Complex Variables

5.7 Properties of Analytic Functions

Related to Taylor Series: Isolation of Zeros, Analytic
Continuation, Zeta Function, Reflection
Isolation of Zeros.
DEFINITION (Isolated Zero) If f(z0) = 0, z0 is said to be an isolated zero of f(z) if there
exists a deleted neighborhood of z0 throughout which f(z0) 0.
For instance:

f ( z) ( z 1)( z 5)( z 6) z0 1, 5, 6

If f(z0) =0 and the function is analytic at z0 :

- z0 is an isolated zero
or
- f(z)=0 throughout a neighborhood of z0
For an analytic at z0 function:
f ( z0 ) 0 c0 0

Suppose the
Then:
Where

f ( z0 ) 0 cm 0, m 0

or
and

( z0 ) cm 0, m 0

Complex Variables
DEFINITION (Order of a Zero) Let m be an integer m 1. A function f(z) that is both
analytic and zero at z0 and has throughout a neighborhood of z0 the form
,where ( z0 ) 0 , has a zero of order m at z0

Function (z ) is analytic (continues) at z0 , so for an

neighborhood of z0 , say, |z - z0 | < :

> 0 there must exist a

( z ) ( z0 )

Over choice: z0 2 , so ( z ) ( z0 ) z0 2

( z ) ( z0 ) z0 2

If the zero is not isolated , can be ( z ) 0 or ( z0 ) z0 2

So, we have only one zero z0 in the neighborhood.
THEOREM 19 (Isolation of Zeros) Let f(z) be analytic at z0 , and let f(z0) = 0. Then
either there is a neighborhood of z0 in which f(z) = 0 is satisfied only at z0, or there is a
neighborhood of z0 in which f(z) = 0 everywhere.
If everywhere

all cn=0 - all f(n)(z) = 0

2

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 1 Give the location and order of the zeros of f(z) = sin (l/z) . Show that each
zero is isolated.
Solution. sin z = 0 for z = n , so sin(l/z) = 0 for 1/z = n (n integer)..
zn 0

1
; n
z z
0
n 1
n

n n 1

Consider neighborhood of 1 n : 1 n: 1 n 1
where only in the center sin(l/z) = 0 for 1/z = n .
Now:
1
1
n
f ' ( z ) 2 cos1 z f '
n 1 0, n 0
z
n
So, all the zeros are of the first order.
Consider f ( z) sin 2 z 1 2 cos z 1 , which is 0 everywhere in the real axis (z = x):
ZEROS are NOT isolated. BUT! The function IS ANALYTIC, and the Taylor series
converge to
1
f ( z ) sin 2 z 1 2 cos 2 z 1 0 sin 2 z cos 2 z 1 FOR ALL z !
2

Complex Variables
Analytic continuation
COROLLARY TO THEOREM 19 (Analytic continuation) If two entire functions f(z)
and g(z) are equal everywhere along a segment of the real axis a < x < b, then f(z) and
g(z) will be equal everywhere in the complex plane.
Suppose a function f(z) is analytic at z0
and presented by a convergent in a disk R
(with certain radius)

g(z) = f(z)
R1

If we can find a function g(z)

which is analytic in a disk R1 and f(z)= g(z) in RR1
- g(z) is an analytic continuation of f(z) into R1

For instance:

z0

is analytic inside |z| < 1 .

We know that f(z)= g(z) = 1/(1-z) we can take that like an analytic continuation into the
entire plane (excluding z = 1 !).
4

Complex Variables
More general: Suppose in the disk R
Now we expand f(z) around z1

f ( z ) d n z z1
n 0

1 dn
m

dn
c
z

m
0

n! dz n m0
z z1

If this series converges out of R (say R1) we can define in R1 :

g ( z ) d n z z1

n 0

We can repeat the procedure as many times as the

convergence is satisfied:

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 2 The function f(z) defined by the Maclaurin series 1-z+z2-z3+.. Using the ratio
test, we can conclude that this series defines an analytic function inside |z| = 1. We can
expand f(z) in a Taylor series about z = 1/2 and obtain the coefficients cn form the
following:
Using cn f ( n) 1/ 2 n! we numerically can find:
c0 1 1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 8 .. 0.6666

n
n 1
c1 1 1 3 / 4 4 / 8 .. 0.444 cn 1 3 4

...

Is this Taylor expansion

of f(z), and, if so, into what region?

an analytic continuation

Solution. Consider the ratio test for

we see that the series is absolutely convergent

when (inside C)
n2
n 1

2 3 z 1 2
z lim
n 2 3n 1 z 1 2 n

1 z 1 2 3 2

which defines g(z) out of the region for f(z) (inside C): |z| < 1

Complex Variables
The Riemann Zeta Function
The infinite series which is defined to converge to an analytic function when Re z >1:

The function can be continued analytically into entire

complex plane (except z = 1)
1
z
1 21 z

2
n 0

k
z

1
k

1
;

n 1

k 0

n
k

n
n!

k n k !k!

or with integral:

Re(x+ iy)

4
3
Re(0.5 + iy)

2
1
10

20

30

40

50

Complex Variables
The Principle of Reflection
If an analytic function f(z) is real along the real axis, then: f ( z ) f ( z )
f ( z ) z sin z Log z f ( x) x sin x log x

For instance

f ( z ) z sin z Log z z sin z Log z

THEOREM 20 (Principle of Reflection) Let a function f(z) be analytic throughout a

domain D where some portion of the real axis is contained in D. Assume that f(z) is real
on this segment of the real axis and that D is symmetrical with respect to the real axis.
f ( z) f ( z )

Consider:

f ( z)

c z x

n 0

Now:

f ( z)

c z x c z x
n

n 0

So, if :

Im f ( x,0) vx,0 0 Im f n ( x0 ) 0 Im cn 0

f z

n 0

f ( z ) u ( x, y ) iv( x, y ) and v( x,0) 0

v ( x, y ) v ( x, y )