = 5.00/40.0 = 0.125 mol dm-3
Amount of NaOH reacted = (17.00/1000)(0.125) = 2.125 x 10-3 mol
Let H2A denote HOOC(CH2)nCOOH.
H2A(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2A(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Amount of H2A reacted = ()(Amount of NaOH reacted)

= ()(2.125 x 10-3)
=1.06 x 10-3 mol

Amount of H2A in 25.0 cm3 of F3 = 1.06 x 10-3 mol

Concentration of H2A in FA 1 = (1.06 x 10-3) / (25.0/1000) = 0.0424 mol dm-3
Mass concentration of H2A in F3 = 5.00 g dm-3
Molar mass of H2A = (5.00/0.0424) = 118 g mol-1
Molar mass of HOOC(CH2)nCOOH = (14.0n + 90.0) g mol-1
Hence 14.0n + 90.0 = 118 n = 28/14 = 2
10.
(a)

(NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)

HCl(aq) + NH3(g) NH4Cl(aq)

(b)

Amount of NaOH(aq) reacted = (20.0/1000)(0.100) = 0.00200 mol

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Amount of HCl(aq) which reacted with NaOH(aq) = 0.00200 mol
Total amount of HCl(aq) used = (50.0/1000) (0.100) = 0.00500 mol
Amount of HCl(aq) which reacted with NH3(g) = 0.00500 - 0.00200
= 0.00300 mol
Amount of NH3 reacted = Amount of HCl(aq) = 0.00300 mol
Amount of N present in 1.00 g of the foodstuff = Amount of NH3 = 0.00300 mol
Mass of N present = (0.00300)(14.0) = 0.0420 g
Hence percentage of N present in the foodstuff = (0.0420/1.00) x 100 % = 4.20 %

Redox Titrations
11.
(a) Pb
(b) V
(c) N
(d) Cr

+4
+5
3,
+6

(e) Ti
(f) C
(g) N
(h) O

N +5

+4
+3
+4
+2

(i) O
(j) N
(k) S
(l) Mn

(m) S
(n) Cl
(o) I
(p) Br

1
1
+6
+6

12.
(a) redox reaction

(e) redox reaction

(b) complex formation

(f) reduction

(c) precipitation
(d) redox reaction/(thermal)
decomposition

(g) disproportionation
(h) oxidation

+6
+5
+7
+1

(i) acid-base
reaction
or
neutralisation

13. Only the overall equations are given.

(a) 8I (aq) + H2SO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) 4I2(g) + H2S(g) + 4H2O(l)
(b) Cr2O72-(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) + 14H+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
(c) H2O2(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2H+(aq) 2H2O(l) + I2(aq)
(d) 2MnO4-(aq) + 5H2O2(l) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(l)
(e) 3MnO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) MnO2(s) + 2MnO4-(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(f) FeC2O4(aq) + 3Ce3+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 3Ce2+(aq)
(g) 3Cl2(g) + 8NH3(g) N2(g) + 6NH4Cl(s)

14.
(a) ClO (aq) + Mn(OH)2(s) Cl-(aq) + MnO2(s) + H2O(l)
(b) 3Cl2(g) + 6OH-(aq) 5Cl (aq) + ClO3 (aq) + 3H2O(l)
(c) 3ClO-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + ClO3 (aq)

15.

Amount of NaOH reacted = (0.01475 dm3)(0.100 mol dm-3) = 1.475 x 10-3 mol
2NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Amount of H2C2O4 reacted = ()(Amount of NaOH reacted) = ()(1.475 x 10-3)
= 7.375 x10-4 mol
Hence concentration of H2C2O4 in the solution = (7.375 x 10-4 mol)/(0.0250 dm3)
= 0.0295 mol dm-3
Amount of MnO4 reacted = (0.0320 dm3)(0.0205 mol dm-3) = 6.56 x 10-4 mol
2MnO4 (aq) + 5C2O42 (aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(l)
Amount of C2O42 reacted = (5/2)(Amount of MnO4- reacted) = (5/2)(6.56 x 10-4)
= 1.64 x 10-3 mol

Note: 1 mol H2C2O4 1 mol C2O42

Amount of C2O42 which came from H2C2O4 = Amount of H2C2O4 = 7.375 x 10-4 mol

Amount of C2O42 which came from Na2C2O4

= (1.64x10-3 7.375x10-4) mol

= 9.025 x 10-4 mol

Note: 1 mol of Na2C2O4 1 mol of C2O42

Amount of Na2C2O4 = 9.025 x 10-4 mol
Hence concentration of Na2C2O4 in the solution = (9.025 x 10-4 mol)/(0.025 dm3)
= 0.0361 mol dm-3

