Problems and Solutions

TUTORIALS
Problems
&
Solutions
ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014
PROBLEM 1
Combustion gases of 0.02kmol/s molar flow rate enter a compressor
at 95kPa and 20OC where they are adiabatically compressed to 300kPa.
Then, they are cooled to the initial temperature in a steady flow heat
exchanger.
Draw both processes on T-S diagram. Knowing that the compressor
isentropic efficiency is equal to 80%, and neglecting changes of the
gases kinetic energy, calculate (1) a power needed to drive the
compressor; (2) a rate of heat given up by the gases in the cooler;
(3) power losses in each of the devices, when the ambient temperature
is equal to 20OC.
Mixture of combustion gases can be treated as ideal one with specific
heat ratio =1,39 and the molar specific heat at constant pressure equal
to 29,5kJ/(kmolK). The universal gas constant B=8315J/(kmolK).
PROBLEM 1 - SOLUTION
Data
n = 0.02kmol/s; p1 = 95kPa; p2 = p3 =300kPa;
O
t1 = t3 =t 0 =20 C; iz = 0.8; cp = 29.5kJ/(kmolK)
AD.1. A power needed to drive the compressor.
H Cr = Q Cr W Cr
QCr = 0
p
T2 = T1 2
p1
is =
T2 T1
T2r T1
p (T1 T2r )
W Cr = H Cr = nc
300
= 293.15K
95
T2r = T1 +
1.31
1.3
=384.85K
( 384.85 293.15) K = 407.75K

T2 T1
= 293.15K +
is
0.8
kmol
kJ
p (T1 T2r ) = 0.02
W Cr = nc
29.5
( 293.15-407.75 ) K = -67.614kW
s
kmolK
W Cr = 67.614kW
PROBLEM 1 - SOLUTION, cont.

AD.2. A rate of heat given up by the gases in the cooler (HE Heat Exchanger).
H HE = Q HE W HE
p (T3 T2r )
Q HE = H HE = nc
WHE = 0
kmol
kJ
Q HE = 0.02
29.5
( 293.15-407.75 ) K
s
kmol K
Q HE =-67.614kW
AD.3. Power losses in the compressor and cooler.

p (T1 T2 ) nc
p (T1 T2r ) = nc
p (T2r T2 )
W C ,loss = W C W Cr = nc
Compressor
kmol
kJ
W C ,loss = 0.02
29.5
( 407.75-384.85) K
s
kmol K
W C ,loss = 13.511kW
Cooler
T3
T
p3
Q HE
pT0 ln
pT0 ln 3 Q HE
WHE,loss = T0 SHE = nc
B ln T0
= nc
p2
T0
T2r
T2r
kmol
kJ
293.15K
W HE,loss = 0.02
29.5
293.15K ln
+ 67.614kW
s
kmol K
407.75K
W HE,loss = 10.543kW
PROBLEM 2
An electrical heater of 1kW electric power warms up the air from
18OC to 22OC in a closed room of 3m x 5m x 2m dimensions.
Average density of air is 1.25kg/m3. It is estimated that 20% of the
heat rate delivered by the heater to the air escapes to the
surroundings at 0OC through the draughty windows and the
poorly insulated walls. Assuming that the heater whole power is
transferred to the air determine the lost work during the warmingup process. The room air is an ideal gas with the specific heat at
constant volume equal to 715J/(kgK).
Data
W el. = 1kW; V=(5*5*2)m3 =50m3 ; air =1.25kg/m3 ; t1 = 18O C; t 2 = 22O C t 0 = 0O C
c = 715J/(kgK); Q = 0.2 W = -0.2kW.
v
lost
el.
1. From the First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system calculate the
time of heating process
U = mcv (T2 T1 )
U = Q L
U
=
Q
Q = Qin Qout = W el. 0.2W el. = 0.8W el.

