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INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO

LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO


ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS
UNIT 1
TOPIC: PARTS OF SPEECH
BEFORE READING
1. Can you explain the following terms: Management, Strategy,
Effectiveness, Approach, and Efficiency?
2. Why do you think Management is important in business?
READING: _______________________________________________
Management focuses on the entire organization from both a short and a long-term
perspective. Management is the managerial process of forming a strategic vision,
setting objectives, crafting a strategy and then implementing and executing the
strategy.
Management goes beyond the organizations internal operations to include the industry
and the general environment. The key emphasis is on issues related to environmental
scanning and industry analysis, appraisal of current and future competitors,
assessment of core competencies, strategic control and the effective allocation of
organizational resources.
In general terms, there are two approaches to management:
-The Industrial Organization Approach: This approach is based on economic theory
which deals with issues like competitive rivalry, resource allocation, economies of scale.
This approach to management assumes rationality, self interested behavior, profit
maximization.
- The Sociological Approach: This approach deals primarily with human interactions. It
assumes rationality, satisfying behavior, profit sub-optimality.
Management theories can also be divided into two sets. One is the set that
concentrates mainly on efficiency and another is the set that concentrates mainly on
effectiveness. Efficiency is about doing things the right way. It involves eliminating
waste and optimizing processes. Effectiveness is about doing the right things.
A good management style is a blend of both efficiency and effectiveness. There is no
point in acting efficiently if what you are doing will not have the desired effect.
Management techniques can be viewed as either bottom-up, top-down, or collaborative
processes.
In India, largely the top down approach is popular. In the top-down approach, the
management makes the decisions, which the employees have no choice but to accept.
On the other hand, in the bottom-up approach, employees submit proposals to their
managers who, in turn, funnel the best ideas further up the organization. However the
bottom up approach is not a very popular approach in India as most of the Indian
businesses are family run businesses.
(Taken from: Copyright@indianchild.com)

Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
AFTER READING
I. Skimming or Reading for Gift: We are skimming when we read quickly
through a text to get a general idea of what it is about. We dont need to
understand every word. We concentrate on what we understand.
1. Write a title for the reading.
2. What is the reading about?
II. Answer the following questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is Management?
What are the two approaches in Management?
What does the key emphasis refer to?
In which sets are divided Management Theory?

Cognates: they are words that are similar in Spanish and English because
they have the same origin they are also called transparent words. However,
there are words that are similar in both language but the meaning is different
they are called False Cognates.
Do you know the meaning of the following words: Argument, attendance,
cartoon, relative, involve, mayor, rope, prize, rest, success, target? Look for
them in the dictionary.
Now, you can understand better the difference between a cognate and false
cognate. Look for examples of them in the reading below.
PARTS OF SPEECH
When were reading, writing or speaking, it is very important to know how the
words we use have a special function in order to give coherence and be
understood. This also helps us to express in a correct way and to understand
and analyze what we are listening to or reading. Traditional grammar classifies
words into 8 basic types: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns,
prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
During this unit you are going to identify and distinguish them.
What is a noun?
A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states,
events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be
modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner.
For example: - computer

- book

- the house - a red apple

Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts.


For example: - beauty
- truth
- knowledge - birth
etc.

- happiness,

Another way to identify nouns is:


Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
1. Ending: There are certain word endings (Suffix) that show that a word is a
noun.
- ity: nationality, formality
- ment: attachment, appointment
- ness: happiness, illness
- hood: childhood, brotherhood
2. Position in a sentence:
o Nouns often come after a determiner ( a determiner is a word like a, an,
the, this, my):
- an afternoon
- the house
- my book
o Nouns often come after one or more adjectives:
- the tall, Indian doctor
- my brown house
- this beautiful dog
3. Function in a sentence
o subject of verb: Doctors work hard.
o object of verb: He likes coffee.
o subject and object of verb: Teachers teach students.
However, there are exceptions. The subject or object could be a pronoun or a
phrase.
Noun Plurals
Most nouns form their plural by adding an S: tack / tacks; computer /
computers
Nouns that end in "s, sh, ch, x" add es. box / boxes; dish / dishes
Nouns that end in a consonant and "y" change the "y" to I and add es:
baby / babies.
Nouns ending in "f" or "fe" change the "f" to v and add es: wolf / wolves;
leaf / leaves.
Some nouns are the same for both singular and plural: deer / deer; fish /
fish
Irregular plurals: child / children; foot / feet; fungus / fungi; goose /
geese; man / men; medium / media: ox / oxen; penny / pence:
phenomenon / phenomena; woman / women.
LETS PRACTICE
Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
1. Identify nouns in the reading below taking into account its position in the
sentence.
2. Write the plural form of the following nouns.
Vulnerability
_________
property ____________
motif__________
Tool
_________
generator____________
mouse
__________
church
_________
glass
___________
half
__________
thing
_________
filename_________
infection _________
symptom _________
history_________
person _________
Look for examples of nouns that end in the following suffix: - ion, - ity, - ment, ness.
What is a verb?
Verbs are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do,
throw, run), existence (be), possession (have), or estate (know, love) of a
subject. A verb is a word that tells what the subject of the sentence does, says,
thinks, or feels. The verb also shows time which is called tense. The form of
the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the
infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For
example, to go. The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by
adding ing to the basic infinitive. For example, the present participle of the
verb to go is going. There are two other forms that the verb can take,
depending on the tense type and time, the simple past form (went) and the
past participle (gone).
The following is a review of the forms of irregular verbs. The simple form is
given. You are to provide the simple past and the past participle.
Group 1A: the vowel changes from i to a to u
VERB
Begin
Drink
Ring
Swim
Sing
Sink

