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Positive direction
Negative direction
In general
Complex Variables
THEOREM 1 (Green's Theorem in the Plane) Let P(x, y) and Q(x, y) and their
first partial derivatives be continuous functions throughout a region R
consisting of the interior of a simple closed contour C plus the points on C.
Then
P
dxdy
y
b
y g ( x ) P
y g ( x)
dy dx Px, y y f ( x ) dx
x a y f ( x ) y
a
x b
So:
2
Complex Variables
Similarly
x dxdy
R
Qx, y dy
C
Finally:
For a complex function f ( z) u( x, y) iv( x, y) analytic in R with continuous derivatives
u u v v
; ; ;
x y x y
The integral:
If we take for the first integral: P = u and Q = -v and for the second: P = v and Q = u
The Greens theorem offers:
3
Complex Variables
For the analytic function (CRE):
u v
x y
v
u
y
x
Complex Variables
For any entire function and any simple closed contour
0
When n 0
Complex Variables
If n = -1 ?
So:
In total
=0
6
Complex Variables
THEOREM 3 (Deformation of Contours) Consider two simple closed contours C1
and C2 such that all the points of C2 lie interior to C1. If a function f(z) is analytic not
only on C1 and C2 but all points of the doubly connected domain D whose
boundaries are C1 and C2, then
or
cancellations:
Complex Variables
The Deformation of Contours remains valid even when the C1 and C2 are intersecting
THEOREM 4 The line integrals of an analytic function f(z) around each of two simple
closed contours will be identical in value if one contour can be continuously deformed
into the other without passing through any singularity of f(z).
Observe that (Theorem 3)
and
which leads to
So:
8
Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 3 Let f(z) = cos z/(z2 + 1). The contours C1, C2 , C3 , C4 are illustrated in Fig.
Explain why the following equations are valid:
and