L=0
kg
m = airV = 1.25 3 50m3 = 62.5kg
m
kJ
62.5m3 0.715
( 4K )
mc
T
T
(
)
kg
K
v
2
1
mcv (T2 T1 ) = 0.8W el. =
=
= 223.44s
0.8Wel.
0.8 1kW
2. From the Guoy Stodola law determine the lost work
Qenv
T
V /m
Wlost = T0 S gen = T0 ( Sair + Senv ) = T0 m cv ln 2 + R ln
+
T
0
T
V
/
m
T0
1
Wlost = T0 mcv ln
T2
Qout
T1
Qout = 0.2 W el. = 0.2 1kW 223.44s = 44.69kJ

Wlost = 273.15K 62.5kg 0.715
kJ
295.15
ln
+ 44.69kJ = 166.56kJ+44.69kJ
kg K
291.15
Wlost = 211.25kJ
PROBLEM 3
A household electric heating system consists of a 300W fan and
electric heating element placed in a horizontal duct with diameter of
30cm. Air flows steadily through the duct. It enters the duct at 20OC
and 100kPa and leaves at the same pressure and temperature of 25OC.
A volumetric rate of air at the inlet is equal to 0.5m3/s. The rate of heat
loss from the air in the duct is estimated to be 400W. Assuming that air
is a bi-atomic ideal gas with =7/5 and R=287J/(kgK) and neglecting
kinetic energy changes, determine a power of the electric heater and
power loss in the system when the environmental temperature is equal
to 20OC.
AD.1. Power of the electric heater.
The electric heater power is equal to the rate of heat delivered by the heater to
.
the system: Nheat=Q
heat
From the First Law of Thermodynamics:

+W
=m
cp (T2H
T1) =Q
f
an
=Q
cp (T2+ oss = H
=m
Q
T1) W
hea
t
. Ql
f
an
f
an
,
p (T2Q
T1) W
heat
.=Ql
os
s =mc
f
an Ql
os
s
=V
pppp
=V
m
11
1
RT1111
5555 NNNN
1
0
3333
2222
kg
mmmm
mmmm
5
=0.
5946
m =0.
s
s 287 JJJJ 293K
kgK
J
c =7R=1004.
5
pppp 2
kgK
kg
JJJJ
=m
=0.
cp (T2(25-20)K-300W =2686.
4W
Q
T1) W
5
9
4
6
1
0
0
4
.
5
f
an
s
kgK
-Q
Q
=Q
=2686.
4W (
400)
W
heat
l
os
s
Q
086.
4W
heat=3

AD.2 Power loss in the system.
W
W
l
os
t=W t
,
r
e
v.t
=
W
W
t
f
an
TTTT1111
W
(
)
(
)
(
)
W t=m cp T1T2 T0 s1s2 +Wfun =m cp T1T2 T0cpl
n +W fun
l
os
t=W t
,
r
e
v.TTTT2222
OR
Use the Guoy Stodola Law

T2 QQQQ
T
(
m)
Q
cpT0l
Wlost=T0Sn =T0 S0 +S0 =T0 mcpl
n - =m
n 2Q
T
T
T
1
0
1
kg
J
298
W
293Kl
.
5946 1004.
5
n
2686.
4W
l
os
t=0
s
kgK
293
W
74.
8W
l
os
t=2
10
PROBLEM 4
Water of 38OC is flowing out from a kitchen tap at the volume flow rate
of 10 liter/min. The water arises through mixing two streams of water:
the cold one at temperature of 10OC and the hot one at 80OC.
Determine mass flow rates of the cold and hot water streams knowing
that during the mixing process 500W of heat is lost to the ambient air.
Calculate the total entropy generation and the power loss. Water
density is 1000 kg/m3 and its specific heat is equal to 4200J/(kg K).
The ambient air is at 20OC.
11
AD.1. Mass flow rates of the cold and hot water streams.
3
3
n
l
i
t
r
l
i
t
r m3 1mi
4m
V3333 =10
=10
=1,
6610
3333
n
mi
n 10 l
i
t
r 60s
s
mi
kg
4
=10001,
3 =V
m
6
6
1
0
=
0
.
1
6
6
6
3
ssss
3 ====m
1+mmmm
2
mass balance: mmmm
=Q
+H
+H

U
W
1
2 H3
First Law of Thermodynamics
+m
1h1+m
2h2 3h3333
0=Q
m
for an open steady-flow
+m
1h1+(m
3 1)h2 3h3333
0=QQQQ
m
m
system (energy balance)
+m
1(h2 3h2 3h3333
h1) =Q
m
m
+m
+m
3 (h2 3cw (T2)
QQQQ
Q
h
T3333)
3333
m1111====
=
h2h1
cw (T2T1)
kg
1 =====0.
m
09826
ssss
kg
2222 =m
3333 1111=(
m
m
0.
166660.
09822226)
ssss
kg
2222 =0.
mmmm
06834
ssss
12