16(a) 2NH2OH N2 + 2H2O + 2H+ + 2e

2NH2OH N2O + H2O + 4H+ + 4e

16(b) Amount of Fe3+ reacted = (0.0100 dm3)(0.500 mol dm-3) = 5.00 x 10-3 mol
Amount of NH2OH reacted = (0.0500 dm3)(0.0500 mol dm-3) = 2.50 x 10-3 mol
Mole ratio of Fe3+ to NH2OH = 5.00 x 10-3 : 2.50 x 10-3 = 2 : 1
Hence 2 moles of Fe3+ reacted with 1 mole of NH2OH.
2Fe3+ + 2e 2Fe2+
Amount of e gained by 2 mol of Fe3+ = 2 mol
Amount of e lost by 1 mol of NH2OH
= Amount of e gained by 2 mol of Fe3+
= 2 mol

The relevant oxidation half-equation is therefore

2NH2OH N2O + H2O + 4H+ + 4e
in which 1 mole of NH2OH loses 2 mol of electrons.

NH2OH is oxidised to N2O.

Overall equation: 2NH2OH + 4Fe3+ N2O + 4Fe2+ + H2O + 4H+
17(a) Molar mass of Na2S2O3.5H2O = 46.0 + 64.2 + 48.0 + 90.0 = 248.2 g mol-1
Concentration of Na2S2O3.5H2O in solution F6 = (12.1/248.2) mol dm-3
= 0.0488 mol dm-3
2
Concentration of S2O3 ions in solution F6 = 0.0488 mol dm-3

Amount of S2O32 ions reacted = (0.0244 dm3)(0.0488 mol dm-3) = 1.19 x 10-3 mol
2S2O32 (aq) + I2(aq) S4O62 (aq) + 2I (aq)
Mole ratio 2
: 1
Amount of I2 reacted = (1/2)(Amount of S2O32 ) = (1/2)(1.19 x 10-3) mol
= 5.95 x 10-4 mol

Concentration of MXO3 in F5 = (1.20 g dm-3) / (151 g mol-1) = 7.95 x 10-3 mol dm-3
Concentration of XO3 ions in F5 = 7.95 x 10-3 mol dm-3
Amount of XO3 which reacted with I to form I2 = (0.0250)(7.95 x 10-3)
= 1.99 x 10-4 mol

Amount of I2 liberated by 1.99 x 10-4 mol of XO3 = 5.95 x 10-4 mol

Hence amount of I2 liberated by 1 mol of XO3 = (5.95 x 10-4) / (1.99 x10-4)
= 2.99 mol 3 mol

17(b)

2I I2 + 2e
Amount of e lost by I ions to produce 3 moles of I2 = (2)(3) mol = 6 mol
Hence amount of e gained by 1 mole of XO3 ions = 6 mol

Oxidation number of X in XO3 = +5

When X in XO3- gains 6 electrons, oxidation number in product will be +56 = 1

Hence the product obtained is X where the oxidation number of X is 1.

17(c) oxidation half-equation:

reduction half-equation:

2I I2 + 2e
XO3 + 6H+ + 6e X + 3H2O

------(1)
------(2)

(1)x3 + (2) gives the overall redox equation:

XO3 (aq) + 6I (aq) + 6H+(aq) X (aq) + 3H2O(l) + 3I2(aq)

18.

Let there be y grams of ethanedioic acid in 25.0 cm3 of solution.

2MnO4 5C2O42
If acid were anhydrous (molar mass of anhydrous ethanedioic acid is 90.0 g mol1),
no. of moles of ethanedioic acid in 25.0 cm3 = (y/90.0)
no. of moles of MnO4 required for oxidation = (2/5)(y/90.0) = (22.5/1000)M ---(1)
where M is the concentration of MnO4.
Since acid was hydrated (molar mass = (90.0 + 18x) g mol1)
no. of moles of ethanedioic acid in 25.0 cm3 = [y/(90.0 + 18x)]
no. of moles of MnO4 required for oxidation
= (2/5) [y/(90.0 + 18x)] = (16.1/1000)M ---(2)
where M is the concentration of MnO4.
Therefore, making M the subject in (1) and (2) and equating them, solving for x
gives a value of 1.99.
x = 2 (to nearest whole number)
Note: There are alternative methods to this question.

19.

Given that MnO4 5Fe2+,

no. of moles of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 of pipetted solution = 5 (20.00/1000)(0.0220)
= 0.00220 mol
2+
3
no. of moles of Fe in 1 dm of solution = (1000/25.0) 0.00220 = 0.0880 mol
therefore, molar mass of FeSO4.yH2O = 24.400/0.0880 = 277.2 g mol1.
Solving for y gives a value of 6.96. Therefore y = 7 (to nearest whole number).

20.