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

MEANING

Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
Group 1B: The vowel changes in the simple past. The past participle ends in
n.
Blow
Draw
Grow
Know
Throw
Fly
Break
Choose
Drive
Freeze
Ride
Rise
Speak
Steal
Swear
Tear
Wear
Write
Get
Forget
Mistake
Shake
Take
Bite
Hide
Be
Eat
Fall
Forgive
Give
Lie
See
Do
Go
Group 2A: The simple past and the past participle end in d.
Tell
Sell
Bleed
Feed
Lead
Read
Speed
Lay
Pay
Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
Say
Find
Have
Hear
Group 2B: The simple past and the past participle end in t.
Feel
Keep
Kneel
Leave
Mean
Meet
Sleep
Sweep
Lose
Bring
Buy
Catch
Fight
Seek
Teach
Think
Bend
Build
Lend
Send
Spend
Group 2C: The vowel changes to form the simple past and past participle.
Dig
Hang
Spin
Stick
Sting
Swing
Hold
Shoot
Sit
Stand
Understand
Win
Group 2D: Only the simple past is different.
Become
Come
Run
Group 3: All three forms are the same

Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
Cost
Cut
Hit
Hurt
Let
Put
Quit
Read
What is an adjective?
Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Ugly, funny, big, round, and loose
are all examples of adjectives.

colors

quality

size

blue
red
green
orang
e
fuchsi
a
yellow

honest
loyal
sincere
efficient
confide
nt
rude

big
small
tiny
large
miniscul
e
huge

emotio
ns

numb
ers

demonstra
tive

action verbs of
feeling
(can be used as
adj.)

sad
angry
happy
nervou
s

one
two
three
first
secon
d
third

this (close)
that (far)
these
(close)
those (far)

interested/interest
ing
satisfied/satisfying
bored/boring
excited/exciting

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORM


To form the comparative and superlative form you have to take into account
the following rules:

RULE

SUPERLATIVE
The superlative is used to
say what thing or person
has the most of a
particular quality within a
group or of its kind.

EXAMPLES

Words of one syllable


ending in 'e'.

COMPARATIVE
Comparative
adjectives are used
to show what
quality one thing
has more or less
than the other.
Add -r to the end of
the word.

Add st to the end of the


word

Words of one
syllable, with one
vowel and one
consonant at the

Double the
consonant and add
-er to the end of the
word.

Double the consonant


and add -est to the end of
the word.

wide
wider
widest
big
bigger
biggest

Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
end.
Words of one
syllable, with more
than one vowel or
more than one
consonant at the end
Words of two
syllables, ending in
'y'.
Words of two
syllables or more,
not ending in 'y'.
The following
adjectives are
exceptions.

Add - er to the end


of the word.

Add - est to the end of


the word.

high
higher
highest

Change 'y' to 'i',


and add -er to the
end of the word.
Place 'more' before
the adjective.

Change 'y' to 'i', and add


-est to the end of the
word.
Place 'the most' before
the adjective

happy
happier
the happiest
beautiful
more
beautiful
the most
beautiful

good better the best


bad worse the worst
far further the furthest

Important: When comparing two things we use than. For example Bogot is
bigger than Cali. And superlatives are usually preceded by 'the'.
LETS PRACTICE
1. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and
adverbs.

Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

INSTITUCIN UNIVERSITARIA ANTONIO JOSE CAMACHO


LDERES EN DESARROLLO TECNOLGICO
High _________________________
Bad___________________________
Careful________________________
Slow__________________________
Funny_________________________
Wet__________________________
Sweet_________________________
Late__________________________
Thin__________________________
Clean_________________________
2. Choose the best one
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Serious________________________
Happy
________________________
Confusing______________________
Courageous_____________________
Friendly_______________________
Red___________________________
Wild__________________________
Dangerous______________________
Hot___________________________
Thin__________________________

I feel much (better, more well) than I did yesterday.


Diamonds are (brillianter, more brilliant) than emeralds.
Of those four books, I enjoyed Oliver Twist (better, best).
That is the (fastest, most fast) car I have ever seen.
Today was the (goodest, most good, best) day of my life.
Mother is three years (younger, more young) than father.
Einstein has been one of the (intelligentest, most intelligent scientists of the
20th.

3. Write comparative and superlative sentences about two products

Esp. YANETH PATRICIA MOSQUERA / Email: yapattymel@gmail.com

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