AD.2. Total entropy generation and the power loss.
=S
+S
+S
(Q)
S
m1
m2
gen
0
T3
T3
+S
=m
S
+
m
c
l
n
c
l
n
m1
m2
1w
2 w
T1111
T2222
311.
15
311.
15
++++S
=0.
S
nnnn
098264200l
n
+0.
068344200l
m1
m2
353.
15
283.
15
WWWW
++++S
=2.
S
5
7
3
m1
m2
KKKK
QQQQ
Q
500
W
(
Q
)
0000
S =
=- ==1.
7777000056
0000 T
15
KKKK
T
299993.
0000
0000
W
W
=S
+S
+S
(Q)=(
S
2
.
5
7
3
+
1
.
7
0
5
6
))))
2
7
9
=
4
.
gen
m1
m2
0
K
K
The loss power from

Gouy-Stodola Law:
W
= T S
= 293.15K 4,366 = 1254.3 W
lost
0 gen.
K
13
PROBLEM 5
A turbocharger of an internal combustion engine consists of a turbine,
a compressor and a cooler. All these devices can be treated as adiabatic ones.
Hot exhaust gases enter the turbine at a mass flow rate of 0.02kg/s and at 400OC
and leave at 350OC. 95% of thus produced power drives the compressor
(5% of turbine work is lost during its transmission to the compressor). Air enters
the compressor at a mass flow rate of 0.018kg/s, at 70OC and 95kPa and leaves at
135kPa. For simplicity assume that the exhaust gases and the air are ideal gases
of the same cp=1kJ/(kgK) and =1.4. What is an isentropic efficiency of the
compressor?
To avoid the possibility of an engine knock (due to
a
a side effect of the air temperature increase in the
m
g
m
p3 , t 3
compressor), a cooler is placed between the
p 2 , t 2r
m N tT
compressor and the engine suction manifold to
comp.
turbine
T
S
decrease the air temperature to 80OC. Cold
ambient air is used as a cooling fluid. Its
a
m
g
m
p4 , t 4
temperature rises from 20OC to 40OC between the
p1 , t1
c , t c2 inlet and the outlet of the cooler. What is a total
m
c , t c1
m
cooler
lost power in the turbocharger assuming that the
a
m
pressure in the turbine decreases 1.7 times, and
p4 , t 5
the ambient temperature is equal to 20OC?
14
a
m
p3 , t 3
g
m
p 2 , t 2r
g =0.
a =0.
m
02kg/s;m
018kg/s;
m N tT
turbine
T
g
m
p1 , t1
Data
O
O
O
O
t
00 C;
t
50 C;
t
0 C;
t
0C
1=4
2r=3
3 =7
5 =8
comp.
S
a
m
p4 , t 4
c , t c1
m
cooler
a
m
p4 , t5
c , t c2
m
p1/p2 =1.
7;p3 =95kPa;
p4 =130kPa
mmmm =0.
95
O
O
t
0 C;
t
0C
c1=2
c2 =4
c p = 1kJ/(kgK); = 1.4; t 0 = 20O C
AD.1 an isentropic efficiency of the compressor
T -T
C,is.==== 4 3
T4rrrr-T3
T3333 =(
70+273.
15)
K=343.
15K
1
0.
4/1.
4
pppp4444
135
T4 =T3 =343.
15K
4K
=379.
95
p3333
15

g
m
p 2 , t 2r
turbine
T
g
m
p1 , t1
a
m
p3 , t 3
r
om t
heFi
r
s
tLa
w ofTher
modynami
c
s
T4rf
= W
m N tT
C,
r
comp.
S
cooler
a
m
p4 , t5
T,
r
=H
=m
acp(T4rW
T3)
Cr
C,
r
=m
gcp(T1W
T2r)
T,
r
a
m
p4 , t 4
c , t c1
m
c , t c2
m
kg kJ
=0.
1
(400-350)K=1kW
W
0
2
T,
r
s kg K
gcp(T1 acp(T4rmm
T2r) =m
T3)
gggg
mmmm
T4r=T3+m
(T1-T2r) =395.
93K
mmmmaaaa
(379.
4-343.
15)K
T -T
C,is.= 4 3 =
T4rrrr-T3 (395.
93-343.
15)K
C,is.=0.
6868 (
68.
68%)
16