No. of moles of ammonia produced by boiling 25.0 cm3 of ammonium chloride

solution with NaOH = (25.0/1000)(5.00/53.5) = 0.002336 mol
No. of moles of sulfuric acid reacted with ammonia = (1/2)(0.002336) = 0.001168
No. of moles of sulfuric acid left unreacted = (25.00/1000)(0.100) 0.001168
= 0.001332 mol
No. of moles of NaOH required to neutralise unreacted H2SO4 = 2 0.001332
= 0.002664 mol
Volume of 0.100 mol dm3 NaOH = 26.64 cm3

21.

No. of moles of NaOH reacted with 25.0 cm3 of HCl = (21.40/1000)(0.100)

= 0.00214 mol
No. of moles of unreacted HCl in 250 cm3 = 0.00214 (250/25.0) = 0.0214 mol
Initial no. of moles of HCl = (50.0/1000) 1.00 = 0.0500 mol
No. of moles of HCl reacted with 0.800 g of MO = 0.0500 0.0214 = 0.0286 mol
Mass of MO reacting with 1 mol of HCl = 0.800/0.0286 = 27.97 g = 28.0 g
6

No. of moles of MO in 0.800 g = 0.0286/2 (since MO 2HCl) = 0.0143 mol

molar mass of MO = 0.800/0.0143 = 55.9 g mol1
relative molecular mass = 55.9
relative atomic mass of M = 39.9.
22.

No. of moles of excess HCl = no. of moles of NaOH used in neutralisation

= (30/1000) 1.00 = 0.0300 mol.
Initial no. of moles of HCl = (50/1000) 1.00 = 0.0500 mol
No. of moles of HCl reacted with 1.000 g of anhydrous normal carbonate of X
= 0.0500 0.0300 = 0.0200 mol.
Since X is divalent, the carbonate has formula XCO3. Therefore, XCO3 2HCl.
No. of moles of XCO3 reacted with 0.0200 mol of HCl = (0.0200/2) = 0.0100 mol.
Therefore, molar mass of XCO3 = (1.000/0.0100) = 100 g mol1 and relative atomic
mass of X is 40.0.

23.

Consider the titration with methyl orange as indicator.

NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Amount of HCl(aq) which reacted with NaHCO3
= (4.50/1000)(0.700)
= 3.15 x 10-3 mol
Amount of NaHCO3 reacted = Amount of HCl reacted = 3.15 x 10-3 mol
Consider the titration with phenolphthalein as indicator.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Na2CO3(aq) + HCl(aq) NaHCO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
Amount of Na2CO3 which reacted to give NaHCO3 = 3.15 x 10-3 mol
Amount of HCl which reacted with Na2CO3 to give NaHCO3 = 3.15 x 10-3 mol
Total amt of HCl(aq) reacted in this titration = (14.40/1000)(0.700) = 0.01008 mol
Hence amount of HCl(aq) which reacted with NaOH = (0.01008 - 3.15 x 10-3)
= 6.93 x 10-3 mol
Amount of NaOH(aq) reacted = Amount of HCl reacted = 6.93 x 10-3 mol
Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g mol-1
Mass of Na2CO3 present = (3.15 x 10-3)(106) = 0.3339 g
mass concentration of Na2CO3 in the solution = 0.3339/0.020 = 16.695 g dm-3
= 16.7 g dm-3 (3s.f.)
-1
Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g mol
Mass of NaOH present = (40)(6.93 x 10-3) = 0.2772 g
mass concentration of NaOH in the solution = 0.2772/0.0200 = 13.86 g dm-3
= 13.9 g dm-3 (3s.f.)

24.

Amount of NaOH(aq) reacted = (24.80/1000)(0.100) = 2.48 x 10-3 mol

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Amount of HCl(aq) which did not react with CaCO3
= Amount of NaOH reacted
= 2.48 x 10-3 mol
Total amount of HCl(aq) used = (100/1000)(0.200) = 0.0200 mol
Hence amount of HCl(aq) which reacted with CaCO3 = (0.0200 - 2.48 x 10-3) mol
= 0.01752 mol
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Amount of CaCO3(s) reacted
= () (Amount of HCl reacted) = ()(0.01752)
= 8.76 x 10-3 mol
7

Molar mass of CaCO3 = 100.1 g mol-1

Mass of CaCO3 reacted = (100.1)(8.76 x 10-3) = 0.877 g
Hence percentage of CaCO3 in the sample = (0.877/1.00)(100%) = 87.7%
25.

Since 25.0 cm3 of NaOH is neutralised by 23.70 cm3 of HCl, 24.60 cm3 of NaOH is
neutralised by (23.70/25.0)(24.60) = 23.32 cm3.
Volume of HCl reacted with 1.010 g of CaCO3 = 26.68 cm3.
no. of moles of CaCO3 used = (1.010)/100.1) = 0.1009 mol
no. of moles of HCl in 26.68 cm3 = 0.02018 mol (since CaCO3 2HCl)
and concentration = (0.02018)/0.02668 = 0.756 mol dm3