Rootstock

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A rootstock is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be
produced. It can refer to a rhizome or underground stem.[1] In grafting, it refers to a plant, sometimes just a
stump, which already has an established, healthy root system, onto which a cutting or a bud from another
plant is grafted. In some cases, such as vines of grapes and other berries, cuttings may be used for
rootstocks, the roots being established in nursery conditions before planting them out. The plant part grafted
onto the rootstock is usually called the scion. The scion is the plant that has the properties that propagator
desires above ground, including the photosynthetic activity and the fruit or decorative properties. The
rootstock is selected for its interaction with the soil, providing the roots and the stem to support the new
plant, obtaining the necessary soil water and minerals, and resisting the relevant pests and diseases. After a
few weeks the tissues of the two parts will have grown together, eventually forming a single plant. After
some years it may be difficult to detect the site of the graft although the product always contains the
components of two genetically different plants.
The use of rootstocks is most commonly associated with fruiting plants and trees, but is the only way to
mass propagate many other types of plants that do not breed true from seed, or are particularly susceptible to
disease when grown on their own roots.
Although grafting has been practiced for many hundreds of years, even in Roman times, most orchard
rootstocks in current use were developed in the 20th century.[2]
A variety of rootstocks may be used for a single species or cultivar of scion because different rootstocks
impart different properties, such as vigour, fruit size and precocity. Rootstocks also may be selected for traits
such as resistance to drought, root pests, and diseases. Grapevines for commercial planting are most often
grafted onto rootstocks to avoid damage by phylloxera, though vines available for sale to back garden
viticulturists may not be.
The rootstock may be a different species from the scion, but as a rule it should be closely related, For
example, many commercial pears are grown on quince rootstock. Grafting can also be done in stages; a
closely related scion is grafted to the rootstock, and a less closely related scion is grafted to the first scion.
Serial grafting of several scions may also be used to produce a tree that bears several different fruit cultivars,
with the same rootstock taking up and distributes water and minerals to the whole system. Those with more
than three varieties are known as 'family trees'.
When it is difficult to match a plant to the soil in a certain field or orchard, growers may graft a scion onto a
rootstock that is compatible with the soil. It may then be convenient to plant a range of ungrafted rootstocks
to see which suit the growing conditions best; the fruiting characteristics of the scion may be considered
later, once the most successful rootstock has been identified. Rootstocks are studied extensively and often
are sold with a complete guide to their ideal soil and climate. Growers determine the pH, mineral content,
nematode population, salinity, water availability, pathogen load and sandiness of their particular soil, and
select a rootstock which is matched to it. Genetic testing is increasingly common, and new cultivars of
rootstock are always being developed.

Contents

1 AxR1
2 See also
3 Notes
4 Bibliography
5 External links

AxR1
AxR1 is a grape rootstock once widely used in California viticulture. Its name is an abbreviation for
"Aramon Rupestris Ganzin No. 1", which in turn is based on its parentage: a cross (made by a French grape
hybridizer named Ganzin) between Aramon, a Vitis vinifera cultivar, and Rupestris, an American grape
species, Vitis rupestrisalso used on its own as rootstock, "Rupestris St. George" or "St. George," referring
to a town in the South of France, Saint Georges d'Orques, where it was popular.
It achieved a degree of notoriety in California when, after decades of recommendation as a preferred
rootstockdespite repeated warnings from France and South Africa about its susceptibility (it had failed in
Europe in the early 1900s), it ultimately succumbed to phylloxera in the 1980s, requiring the replanting of
most of Napa and Sonoma, with disastrous financial consequences.
Most current day grape rootstocks were and are originally imported from Texas. These were taken from the
native wild mustang grapes that grow across Texas. This rootstock also saved France's grape industry in the
early 1900s when phylloxera decimated the wine and vineyards of Europe.

See also
Propagation of grapevines
Fruit tree propagation
Apple Rootstocks
Cherry Rootstocks
Pear Rootstocks
Plum Rootstocks

Notes
1. Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-79080-8.
2. Mudge, K.; Janick, J.; Scofield, S.; Goldschmidt, E. E. (2009). "A history of grafting". In Janick, J. Horticultural
Reviews (PDF) 35. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 437493.

Bibliography
Jancis Robinson (2006). The Oxford companion to wine. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 9780198609902.

External links

Rootstocks as an Element of Terroir (http://www.sommelierjournal.com/articles/article.aspx?

year=2010&month=6&articlenum=61), in Sommelier Journal
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Categories: Horticulture and gardening Plant reproduction Plant roots
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