AD.2. Total lost power in the turbocharger - calculations based on
an isentropic process and the G.S. Law
) (
) (
= W
W
ost + W
l
os
t
l
os
t + Wl
l
os
t
g
m
p 2 , t 2r
c
ool
.
Lost power in the turbine
( W )
turbine
T
g
m
p1 , t1
l
os
t
TTTT

=W
T WTr
W
=m
gcp(T1T2r)
T,r
p(T1 W
T2)
T =mgc

gcp(T2rT2)
Wlost = m
TTTT
0.
4
1.
4
pppp2222
1111
OOOO
(
)
T2 =T1 = 673.
15K
45K (305.
3 C)
=578.
1.
7
p1111
kg kJ
W
1
(350-305.
=
0
.
0
2
3)K=0.
894kW
l
os
t
TTTT
s kgK
17

Lost power in the compressor
a
m
p3 , t 3
( W )
m N tT
l
os
t
CCCC

=W
C,
r WC
comp.
S
a
m
p4 , t 4
T4r = 395.93K;
W
=m
acp(T4rT3)
C,r
acp(T4T3)
WC =m

acp(T4rT4)
Wlost =m
CCCC
T4 = 379, 4K
kg kJ
1
(395.
=
0
.
0
1
8
93-379.
4)K=0.
298kW
l
os
t
CCCC
s kgK
( W )
18

a
m
tp44,p
, t44
c , t c1
m
Power loss in the cooler
c , t c2
m
cooler
lost cool.
a
m
p4 , t5
( S a )
( W )
cool.
(
= 0.018
S a
cool.
(( )
= T0 S cool. = T0 S a
cool.
+ S c
p4
T5
T5
= ma c p ln
R ln = m a cp ln
T
T4r
4r
p4
kg
kJ
(80 + 273.15)
kW
1
ln
= 2.06 103
s kg K
395.93
K
T
ccp ln c2
S c = m
Tc1
Mass flow rate of the cooling
water from the First Law of
Thermodynamics
W
=Q
H

cool.
) + H
=0
H = ( H
a
c
cool.
=W
=0
Q
cool.
19
( H a )
a c p ( T5 T4r )
=m
T4r T5
m
=
m
c
a
=m
Tc2 Tc1
H
c
T
c
c p ( c2
c1 )
cool.
c = 0.018
m
kg ( 395.93 ( 80 + 273.15 ) )
kg
= 0.0385
s ( 40 + 273.15 ( 20 + 273.15 ) )
s
cc p ln
S c = m
( W lost )
( W )
cool.
lost cool.
Tc2
( 40 + 273.15) = 2.54 103 kW
kg
kJ
= 0.0385 1
ln
Tc1
s kg K ( 20 + 273.15 )
K
(( )
kW
+ S c = 293.15K ( 2.06 103 + 2.54 103 )
cool.
K
= 0.1407kW
= T0 S a
= ( W
) + ( W
) + ( W
)
W
lost
lost
lost
lost
T
cool.
= 0.894kW + 0.298kW + 0.1407kW
Wlost = 1.3327kW
20
PROBLEM 6
Liquid water of 20OC and the mass flow rate of 2.5kg/s is heated to 60OC
by mixing it with superheated steam of 150OC in a chamber working at
constant pressure of 200kPa.
It is estimated that during the process the chamber loses 20kW of heat to
the surrounding at temperature 25OC. Determine a lost power in the mixing
chamber.
Specific heat of liquid water is equal to 4.22kJ/(kgK). Specific enthalpy and
specific entropy of the superheated steam, read from the data table for 150OC
and 200kPa, are 2769kJ/kg and 7.28kJ/(kgK), respectively.
Specific enthalpy and specific entropy of a liquid water can be approximated
as hw=cwtw and sw=cwln(Tw/273K), respectively.
21
W
= H
+ H
=Q

H
w
v
=0
W
=m
H
c
t
t
(
)
w
w w
m
w
=m
H
c
t
h
(
)
v
v
w m
v
= T S
W
lost
0 gen
S gen = S m S w + S v
+ S 0
w cw ( t m t w ) + m
v ( cw t m h v ) = Q
m
m
wcw ( t m t w )
Q
v=
m
( cw t m h v )
kg
kJ
4.22
( 60 20 ) K
s
kgK
= 0.16kg/s
kJ
kJ
4
22
60K
2769
.
kgK
kgK
20kW 2.5
v=
m
T
w +m
v ) c w ln m
S m = ( m
273K
T
w c w ln w
S w = m
273K
vs v
S v = m
S 0 =
T0
22

kg
kJ
(60 + 273)K
kW
= 2.23
S m = ( 2.5 + 0.16 ) 4.22
ln
s
kgK
273K
K
kg
kJ
( 20 + 273)K
kW
S w = 2.5 4.22
ln
= 0.746
s
kgK
273K
K
kg
kJ
kW
S v = 0.16 7.28
= 1.165
s
kgK
K
( 20kW )
kW
S 0 =
= 0.067
K
( 25 + 273) K
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
S gen = 2.23
0.746
+ 1.165
+
0
.
067
=
0
.
386
K
K
K
K
K
= T S = ( 25 + 273) K 0.386 kW
W
0 gen
lost
K
= 115kW
W
lost
23
PROBLEM 7
Superheated steam enters the turbine of 4MW power at 2.1MPa and
temperature of 475OC. The water vapor leaving the turbine is at the saturated
state and at pressure of 10kPa. It is then directed to the heat exchanger
where it condenses and is cooled to 30OC by the stream of cooling water,
which enters the condenser at 15OC and leaves at 25OC.
Determine the lost power in the turbine and in the condenser, assuming that
there is not heat loss in the turbine and condenser, and the ambient
temperature is equal to 15OC. Specific heat of liquid water is 4.19kJ/(kgK)
and its specific enthalpy and specific entropy can be approximated as
hw=cwtw and sw=cwln(Tw/273K), respectively.
From the steam tables the following data are given:
for 2.1MPa & 475OC specific enthalpy and specific entropy are 3411.3kJ/kg
and 7.34kJ/(kgK), respectively;
for 10kPa specific enthalpy and specific entropy of the saturated water
vapor are: 2584kJ/kg and 8.15kJ/(kgK), respectively.
24
Mass flow rate of the steam from the First Law of Thnermodynamics for the turbine
W
4000kW
t
=
=
= 4.835kg/s
m
{
v
( h1 h 2 ) ( 3411.3 2584 ) kJ/kg
=m
v ( h 2 h1 )
H
W
=Q
H
t
=0
Q
Lost power in the turbine from the Guy Stodola law
kg
kJ
"
W
=
T
S
=
T
m
s
s
=
T
m
s
s
=
288
.
15K
4
.
835
8
.
15
7
.
34
(
)
(
)
t1, 2
v1, 2
v
v
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
s
kgK
Power loss in the turbine W

t1, 2 = 1128.5kW
Mass flow rate of cooling water from First Law of Thermodynamics for the condenser
=W
=0
Q
tc
H c = H vc + H cw
W
=Q
H
c
c
tc
where
=m
v ( h3 h 2 )
H
vc
=m
cw c w ( t w 2 t w1 )
H
cw
25

v ( h3 h 2 ) + m
cw cw ( t w 2 t w1 ) = 0 m
cw =
m
h 2 = 2584
v ( h 2 h3 )
m
c w ( t w 2 t w1 )
kJ
kJ
kJ
30K = 125.7
; h 3 = cw t 3 = 4.19
kg
kgK
kg
kg
kJ
( 2584 125.7 )
kg
s
kg
= 283.67
kJ
s
4.19
( 25 15) K
kgK
4.835
cw =
m
Lost power in the condenser from the Guy Stodola law
TW 2
W
=
T
S
=
T
S
+
S
=
T
m
s
s
+
m
c
ln
(
)
tcond
0 cond.
0
v 2 ,3
cw
0
v
3
2
cw w
T
w1
T
kJ
( 273 + 30)K
kJ
s3 = c w ln 3 = 4.19
ln
= 0.437
273K
kgK
273K
kgK
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
298K
W
=
288K
4
.
835
0
.
437
8
.
15
+
283
.
67
4
.
19
ln
(
)
tcond
s
kgK
s
kgK 288K
W
tcond = 943.88kW
26
PROBLEM 8
Pure nitrogen at 0.1MPa and 25OC is transferred along a 10m distance
through a pipe of 3cm diameter, made of 2mm thickness rubber.
How many kmols of the nitrogen is lost per second to the ambient air,
whose pressure and temperature are equal to those in the pipe and a
molar fraction of nitrogen in the air is equal to 79%.
Compare this nitrogen loss with the one that occurs in the case when the
pipe is placed in a vacuum. Diffusivity and solubility of nitrogen in the
rubber at temperature 25OC are, respectively, 1.510-10m2/s and
0.00156 kmol/(m3bar).
From Y.A. Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer, The Third Edition.
27
Molecular diffusion of nitrogen through a cylindrical wall
CA
A + B
C A,1
r1
B
C A,2
r
r2
C C A 2 kmol
= const.
n A J A = 2LD AB A1
ln ( r2 / r1 ) s
where
L = 10m; r1 = 0.015m; r2 = 0.017m
kmol
kmol
CA1 = p A1 = 0.00156 3 1bar = 0.00156 3
m bar
m
AD.1 molar flow rate of the lost nitrogen for ambient air
kmol
kmol
0
.
79
1bar
=
0
.
001232
m3bar
m3
kmol
0
.
00156
0
.
001232
(
)
2
m3
kmol
10 m
J A = 2 10[m] 1.5 10
= 2.47 1012
ln ( 0.017 / 0.015 )
s
s
CA 2 = p A 2 = 0.00156
AD.2 molar flow rate of the lost nitrogen for vacuum
C A 2 = p A 2 = 0
kmol
.
0
00156
0
(
) 3
2
m
m = 1.17 1011 kmol
J A = 2 10[m] 1.5 1010
s
s ln ( 0.017 / 0.015 )
28
PROBLEM 9
A 230 mm diameter pan of water at 22OC has a mass loss rate

1.510-5 kg/s when the ambient air is dry and at 22OC.
Determine the convection mass transfer coefficient.
Estimate the evaporation mass loss rate when ambient air has
a relative humidity of 50% and remains at 22OC.
Water vapour saturation pressure at 22OC is equal to 2.617kPa.
29
Data
(A1) = 1.5 105 kg/h;

d = 0.23m; t = 22O C = 297K; J A = m
A water vapour
ps ( 22O C) = 2.617kPa; 1 = 0.0; 2 = 0.5;
B - dry air
M A = M H 2O = 18kg/kmol; B = 8315J/(kmol K)
Solution
(
(
)
)
(A1) = A k m AS (A1)
J (A1) = m
A/A
m
km =
(1)
(1)
(1)
AS (A1)
A / A = k m AS A
jA = m
where
d2
(0.23m )2
= 0.0415m 2
A= =
4
4
ps ( 22o C) ps ( 22o C)
kg
(1)
A = 0.0; AS =
=
M A = 19.2 103 3
R AT
BT
m
30
PROBLEM 9 - SOLUTION,cont.
km =
1.5 105
kg
s
A/A
m
=
(1)
kg
AS A
0.0415m 2 19.2 103 0.0 3
m
m
k m = 1.883 10
s
2
( 2)
A
2 ps ( 22o C) 2 ps ( 22o C)
kg
kg
=
=
M A = 2 (A1) = 0.5 19, 2 103 3 = 9.6 103 3
m
m
R AT
BT
(2)
A
(A2 ) = A k m AS (A2) = 0.0415m 2 1.883 103

= m
( 2)
A
(A2 ) = 7.5 106

= m
m
3 kg
(19.2 9.6 ) 10
s
m3
kg
s
31
PROBLEM 10
A cylindrical jug of 8cm internal diameter and 30cm height is half
filled with water and left in a dry air at 15OC and pressure of 87kPa.
Its top is open. Saturated pressure at 15OC is 1.705kPa and mass
diffusivity of water vapor in dry air is 2,610-5m2/s. Determine the
amount of water in kg, which will evaporate from the jug after 24
hours.
Assume that changes of the water level in the jug are negligible
during this period of time.
Water density is 1000kg/m3, water molar weight is 18kg/kmol, and
the universal gas constant has a value of 8315J/(kmolK).
32
Assumptions
It is Stefan flow.
Assumption of constant water level in the pitcher means a steady state
with constant mass flux
Solution
A water vapour
B - dry air
A = J A where J A = A jA = A M A jA
m A = m
x A,L = 0
Stefan law
C DAB 1 x A,L
where
jA =
ln
L
1 x A,0
ps (15O C) 1.705kPa
x A,0 =
=
= 19.6 10 3
p
87kPa
3 N
87
10
2
p
kmol
m
C=
=
= 36.33 10 3
3
J
BT 8315
m
288K
kmolK
33

2
kmol
5 m
36.33 10
2.6 10
3
1 0
6 kmol
m
s ln
jA =
=
12
.
47
10
0.15m
1 19.6 103
m2 s
3
8 10 m
D
A=
=
2
4
2
= 5.027 103 m 2
A = J A = A M A jA
m A = m
m A = 5.027 103 m 2 18
kg
kmol
12.47 106 2 ( 24 3600) s
kmol
m s
m A = 9.75 102 kg
34
PROBLEM 11
To keep a can of beverage at 6OC in hot dry ambient air at temperature of
27OC, the can is continuously moistened with a highly volatile liquid of
molecular mass equal to 200kg/kmol. Saturated vapour pressure of this
wetting agent at 6OC is equal to 5kPa. Thermophysical properties of dry
air at 27OC are as follows: thermal conductivity k=0.026W/mK; density
=1.16kg/m3; specific heat cp=1kJ/kgK. The diffusivity of the agent
vapour in air is 210-5m2/s. Knowing that heat and mass transfer between
the wetting liquid and the ambient air occurs only by forced convection
(neglected thermal radiation), take advantage of the Chilton Colburn
analogy and calculate a latent heat of the liquid agent vaporization.
Hint: In such case the energy conservation principle states that the
convective heat flux delivered to the can surface from the air equalizes the
heat flux released from the surface due to the liquid evaporation. The
liquid agent vapour is an ideal gas. Universal gas constant
B=8315J/(kmolK).
From F. Incropera et al. Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, Seven Edition.
35
A - vapour of the liquid agent; B - dry ambient air
Energy
balance
h(TS T ) = jA rA

jA = hm ( A,S A, )
(T TS )
h
rA =
hm ( A,S A, )
h(T TS ) = h m ( A,S A, ) rA
h
= cp Le 2 / 3
hm
Chilton Colburn
analogy
Le =
k
=
=
DAB cp DAB
0.026
W
mK
kg
J
3
5 m
10
10
m3
kgK
s
h
kg
J
J
2/ 3
= 1.16 3 103
(1.121) = 1251.78 3
hm
m
kgK
mK
= 1.121
1.16
36
A,S
kg
3 N
5
10
2
M Ap A,sat ( 6 C)
kg
kmol
m
=
=
= 0.431 3 ;
J
BTS
m
279K
8315
kmol K
rA =
(T TS )
( 300 279 ) K = 60991.6 J
h
J
= 1251.78 3
m K 0.431 0.0 kg
kg
h m ( A,S A, )
(
) 3
m
200
A, = 0.0
rA 61kJ/kg
37

Problems and Solutions

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Problems and Solutions

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

TUTORIALS

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

( 384.85 293.15) K = 407.75K

PROBLEM 1 - SOLUTION, cont.

AD.3. Power losses in the compressor and cooler.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

Q = Qin Qout = W el. 0.2W el. = 0.8W el.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 2 - SOLUTION, cont.

2. From the Guoy Stodola law determine the lost work

Qout = 0.2 W el. = 0.2 1kW 223.44s = 44.69kJ

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

From the First Law of Thermodynamics:

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 3 - SOLUTION, cont.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 4 - SOLUTION, cont.

The loss power from

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

c p = 1kJ/(kgK); = 1.4; t 0 = 20O C

AD.1 an isentropic efficiency of the compressor

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 5 - SOLUTION, cont.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 5 - SOLUTION, cont.

Lost power in the turbine

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 5 - SOLUTION, cont.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 5 - SOLUTION, cont.

Power loss in the cooler

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 5 - SOLUTION, cont.

= 0.894kW + 0.298kW + 0.1407kW

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 6 - SOLUTION, cont.

Lost power in the turbine from the Guy Stodola law

Power loss in the turbine W

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 7 - SOLUTION, cont.

Lost power in the condenser from the Guy Stodola law

AD.2 molar flow rate of the lost nitrogen for vacuum

A 230 mm diameter pan of water at 22OC has a mass loss rate

(A1) = 1.5 105 kg/h;

ps ( 22O C) = 2.617kPa; 1 = 0.0; 2 = 0.5;

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

(A2 ) = A k m AS (A2) = 0.0415m 2 1.883 103

(A2 ) = 7.5 106

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 10 - SOLUTION, cont.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

PROBLEM 11 - SOLUTION, cont.

ENERGY TRANSFER 2013 / 2014

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi